2022年考博英语-南京师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第15期

《2022年考博英语-南京师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第15期》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-南京师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第15期（28页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022年考博英语-南京师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Even though the Red Cross had（ ） large sum for the relief of the sufferers of the disaster, many people perished.问题1选项A.alienatedB.alternatedC.allocatedD.ascertained【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。alienate使疏远，离间；alternate交替，轮流；allocate分配；ascertain确定，查明。能与large sum搭配的只有分配。故

2、C项正确。句意：尽管红十字会划拨了一大笔款项来缓解遭受灾难的人们，但仍有很多人因这场灾难而死亡。2. 翻译题While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to woman. Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for thei

3、r success. Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck.All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the attractive female execu

4、tives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes.【答案】虽然魅力对于男性晋升是一个积极因素，但对女性却是不利因素。人们认为英俊的男性高管要比相貌平平的男性更正直;而且认为他们付出的努力和自身的能力使得他们成功。有魅力的女性高管却被认为没有无吸引力的高管正直，她们

5、取得成功不是归因于能力，而是运气等因素。所有无魅力的女高管要比有魅力的要正直，也更有能力。有趣的是，尽管如此，与有吸引力的女高管一夜取得成功相比，越来越多的无吸引力的女高管更多地因人际关系，较少因能力而获得成功。3. 单选题People who visit my office at Chrysler are often surprised that I dont have a computer terminal on my desk. Maybe they forget that everything that comes out of a（1）, somebody has to put in

6、. The biggest（2）facing American business today is that most managers have too（3）information. It dazzles them, and they dont know what to do（4）it all.The key（5）success is not information. Its（6）. And the kind of people I（7）for to fill top management spots are the eager beavers. These are the guys who

7、 try to do（8）than they arc expected（9）. Theyre always reaching. And reaching out to the people they work（10）trying to help them（11）their jobs better. Thats the（12）they are built.Then there are the other guys, the nine-to-five gang. They just want to get along and be told（13）to do. They say: “1 dont

8、want to be（14）the rat race. It might（15）my heartbeat.”Just because you（16）involved and excited and really tear into things doesnt mean youll（17）of hypertension next week!So I try to look for people（18）that drive. You dont need（19）. With twenty-five of these guys, I could （20）the government of the Un

9、ited States.问题1选项A.televisionB.telephoneC.computerD.cell phone问题2选项A.problemB.matterC.accidentD.incident问题3选项A.manyB.fewC.littleD.much问题4选项A.aboutB.withC.ofD.for问题5选项A.ofB.toC.forD.with问题6选项A.myselfB.peopleC.themselvesD.itself问题7选项A.lookB.likeC.hopeD.wait问题8选项A.manyB.muchC.moreD.less问题9选项A.forB.abou

10、tC.ofD.to问题10选项A.withB.forC.toD.near问题11选项A.didB.haveC.doD.had问题12选项A.transactionB.relationshipC.businessD.way问题13选项A.whatB.howC.nextD.it问题14选项A.ofB.forC.inD.into问题15选项A.makeB.affectC.letD.cause问题16选项A.haveB.hadC.gotD.get问题17选项A.catchB.infectC.fallD.die问题18选项A.withB.withoutC.insideD.outside问题19选项A.t

11、hemB.himC.manyD.much问题20选项A.driveB.runC.walkD.fight【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:B第6题:B第7题:A第8题:C第9题:D第10题:A第11题:C第12题:D第13题:A第14题:C第15题:B第16题:D第17题:D第18题:A第19题:C第20题:B【解析】1.考查名词辨析。television“电视”; telephone“电话”；computer“ 电脑”；cell phone“手机”。由上文提示“I hadnt have a computer terminal on my desk可知C项正确。2.考查名词

12、辨析。problem“难题”；matter“事情：问题”；accident“事故”；incident“事件”。由 “It dazzles them 它（即信息）让 他们眼花缭乱”可知此空表明美国商业如今遇到的难题，故A项正确。3.考查形容词辨析。由下文的“It dazzles them”“信息使他们眼花缭乱”可知信息应该是非常多，information为不可数名词，故选择much修饰，故D项正确。4.考查固定搭配。do with 处理；句意：这些信息使他们眼花缭乱，他们不知道如何处理。5.考查固定搭配。key to“的关键”。6.考查逻辑关系。由下文的“And the kind of peop

13、le I可知，成功的关键不在信息，而在于人，故B项正确。7.考查固定搭配。look for“寻找”；hope for“希望，期待”；wait for“等待”。由下文 “to fill top management spots are the eager beavers填补高层管理职位”知这里应该是寻找这类人才，故A项正确。8.考查形容词辨析。many修饰可数名词；much修饰不可数名词；more和less用于比较级。由上文“eager beavers工作勤奋认真的人”可知，他们应该做比预期更多的事情，故C项正确。9.考查介词辨析。expect to do sth，期待做某事。10. 考查介词辨

14、析。根据空前的“the people they.”知，应该是和他们一起 工作的人，即work with，故A项正确。11.考查固定搭配。help sb. do sth.“帮助某人做某事”。12.考查名词辨析。transaction“交易”；relationship“关系”;business“生意”；way“方式”。上文讲述的是这些人工作的方式，故D项正确。13.考查引导词。由上文的“the nine-to-five gang按时上下班的一些人和get along 混日子”可推知这些人应该是别人说什么就做什么。what表内容，故A项正确。14.考查介词辨析。 in the rat race在激烈

15、的竞争里 15.考查动词辨析。make“制作;使得”；affect“影响”；let“让”; cause“造成”。 根据上文“我不想处于这场激烈竞争中”可推知激烈竞争会影响我的心跳。故B项正确。 16.考查时态。本文全篇都用的一般现在时，get involved投入工作中。故D项正确。17.考查固定搭配。die of“死于. ，句意：并不意味着你下周会死于高血压。18.考查介词辨析。根据上文的描述知，作者寻找的是拥有那种干劲的人，故A项正确。19.考查逻辑关系。由下文“With twenty-five of these guys可知这里指代“你不需要那么多（人）”，故C项正确。20.考查动词辨析

16、。drive“开车”；run“管理；经营; 运行”；walk“走”; fight “斗争；反对”。此句句意应为25个人就能使美国政府运行。4. 单选题They may often have to （ ） social evenings and holidays because of their busy work.问题1选项A.forgoB.forfeitC.abandonD.forgive【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。forgo“放弃；停止；断念”；forfeit“（因犯罪、失职、 违约等）丧失（权利、名誉、生命等）”；abandon“遗弃；放弃”；forgive“原谅”。句意：由于忙碌的

17、工作他们不得不放弃社交晚宴和假期。由because of their busy work可知他们放弃了社交晚宴和假期，故A项正确。5. 单选题There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies. Television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask whats wrong with a society that presents

18、videos of domestic violence as entertainment.Most researchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex. A 1993 study by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences listed biological, individual, family, peer, school, and community factors as all playing their parts.Viewing abnormally large

19、 amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble conies when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality (因果关系). Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies in

20、cluding the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: At this time, well over 1.000 studies point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of cateri

21、ng to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said). When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when lie weede

22、d out the most doubtful measures of aggression, only 28% supported a connection.The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-viole

23、nt, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read aggressive or non-aggressive words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health

24、to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction.Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a

25、lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the

26、 entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society.1. Why is there so much violence shown in movies. TV and video games?2. What is the skeptics view of media violence?3. The author uses the term “alarmists” (Line 1. Para. 5) to refer to those who（ ） .4. In refuting the alarmists,

27、 the author advances his argument by first challenging（ ）5. What does the author think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media and violence?问题1选项A.There is a lot of violence in the real world today.B.Something has gone wrong with todays society.C.Many people are fond of gunplay a

28、nd bloodshed.D.Showing violence is thought to be entertaining.问题2选项A.Violence on television is a fairly accurate reflection of real-world life.B.Most studies exaggerate the effect of media violence on the viewers.C.A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence.D.The influence of

29、 media violence on children has been underestimated.问题3选项A.use standardized measurements in the studies of media violenceB.initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on realityC.assert a direct link between violent media and aggressive behaviorD.use appropriate methodology in examining

30、 aggressive behavior问题4选项A.the source and amount of their dataB.the targets of their observationC.their system of measurementD.their definition of violence问题5选项A.More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn.B.It should come to an end since the matter has now been settled.C.The past

31、studies in this field have proved to be misleading.D.He more than agrees with the views held by the alarmists.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由第一段 one might reasonably ask whats wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment. 人们可能会合理地问，一个把家庭暴力视频作为娱乐的社会出了什么问题

32、?可知人们认为展示暴力是具有娱乐性的，故D项正确。2.判断推理题。由第三段“The trouble conies when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality. Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a jo

33、int statement: At this time, well over 1.000 studies point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.当研究人员淡化研究中的不确定性或夸大因果关系时，问题就出现了。几年前，包括美国医学会(American Medical Association)在内的一些学会试图通过发表联合声明来结束这场争论，对此持怀疑态度的人感到失望:“此时，超过1000项研究压倒性地指出，媒体暴力与一些儿

34、童的攻击性行为之间存在因果关系。” 由此可知怀疑论者的研究报告夸大了媒体暴力对于观众的影响。故B项正确。3.词义题。The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. 这里的临界点是因果关系。危言耸听者说，他们已经证明暴力媒体会导致攻击性。由此可知alarmists认为暴力媒体与攻击行为之间有直接关系，故C项正确。4.推理判断题。由第五段“But the assumptions behind their observations

35、 need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read aggressive or non-aggressive words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring

36、? 但是他们观察背后的假设需要被检验。当给游戏贴上暴力或非暴力的标签时，一个吃鬼的英雄真的应该被算作暴力事件吗?当实验者记录下游戏玩家从列表中阅读“攻击性”或“非攻击性”词汇所花的时间时，我们能确定他们实际上在测量什么吗? 由此可 知，作者首先质疑的就是这些研究者对于暴力的概念。故D项正确。5.判断推理题。由最后一段Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on

37、the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entert

38、ainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society. 另一个适当的步骤是在我们知道更多之前降低批评的声音。几位研究人员就媒体中的暴力构成的威胁进行了大量的写作、发言和证实。当然，这是他们的特权。但在这样做的时候，他们往往会说事情已经解决了，招致同事们的批评。作为回应，危言耸听者指责批评家和新闻记者被娱乐产业欺骗了。这样的冲突对科学和社会都没有好处。可知作者认为双方进行更充分的研究再得出一个合理一致的结论。故A项正确。6. 单选题For 150 years scientists have tried to determi

39、ne the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet，even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light f

40、rom ever reaching the ground.With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Suns output without being impeded by the Earths atmosphere. Solar Max. a satellite from theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Suns output si

41、nce February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellites control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Maxs observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all.The satellites ins

42、truments have detected frequent，small variations in the Suns energy output generally amounting to no more than 0.05 percent of the Suns mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups

43、of sunspots on the sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Suns surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2.000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Suns surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large groups,

44、 in 1980，for example. Solar Maxs instruments registered a 0.3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0.6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earths surface.Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult t

45、o determine. Although Solar Maxs data have indicated s slow and steady decline in the Suns output. Some scientists have thought that the satellites aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop, in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed;

46、however, by comparing solar Maxs observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASAs Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.1. What does this passage mainly discuss?2. Why does the author mention “gas and “dust” in line 3?3. According to the passage, scientists believe variations in t

47、he solar constant are related to（ ）.4. Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?5. The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as（ ）.问题1选项A.The launching of a weather satellite.B.The components of the Earths atmosphere.C.The measurement of v

48、ariations in the solar constant.D.The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.问题2选项A.They magnify the solar constant.B.They are found in varying concentrations.C.Scientific equipment is mined by gas and dustD.They interfere with accurate measurement of the solar constant.问题3选项A.sunspot activityB.u

49、nusual weather patternsC.increased levels of dustD.fluctuations in the Earths temperature问题4选项A.Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B.The space shuttle could not fix Solar Maxs instruments.C.Solar Maxs instrument was getting old.D.Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar.问题5选项A.an ongoing research

50、effortB.an issue that has been resolvedC.a question that can never be answeredD.historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。由第一段“For 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches

51、the Earth. Yet，even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. 150年来，科学家们一直试图确定太阳常数，即到达地球的太阳能总量。然而，即使在地球上最无云的地区，太阳常数也无法精确测量。”可知本文的主题是solar constant太阳常数，主要讨论太阳常数的测量问题。故C项正确。2.判断推理题。Yet，even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar con

52、stant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground. 而，即使在地球上最无云的地区，太阳常数也无法精确测量。大气中的气体分子和尘埃颗粒吸收和散射阳光，阻止某些波长的光到达地面。所以作者提到气体分子和尘埃颗粒是想说明这两者阻碍了对太阳常数的精确测量。故D项正确。3.细节事实题。由

53、第三段“Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Suns surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Suns surf

54、ace. 科学家们认为，这些波动与太阳黑子上大群太阳黑子的出现和消失相吻合。太阳黑子是太阳表面上相对黑暗的区域，具有很强的磁场，温度比太阳表面的其他部分低2000华氏度。可知太阳常数的波动与太阳黑子的活动有关，故A项正确。4.判断推理题。由最后一段“Although Solar Maxs data have indicated s slow and steady decline in the Suns output. Some scientists have thought that the satellites aging detectors might have become less s

55、ensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop, in the solar constant. 尽管太阳活动极大期的数据显示太阳活动缓慢而稳定地减少。一些科学家认为，随着时间的推移，该卫星的老化探测器可能变得不那么敏感，从而错误地显示出太阳常数的下降。可知由于卫星的老化有可能使得探测不敏感，所以科学家认为太阳活动极大期的信息可能不准确。故C项正确，5.文章最后一段讲了对于太阳常数的研究已经展开，这是项复杂而艰巨的工程，需要持续不断的研究和努力。故A项正确。7. 翻译题The media help democracy when th

56、ey provide more choices to more people, but they do no favors to democracy when they turn themselves from beacons（信号站）of light into heat-seeking missiles. For example, the presidents 1995 State of the Union address took more than an hour, which apparently was about a half hour more than the patience

57、 of most network commentators（commentator: person who comments） could tolerate. In their instant analysis after the speech, they all criticized its length and “lack of focus. Yet judging by polls and talk shows the next day, most Americans appeared to appreciate the content of the presidents speech.

58、 Today the media investigate less and preach more【答案】当媒体为更多的人提供更多的选择时，媒体有助于民主政治，而当媒体由灯光信号站转变为热导导弹时，媒体将不利于民主政治。比如，总统发表的1995年国情咨文报告花了一个多小时，这显然超出了大多数网络评论家（评论员：发表评论的人）所能承受的大约半小时的容忍度。演说结束后，网络评论家即时对演说做出分析，批判演说的长度而且“缺乏重点”。然而，从第二天的民意调查结果和现场访谈来看，大多数美国人似乎很欣赏总统演讲的内容。当今媒体调查少，宣传多.8. 单选题The first animals on this

59、living sphere, the Earth, were primitive（ ）animals, and then around 500 million years ago these sea animals developed shells.问题1选项A.versatileB.marineC.predatoryD.feasible【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。versatile“多才多艺的”；marine“海生的，海产的”；predatory“掠夺的，掠夺成性的”；feasible“可行的”。句意：地球上第一类动物是海洋类生物，5亿年前这些海洋生物逐渐长出了外壳。由后半句的“she

60、lls”可推知第一批动物是海生动物，没有外壳；而且只有B项能修饰动物。9. 写作题Directions: Give a list of at least 5 examples of how Chinese culture shines a I dazzling Olympics opening ceremony, e.g. the percussion rhythms of 2,008 fouls, a primitive instrumenl made of clay or bronze. Remember Io write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

61、【答案】略10. 填空题Since he was a child, Don Cameron has been interested in anything which flies. He grew up on the outskirts of Glasgow and, as a student at Glasgow University, joined the University Air Squadron. 1.（ ）His grandfather was an engineer, who turned his hand to making model steam engines and b

62、oats.Don Camerons first job was at Bristol Aircraft, where he worked as an engineer. He then had jobs in the steel works at Lanwem and for Rio-Tinto Zine in Bristol, working with computers. In the mid-sixties, news of American experiments with hot air balloons crossed the Atlantic, and he and a couple of friends decided to build their own balloon. Probably the first hot air balloon in western Europe, they called it The Bristol Belle 2.（ ）.At 40 he has already been half