2022年考博英语-燕山大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第31期

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1、2022年考博英语-燕山大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题A beam of light will not bend round the corners unless _ to do so with the help of a reflecting device.问题1选项A.to be madeB.having madeC.being doneD.made【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句。句意：一束光除非借助反射装置，否则不会沿拐角弯曲。unless在表示“除非”时，如其引导的从句谓语是be动词，而从句的主语跟主句的主语相同时，从句的主语和be动词就可省略。

2、有时从句中主语为it时，也可省略it或从句中的有关成分。在这里unless引导省略了成份的状语从句，unless it is made to do so with the help of a reflecting device是完整的从句。去掉it is后D选项made正确。选项符合题意。因此D选项正确。2. 单选题The rising of prices will _ off demands for pay increases.问题1选项A.triggerB.nudgeC.trailD.switch【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句。A选项trigger“触发；引起”；B选项nudg

3、e“（常用肘为引起注意）轻推”；C选项trail“没精打采地慢走；拉”；D选项switch“转变；交换；调班”。句意：物价上涨会_涨工资的要求。根据语境，这里指物价上涨以后人们就想要涨工资，A选项trigger“触发；引起”符合题意。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题The governess agreed to teach the temperamental child _ she was given complete authority.问题1选项A.thatB.providedC.whetherD.for【答案】B【解析】【试题解析】考查从句。句意：_赋予那位女家教老师完全的支配权，她答应去教

4、那个脾气暴躁的孩子。横线面前部分是主句，横线后面部分是从句，根据语境，这里是一个条件状语从句，A选项that可引导宾语从句、定语从句、同位语从句等；B选项provided“假如，在条件下，前提是”引导条件状语从句；C选项whether意思为“是否”时引导主语从句、宾语从句等，意思为“不论”时引导让步状语从句；D选项for“因为”引导原因状语从句。根据语境，教这个脾气暴躁的孩子是有挑战的事情，那位教师只有拥有完全的掌控权，她才肯做这件事，B选项provided“假如，在条件下，前提是”符合题意。D选项for“因为”在这里不如B选项provided符合语境。因此B选项正确。4. 单选题The ma

5、nager would rather his daughter _ in the same office.问题1选项A.had not workedB.not to workC.does not workD.did not work【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：经理宁愿他的女儿不和他在同一个办公室工作。would rather后接句子时，句子谓语通常用虚拟语气，用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去的愿望。在这里没有明确表明和女儿在同一个办公室工作的事情已经发生，而是表示将来，希望这样的事情不会发生，所以从句谓语动词用一般过去时，D选项did not wor

6、k符合题意。A选项had not worked是过去完成时，用于已经发生的事情。B选项not to work和C选项does not work语法错误。因此D选项正确。5. 翻译题For many traditionalists in business and economics, the death of old-style competition as the number-one route to success will hard to swallow. But in the new view, Darwinian competition is of limited value in

7、longer term. (1)The more important challenges is to create opportunities and adapt to changes in a complex network of companies that may sometimes be cooperators sometimes competitors.Just as the idea of economic webs is forcing companies to change their business strategies, so it is altering views

8、about economics. (2) In place of classic theory of decreasing returns as resources and markets are exploited economist Arthur sees what he calls increasing returns. “Increasing returns are the tendency for what is ahead to get farther ahead,” he says. “if a product or a company or a technologyone of

9、 many competing in a market-gets ahead by chance or clever strategy, increasing returns can magnify this, and the product or company can make a killing from a product that is not as good as its competitors.”(3) If business systems and ecosystems have something basic in common there is worrying news

10、for bosses. The first rule of complex systems is that it is almost impossible to predict who is a friend and who is an enemy,” says Pimm. He describes field experiments in which a predator is removed from a community. You might expect its prey, species A, to thrive. (4)But about half the time specie

11、s A suffers because the predator has another prey species B, competing with species A. With the population of species B no longer kept in check by predator, it may even push species A to local extinction.Business ecosystems face problem of deciding who is a friend and who is an enemy. And the bad ne

12、ws doesnt stop here. “When everything is connected directly or indirectly to everything else, changes in one part of the system may be propagated throughout,” says Pimm. (60) “Sometimes species may go extinct though no fault of their own.”【答案】1. 在复杂的企业网络中，企业之间有时合作有时竞争，更重要的挑战是创造机会并适应变化。2. 随着资源和市场的开发，

13、传统的收益递减理论被经济学家亚瑟提出的收益递增理论取代。3. 如果商业系统和生态系统有一些基本的共同点，那么老板们就会担忧。4. 但物种A总是遭殃，因为捕食者有另一个猎物物种B，而物种B与物种A竞争。5. 有时，尽管不是自身的错，物种也可能会灭绝。6. 单选题_ our kindness to help her, Susan refused to listen to us.问题1选项A.At allB.For allC.In allD.On all【答案】B【解析】【试题解析】考查词组辨析。A选项At all“（否定句）根本”；B选项For all“尽管”；C选项In all“总计”；D选项O

14、n all“总的来说”。句意：_我们好心地帮助苏珊，她不听我们的。根据语境，这里应该填入连词表示逻辑关系，前后对比表示转折符合语境，B选项For all“尽管”符合题意。因此B选项正确。7. 单选题I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late.问题1选项A.your delaying to makeB.you delay to makeC.you to delay makingD.your delaying making【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查固定搭配。句意：只要不是太晚，我不介意你推迟做决定。mind doing

15、sth.“介意做某事”，delay doing sth.“推迟做某事”，mind和delay后跟动名词做宾语，D选项your delaying making符合题意。其余选项用法错误。因此D选项正确。8. 单选题It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are _ free medical care.问题1选项A.entitled toB.involved inC.associated withD.assigned to【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查词组辨析。A选项entitled to“有权享有；有的资格”；B选项i

16、nvolved in“涉及”；C选项associated with“与有关”；D选项assigned to“被分配给”。句意：众所周知，我国的退休工人_免费医疗。根据语境，这里指的是退休工人有免费医疗的权利，A选项entitled to“有权享有；有的资格”符合题意。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题The British constitution is _ a large extent a product of the historical events described above.问题1选项A.byB.atC.whichD.to【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查固定搭配。句意：英国宪法在很大

17、程度上是上述历史事件的产物。D选项to a large extent“在很大程度上”，A选项by a large extent和B选项at a large extent非固定搭配，C选项which引导从句。因此D选项正确。10. 单选题In order to show his boss what a careful worker he was, he took _ trouble over the figures.问题1选项A.extraB.supremeC.extensiveD.spare【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项extra“额外的，附加的”；B选项supreme“

18、极其的”；C选项extensive“广阔的，广大的”；D选项spare“备用的；闲置的”。句意：为了让他的老板知道他是一个细心的员工，他在数字上花了_心思。根据语境，这里指的是特别花心思让老板知道他的细心，A选项extra“额外的，附加的”符合题意。因此A选项正确。11. 单选题Peter had his piano _ yesterday and the result is excellent.问题1选项A.tunedB.turnedC.tiedD.wound【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项tuned“（为乐器）调音，校音”；B选项turned“（使）转动，旋转”；C选项t

19、ied“（用线、绳等）系，拴”；D选项wound“使（身体）受伤，（用武器）伤害”。句意：彼得昨天请人给钢琴_，结果很好。根据语境，这里A选项tuned“（为乐器）调音”搭配钢琴比较合理，意思是请人给钢琴调音以后，钢琴弹出来的效果就很好了，符合题意。因此A选项正确。12. 单选题These surveys indicate that many crimes go _ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.问题1选项A.unrecordingB.to have been unrecordedC.unrecordedD.

20、to be unrecorded【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句。句意：这些调查表明，许多犯罪没有被警方记录下来，主要是因为并非所有的受害者都会报案。many crimes go _ by the police是indicate的宾语从句，many crimes是主语，go是系动词，横线部分是表语；根据by可知横线部分有被动含义，C选项unrecorded符合题意。A选项unrecording没有被动含义；B选项to have been unrecorded和D选项to be unrecorded用法错误。因此C选项正确。13. 翻译题(1) The developing count

21、ries of Central and South America, Africa, and Asia once merely exported raw materials and cash crops in return for manufactured goods. People in these countries provided for most of their own needs through subsistence agriculture and small-scale crafts. In time, though, people in these countries gr

22、ew increasingly dependent on the global economy, because local crafts could not compete with the cheap, factory-made exports of the developed countries, such as European nations, the United States, and Japan. To decrease their dependence, many developing countries sought to strengthen their economie

23、s by building factories, modern dams, and roads during the 1960 and 1970s. Government frequently made poor financial choices. However, infrastructure projects such as dams and highways were often too massive for local needs. Choices about industry were sometimes not based on the best interests of th

24、e country, and protection from competition frequently resulted in inferior goods. (2) As result, products could not compete on the global market with the higher-quality goods from the industrialized countries. Many developing countries then had little income to pay off debts incurred (招致) during the

25、ir expansion.A few developing economies succeeded in building prosperity through industrialization during the 20th century. The most notable of these were South Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong S.A.R. Like Japan during the 19th century, they established tariffs and other barriers to protect local pro

26、ducts from foreign competition and invested local wealth in industrial development. (3) Also like Japan, they focused on selling the products they manufactured to foreign consumers in order to bring wealth into the country. By the end of the 20th century some experts considered these economies to be

27、 developed, rather than developing, although many of South Koreas economic successes were reversed in the financial crisis of 1997. (4) Following a similar path, China advanced economically through a rapid expansion of manufactured exports during the late 20th century.Meanwhile, multinationals based

28、 in the economically developed world set up low-wage manufacturing facilities in some developing countries, particularly in Southeast Asia and in Central and South America. These factories typically generated few long-term benefits for the local economy. The profits flowed outside the country to the

29、 shareholders of the foreign multinationals. Also, the developing countries were forced to participate in a “race to the bottom” to attract multinational investment. (5) If a developing country or its people sought higher wages or enforced labor or environmental protections, multinationals often sim

30、ply relocated production to a country with lower cost.【答案】1. 中南美洲、非洲和亚洲的发展中国家曾经仅仅依靠出口原材料和经济作物换取制成品。2. 因此，产品无法在全球市场上与工业化国家的高质量产品竞争。3. 也像日本一样，他们专注于向外国消费者销售他们制造的产品，来为国家带来财富。4. 20世纪末，中国通过制造业出口的快速扩张，实现了经济的快速发展。5. 如果一个发展中国家或其人民要求更高的工资、实施劳动保护或环境保护，跨国公司通常只需要将生产转移到成本更低的国家。14. 单选题Im acting as _ while the mana

31、ger is away on business.问题1选项A.agencyB.policyC.deputyD.colleague【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项agency“（尤指）代理机构，经销机构；（政府的）专门机构”；B选项policy“政策”；C选项deputy“副手；代理人”；D选项colleague“同事”。句意：经理出差时，由我_。根据语境，这里指经理不在的时候，我来完成他的工作，C选项deputy“副手；代理人”符合题意。因此C选项正确。15. 单选题My mother came here only for a _ stay. She would fly to

32、 Los Angeles the next day.问题1选项A.prematureB.transientC.shortenedD.prolonged【答案】B【解析】【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项premature“草率的；提早的”；B选项transient“短暂的”；C选项shortened“缩短的”；D选项prolonged“长期的”。句意：我母亲来这里_停留。第二天她将飞往洛杉矶。根据第二天就要走，可知这里指的是短暂停留，B选项transient“短暂的”符合题意。因此B选项正确。16. 单选题Milk, butter, and cheese are _ here from the

33、 farms.问题1选项A.importedB.transferredC.transformedD.transported【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项imported“进口”；B选项transferred“（使）转移，搬迁”；C选项transformed“改变，转换”；D选项transported“运输”。句意：牛奶、黄油和奶酪从农场_到这里。根据语境，这里指的是把牛奶等从农场运到另一个地方，D选项transported“运输”符合题意。因此D选项正确。17. 单选题If you play with electricity, you may get an electric

34、 _.问题1选项A.strikeB.beatC.shockD.knock【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项strike“击，打，踢；打击”；B选项beat“有规律的敲击（声）；（音乐、诗歌等的）节拍”；C选项shock“电击”，electric shock；D选项knock“敲，击；（常为无意地）碰，撞”。句意：如果你玩弄电，就可能会_。根据语境，这里指被电打到，C选项shock“电击”符合题意。因此C选项正确。18. 单选题There are two factors which determine an individuals intelligence. The first

35、is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the indi

36、vidual-the sort of environment in which he is reared. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.The importance of environment in determining an individuals intelligence c

37、an be demonstrated by the casehistory of the identical twins, Peter and Mark X. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reare

38、d by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental d

39、ifference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Marks I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brai

40、ns, would have tested at roughly the same level.1. This selection can best be titled _.2. The best statement of the main idea of this passage is that _.3. According to the passage, the average I.Q. is _.4. The case history of the twins appears to support the conclusion that _.5. This passage suggest

41、s that an individuals I.Q. _.问题1选项A.the Case of Peter and MarkB.How the brain influences IntelligenceC.Measuring Your IntelligenceD.Intelligence and Environment问题2选项A.environment is crucial in determining a persons intelligenceB.persons having identical brains will have roughly the same intelligence

42、C.human brains differ considerablyD.the brain a person is born with is important in determining his intelligence问题3选项A.110B.125C.85D.100问题4选项A.lack of opportunity blocks the growth of intelligenceB.changes of environment produce changes in the structure of the brainC.individual with identical brains

43、 seldom test at same levelD.an individuals intelligence is determined only by his environment问题5选项A.can be increased by educationB.is determined by his childhoodC.can be predicted at birthD.stays the same throughout his life【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.【试题答案】D【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段第四句But no matter

44、how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn.（但是，不管一个人的大脑有多好，除非他有机会学习，否则他的智力水平就会很低。），文章第一段提出天生的大脑和成长的环境决定智力高低，并且后天环境的影响比天生的因素更重要，随后在第二段举出彼得和马克的案例来证明天生大脑一样，后天环境对智力有很大影响，文章表达的重点在于环境对智力的影响，D选项“智力与环境”正确。A选项“彼得和马克的案例”：不足以概

45、括全文。B选项“大脑如何影响智力”和C选项“测量你的智力”：文中没有具体提到。因此D选项正确。2.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段第四句But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn.（但是，不管一个人的大脑有多好，除非他有机会学习，否则他的智力水平就会很低。），可知相比于天生的大脑，环境对个人智力影响更大，A选项“环境在决定个人智力方面至关重要

46、”正确，B选项“有相同大脑的人有大致相同的智力”和D选项“大脑天生的因素在决定他的智力方面很重要”错误。C选项“人类的大脑差别很大”：文中没有提到。因此A选项正确。3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】事实细节题。根据文章倒数第二句Marks I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother.（马克的智商是125，比平均水平高25分，比他的同卵兄弟整整高40分。），可知平均智商是100，D选项“100”正确。A选项“110”，

47、B选项“125”和C选项“85”错误。因此D选项正确。4.【试题答案】A【试题解析】语义推测题。根据文章最后一句Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level.（如果机会均等，拥有相同大脑的双胞胎的测试水平大致相同。），结合双胞胎因为环境不同而智力不同的案例，可知机会的多和少影响他们各自的智力，A选项“缺乏机会阻碍智力的增长”正确。B选项“环境的变化产生大脑结构的变化”：文中没有讲到环境对大脑结构的具体改变。C选项“具有相同大脑的

48、个体很少在相同水平上测试”：文中只讲了一个案例，不足以得出此结论。D选项“一个人的智力只由他所处的环境决定”：文中还提到天生的大脑影响智力。因此A选项正确。5.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第三句This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence.（这种环境差异一直持续到双胞胎十八九岁的时候，那时他们接受了测试，以衡量他们的智力。），这种环境差异指的是

49、受教育的机会和程度，可知教育可以提高智力，A选项“可以通过教育提高”正确。B选项“由童年决定”：这里两个双胞胎童年的差距就是教育，A选项更符合题意，而且教育可以在除了童年以外的时期进行。C选项“可以在出生时预测”和D选项“一生保持不变”：环境中教育的因素会影响智力，所以智力会因为教育而改变。因此A选项正确。19. 单选题I never realized that someday would be married to a _.问题1选项A.moleculeB.oxygenC.geniusD.rug【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项molecule“分子”；B选项oxygen“氧

50、气”；C选项genius“天才”；D选项rug“小地毯”。句意：我从没想过有一天会嫁给一个_。根据语境，横线处指的是人，C选项genius“天才”符合题意。因此C选项正确。20. 单选题The wind _ the clouds and the sun was again visible.问题1选项A.dispersedB.distributedC.displacedD.displayed【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项dispersed“使分散；驱散”；B选项distributed“分发；散布”；C选项displaced“取代；移动”；D选项displayed“陈列；表露（特点、素质、情感）”。句意：风_云，又看得见太阳了。根据语境，这里指风把云吹散，A选项dispersed“使分散；驱散”符合题意。因此A选项正确。