2022年考博英语-重庆大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第34期

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1、2022年考博英语-重庆大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 填空题THE IRON BRIDGEThe Iron Bridge was the first of as kind in Europe and is universally recognized as a symbol of the Industrial Revolution.A: The Iron Bridge crosses the River Severn in Coalbrookdale, in the west of England. It was the first cast-iron bridge to

2、 be successfully erected, and the first large cast-iron structure of the industrial age in Europe, although the Chinese were expert iron-casters many centuries earlier.B: Rivers used to the equivalent of todays motorways, in that they were extensively used for transportation. The River Severn, which

3、 starts its life on the Welsh mountains and eventually enters the sea between Cardiff and Bristol, is the longest navigable river in Britain. It was ideal for transportation purpose, and special boats were built to navigate the waters. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the Severn was one of t

4、he busiest rivers in Europe. Local goods, including coal, iron products, wool, grain and cider, were sent by river. Among the goods coming upstream were luxuries such as sugar, tea, coffee and wine. In places, the riverbanks were lined with wharves and the river was often crowded with boats loading

5、or unloading.C: In 1638, Basil Brooke patented a steel-making process and built a furnace at Coalbrookdale. This later became the property of Abraham Darby (referred to as Abraham Darby Ito distinguish him from his son and grandson of the same name.) After serving an apprenticeship in Birmingham, Da

6、rby had started a business in Bristol, but he moved to Coalbrookdale in 1710 with an idea that coke derived from coal could provide a more economical alternative to charcoal as a fuel for iron making. This led to cheaper, more efficient iron making from the abundant supplies of coal, iron and limest

7、one in the area.D: His son, Abraham Darby II, pioneered the manufacture of cast iron, and had the idea of building a bridge over the Severn, as ferrying stores of all kinds across the river, particularly the large quantities of fuel for the furnaces at Coalbrookdale and other surrounding ironworks,

8、involved considerable expense and delay. However, it was his son Abraham Darby III (born in 1750) who, in 1775, organized a meeting to plan the building of a bridge. This was designed by a local architect, Thomas Pritchard, who had the idea of constructing it of iron.E: Sections were cast during the

9、 winter of 1778-9 for a 7-metre-wide bridge with a span of 31 metres, 12 metres above the river. Construction took three months during the summer of 1779, and remarkably, nobody was injured during the construction process- a feat almost unheard of even in modern major civil engineering projects. Wor

10、k on the approach roads continued for another two years, and the bridge was opened to traffic in 1781 Abraham Darby funded the bridge by commissioning paintings and engravings, but he lost a lot on the project, which had cost nearly double the estimate, and he died leaving massive larger debts in 17

11、89, aged only 39. The district did not flourish for much 1onger, and during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries factories closed down. Since 1934 the bridge has been open only to pedestrians. Universally recognized as the symbol of the Industrial Revolution, the Iron Bridge now stands at th

12、e heart of the Iron Bridge Gorge World Heritage Site.F: It has always been a mystery how the bridge was built. Despite its pioneering technology no eye-witness accounts are known which describe the iron bridge being erected and certainly no plans have survived. However, recent discoveries, research

13、and experiments have shed new light on exactly how it was built, challenging the assumptions of recent decades. In 1997 a small water colour sketch by Elias Martin came to light in the Swedish capital, Stockholm. Although there is a wealth of early views of the bridge by numerous artists, this is th

14、e only one which actually shows it under construction.G: Up until recently it had been assumed that the bridge had been built from both banks, with the inner supports tilted across the river. This would have allowed river traffic to continue unimpeded during construction. But the picture clearly sho

15、ws sections of the bridge being raised from a barge in the river. It contradicted everything historians had assumed about the bridge, and it was even considered that the picture could have been a fake as no other had come to light. So in 2001 a half-scale model of the bridge was built, in order to s

16、ee if it could have been constructed in the way depicted in the water colour. Meanwhile, a detailed archaeological, historical and photographic survey was done by the Iron bridge Gorge Museum Trust, along with a 3D CAD (computeraided design) model by English Heritage.H: The results tell us a lot mor

17、e about how the bridge was built. We now know that all the large castings were made individually as they are all slightly different. The bridge wasnt welded or bolted together as metal bridges are these days. Instead it was fitted together using a complex system of joints normally used for wood but

18、this was the traditional way in which iron structures were joined at the time. The construction of the model proved that the painting shows a very realistic method of constructing the bridge that could work and was in all probability the method used.I: Now only one mystery remains in the Iron Bridge

19、 story. The Swedish water colour sketch had apparently been torn from a book which would have contained similar sketches, it had been drawn by a Swedish artist who lived in London for 12 years and travelled Britain drawing what he saw. Nobody knows what has happened to the rest of the book, but perh

20、aps the other sketches still exist somewhere. If they are ever found they could provide further valuable evidence of how the Iron Bridge was constructed.1.When was the furnace bought by Darby originally constructed?2.When were the roads leading to the bridge completed?3.When was the bridge closed to

21、 traffic?4.When was a model of the bridge built?【答案】1.16382.17813.19344.2001【解析】1.根据文章C段，“In 1638, Basil Brooke patented a steel-making process and built a furnace at Coalbrookdale.”，1638年，Basil Brooke申请了炼钢工艺专利，并在科尔布鲁代尔建造了一座熔炉。可知这个熔炉是在1638年建成的。2.根据文章E段，“Work on the approach roads continued for anoth

22、er two years, and the bridge was opened to traffic in 1781”，修路工作又持续了两年，大桥于1781年通车。持续两年是在1779年大桥开始施工的基础上计算的。可判断出通往那座桥的路是1781年修完的，才能使大桥在1781年通车。3.根据文章E段，“Since 1934 the bridge has been open only to pedestrians.”，自1934年以来，这座桥只对行人开放。可判断出大桥从1934年开始不通车。4.根据文章G段，“So in 2001 a half-scale model of the bridge

23、 was built, in order to see if it could have been constructed in the way depicted in the water colour.”，2001年，这座桥的半尺度模型建成，以判断它是否能够按照水彩画中的方式建造。可判断出2001年建成了这座桥的模型。2. 单选题It can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises from an inability to aim advertising at only the

24、 likely buyers of a given product. There are three groups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process. First, there is the market segment people who need the commodity in question. Second, there is the program target people in the market segment with the “best fit” characteristics for a s

25、pecific product. Lots of people may need trousers, but only a few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers. Finally there is the program audience all people who are actually exposed to the marketing program without regard to whether they need or want the product.These three group

26、s are rarely identical. An exception occurs occasionally in cases where customers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable. Such customers, all sharing a particular need, are likely to form a meaningful target, for example, all companies with a particular application of

27、 the product in question, such as high-speed fillers of bottles at breweries. In such circumstances, direct selling (marketing that reaches only the program target) is likely to be economically justified, and highly specialized trade media exist to expose members of the program target and only membe

28、rs of the program target to the marketing program.Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different. Typically, there are many rather than few potential customers. Each represents a relatively small percentage of potential sales. Rarely do members of a particular market segment group themselve

29、s neatly into a meaningful program target. There are substantial differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics. Even with all the past decades advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer goods is rare, and mass marketing a marketing approach that aims at a w

30、ide audience remains the only economically feasible mode. Unfortunately, there are few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the program target. Inevitably people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for products in which they have no interest and so they bec

31、ome annoyed.1.The passage suggests which of the following about highly specialized trade media?2.The passage suggests which of the following about direct selling?3.Which of the following best exemplifies the situation described in the last two sentences of the passage?4.The passage suggests that whi

32、ch of the following is true about the marketing of industrial products like those discussed in the second paragraph?5.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true for most consumer-goods markets?问题1选项A.They are used only for very expensive products.B.They should be used on

33、ly when direct selling is not economically possible.C.They can be used to exclude from the program audience people who are not part of the program target.D.They are rarely used in the implementation of marketing programs for industrial products.问题2选项A.It is used in the marketing of most industrial p

34、roducts.B.It is often used in cases where there is a large program target.C.It is not economically feasible for most marketing programs.D.It is used only for products for which there are many potential customers.问题3选项A.A product suitable for women age 21-30 is marketed at meetings attended only by p

35、otential customers.B.A company develops a new product and must develop an advertising campaign to create a market for it.C.An idea for a specialized product remains unexplored because media exposure of the product to its few potential customers would be too expensive.D.A product suitable for men age

36、 60 and over is advertised in a magazine read by adults of all ages.问题4选项A.The market segment and program target are identical.B.Mass marketing is the only feasible way of advertising such products.C.The marketing program cannot be directed specifically to the program target.D.More customers would b

37、e needed to justify the expense of direct selling.问题5选项A.The program audience is smaller than the market segment.B.The program audience and the market segment are usually identical.C.The market segment and the program target are usually identical.D.The program target and the program audience are not

38、 usually identical.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。根据文章第一段，“There are three groups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process. Firstpeople who need the commodity in question. Secondpeople in the market segment with the best fit characteristics for a specific product Finally all

39、people who are actually exposed to the marketing program”，可知有三种消费者受到市场营销的影响。第一种是真正需要商品的人，第二种是适合某种特殊商品的人，第三种是接触到营销项目的所有人。根据文章第二段最后一句，“highly specialized trade media exist to expose members of the program target and only members of the program target to the marketing program.”，高度专业化的行业媒体的存在是为了让营销项目的目标

40、成员和只有接触营销目标的成员了解营销方案。可判断出高度专业化的行业媒体可以用来把不属于营销目标的人排除在营销计划之外。选项C符合题意。2.判断推理题。根据文章第三段，“Even with all the past decades advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer goods is rare, and mass marketing a marketing approach that aims at a wide audience remains the only economically feasible

41、 mode.”，尽管在过去的十年里，信息技术取得了很大的进步，但直接销售消费品还是很少见的，而大众营销一种针对广大受众的营销方式仍然是唯一经济上可行的模式。可判断出直接销售目前仍然不是经济上可能的模式。选项C符合题意。3.判断推理题。根据文章最后两句，“Unfortunately, there are few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the program target. Inevitably people get exposed to a great deal of

42、marketing for products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed.”，不幸的是，很少有媒体允许营销人员将营销计划完全针对计划目标。不可避免地，人们会接触到大量的营销产品，而他们对这些产品并不感兴趣，而且会感到厌烦。可判断出一种适合60岁以上男性的产品在各年龄段的成年人都能阅读的杂志上登广告，这种现象刚好反映了这一问题。选项D符合题意。4.判断推理题。根据文章第二段，“An exception occurs occasionally in cases where customers for a par

43、ticular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable. Such customers, all sharing a particular need, are likely to form a meaningful target”，在特定工业产品的客户可能很少且很容易识别的情况下，偶尔会出现例外。这些共有特定需求的客户很可能形成一个有意义的目标，可判断出特定工业产品的细分市场和营销目标是一致的。选项A符合题意。5.判断推理题。根据文章第三段，“Most consumer-goods markets are significan

44、tly different. Typically, there are many rather than few potential customers.”，大多数消费品的市场都有很大的区别。通常，这些市场的潜在客户很多。可判断出大多数消费品市场的市场目标和营销受众是不一致的，存在区别。选项D符合题意。3. 填空题THE IRON BRIDGEThe Iron Bridge was the first of as kind in Europe and is universally recognized as a symbol of the Industrial Revolution.A: Th

45、e Iron Bridge crosses the River Severn in Coalbrookdale, in the west of England. It was the first cast-iron bridge to be successfully erected, and the first large cast-iron structure of the industrial age in Europe, although the Chinese were expert iron-casters many centuries earlier.B: Rivers used

46、to the equivalent of todays motorways, in that they were extensively used for transportation. The River Severn, which starts its life on the Welsh mountains and eventually enters the sea between Cardiff and Bristol, is the longest navigable river in Britain. It was ideal for transportation purpose,

47、and special boats were built to navigate the waters. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the Severn was one of the busiest rivers in Europe. Local goods, including coal, iron products, wool, grain and cider, were sent by river. Among the goods coming upstream were luxuries such as sugar, tea, c

48、offee and wine. In places, the riverbanks were lined with wharves and the river was often crowded with boats loading or unloading.C: In 1638, Basil Brooke patented a steel-making process and built a furnace at Coalbrookdale. This later became the property of Abraham Darby (referred to as Abraham Dar

49、by Ito distinguish him from his son and grandson of the same name.) After serving an apprenticeship in Birmingham, Darby had started a business in Bristol, but he moved to Coalbrookdale in 1710 with an idea that coke derived from coal could provide a more economical alternative to charcoal as a fuel

50、 for iron making. This led to cheaper, more efficient iron making from the abundant supplies of coal, iron and limestone in the area.D: His son, Abraham Darby II, pioneered the manufacture of cast iron, and had the idea of building a bridge over the Severn, as ferrying stores of all kinds across the

51、 river, particularly the large quantities of fuel for the furnaces at Coalbrookdale and other surrounding ironworks, involved considerable expense and delay. However, it was his son Abraham Darby III (born in 1750) who, in 1775, organized a meeting to plan the building of a bridge. This was designed

52、 by a local architect, Thomas Pritchard, who had the idea of constructing it of iron.E: Sections were cast during the winter of 1778-9 for a 7-metre-wide bridge with a span of 31 metres, 12 metres above the river. Construction took three months during the summer of 1779, and remarkably, nobody was i

53、njured during the construction process- a feat almost unheard of even in modern major civil engineering projects. Work on the approach roads continued for another two years, and the bridge was opened to traffic in 1781 Abraham Darby funded the bridge by commissioning paintings and engravings, but he

54、 lost a lot on the project, which had cost nearly double the estimate, and he died leaving massive larger debts in 1789, aged only 39. The district did not flourish for much 1onger, and during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries factories closed down. Since 1934 the bridge has been open onl

55、y to pedestrians. Universally recognized as the symbol of the Industrial Revolution, the Iron Bridge now stands at the heart of the Iron Bridge Gorge World Heritage Site.F: It has always been a mystery how the bridge was built. Despite its pioneering technology no eye-witness accounts are known whic

56、h describe the iron bridge being erected and certainly no plans have survived. However, recent discoveries, research and experiments have shed new light on exactly how it was built, challenging the assumptions of recent decades. In 1997 a small water colour sketch by Elias Martin came to light in th

57、e Swedish capital, Stockholm. Although there is a wealth of early views of the bridge by numerous artists, this is the only one which actually shows it under construction.G: Up until recently it had been assumed that the bridge had been built from both banks, with the inner supports tilted across th

58、e river. This would have allowed river traffic to continue unimpeded during construction. But the picture clearly shows sections of the bridge being raised from a barge in the river. It contradicted everything historians had assumed about the bridge, and it was even considered that the picture could

59、 have been a fake as no other had come to light. So in 2001 a half-scale model of the bridge was built, in order to see if it could have been constructed in the way depicted in the water colour. Meanwhile, a detailed archaeological, historical and photographic survey was done by the Iron bridge Gorg

60、e Museum Trust, along with a 3D CAD (computeraided design) model by English Heritage.H: The results tell us a lot more about how the bridge was built. We now know that all the large castings were made individually as they are all slightly different. The bridge wasnt welded or bolted together as meta

61、l bridges are these days. Instead it was fitted together using a complex system of joints normally used for wood but this was the traditional way in which iron structures were joined at the time. The construction of the model proved that the painting shows a very realistic method of constructing the

62、 bridge that could work and was in all probability the method used.I: Now only one mystery remains in the Iron Bridge story. The Swedish water colour sketch had apparently been torn from a book which would have contained similar sketches, it had been drawn by a Swedish artist who lived in London for

63、 12 years and travelled Britain drawing what he saw. Nobody knows what has happened to the rest of the book, but perhaps the other sketches still exist somewhere. If they are ever found they could provide further valuable evidence of how the Iron Bridge was constructed.The text has nine paragraphs.

64、A-I. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter. A-I on your answer sheet.（ ）1.why a bridge was required across the River Severn2.a method used to raise money for the bridge3.why Coalbrookdale became attractive to iron makers4.how the sections of the bridge were con

65、nected to each other【答案】1.D2.E3.C4.H【解析】1.根据文章D段，“had the idea of building a bridge over the Severn, as ferrying stores of all kinds across the river, particularly the large quantities of fuel for the furnaces at Coalbrookdale and other surrounding ironworks, involved considerable expense and delay.”，Abraham Darby有在塞文河上建一座桥的想法，因为需要运送各种各样的物资过河，尤其是科尔布鲁克代尔和周围其他炼铁厂的大量燃料，这要花费相当大的费用，而且耗费很长的时间。可判断出D段的主要内容是解释了在塞文河上建桥的原因。2.根据文章E段，“Abraham Darby funded the bridge by commissio