2022年考博英语-西南交通大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第53期

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1、2022年考博英语-西南交通大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题All experts agree that the most important consideration with diet drugs is carefully（ ）the risks and benefits.问题1选项A.weighingB.valuingC.evaluatingD.distinguishing【答案】A【解析】句意:所有专家都认为，在对减肥药所做的各方面的考虑中，最重要的是仔细权衡风险和益处。考查动词辨析。weight 使变重，权衡；value 评价，重视；evaluate 评价

2、，估价；distinguish区分，辨别，使杰出。根据题干关键词the risks and benefits (风险和益处)可知A项符合句意。2. 单选题A censors duty is to ensure that no content is（ ）in publications or films.问题1选项A.evilB.obscureC.obsceneD.opaque【答案】C【解析】句意:审查员的职责是确保出版物或电影中没有淫秽内容。考查形容词辨析。evil 邪恶的；不幸的；有害的；讨厌的；obscure 昏暗的；朦胧的；晦涩的；无名的；obscene 淫秽的；猥亵的；opaque 不

3、透明的；不传热的；迟钝的。因此C符合句意。3. 翻译题Translate the following passage into ChinesePaintings are static. The uniqueness of the experience of looking at a painting repeatedly over a period of days or years -is that, in the midst of flux, the image remains changeless. Of course the significance of the image may c

4、hange, as a result of either historical or personal developments, but what is depicted is unchanging: the same milk flowing from the same jug, the waves on the sea with exactly the same formation unbroken, the smile and the face which have not altered.One might be tempted to say that paintings prese

5、rve a moment. Yet on reflection this is obviously untrue. For the moment of a painting, unlike a moment photographed, never existed as such. And so a painting cannot be said to preserve it. If a painting “stops” time, it is not, like a photograph, preserving a moment of the past from the supersessio

6、n of succeeding moments.【答案】绘画是静态的。在几天或几年时间里反复看一幅画的经历的独特性在于画的内容在变迁中仍然保持不变。当然，由于历史或个人发展, 尽管该图像的意义可能会改变,但描述的内容是不变的: 一样的奶瓶中流出的一样的牛奶，海面上完全一样的完整 的波浪，不变的微笑和笑脸。人们可能会说，绘画保存了一个瞬间。然而，仔细想想，这显然是不真实的。因为与被拍摄的瞬间不一样，绘画中的瞬间从未存在。因此，不能说一幅画保存了一个瞬间。 如果一幅画留住了某个瞬间，那么它就不能保存代替随后瞬间的过去瞬间，就像相片一样。4. 单选题Putting in a new window w

7、ill（ ）cutting away part of the roof.问题1选项A.includeB.involveC.containD.comprise【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项include“包含，包括，指包括属于整体的部分，可以是具体的或抽象的”；B选项involve“包含；牵涉；使陷于，指必然包括某种结果，所接的事物通常是抽象的”；C选项contain“包含；控制，指容器装有具体东西，含仍有剩余空间之意；也指包含具体之物或数据、信息等”；D选项comprise“包含；由组成，既可指整体包含若干部分，也可指若干部分或成员构成整体”。句意：新开一扇窗户就得拆掉部分屋顶。doi

8、ng A involves(doing)B表示“做A事包含做B这部分工作”，因此B正确。5. 单选题In the wake of 11 September, Visionics, a leading manufacturer, issued a fact sheet explaining how its technology could enhance airport security. They called it protecting civilization from the faces of terror. The companys share price skyrocketed, a

9、s did the stocks of other face-recognition companies, and airports across the globe began installing the software and running trials.As the results start to come in, however, the gloss is wearing off. No matter what you might have heard about face-recognition software, Big Brother is not so good as

10、expected.The concern was based largely on an independent assessment of face-recognition systems carried out in 2000 in the U.S. by the Department of Defense. These tests found that to catch 90 percent of suspects at an airport, face-recognition software would have to raise a huge number of false ala

11、rms. One in three people would end up being dragged out of the line and thats assuming everyone looks straight at the camera and makes no efforts to disguise himself. Results from the recent airport trials would seem to justify that concern.Most face-recognition systems use some kind of geometric te

12、chnique to translate a picture of a face into a set of numbers that capture its characteristics. Once it has identified these boundaries, the software calculates their relative sizes and positions and converts this geometry into what Visionics calls a faceprint. Feed the software a series of mugshot

13、s and itll calculate their faceprints. Then it can monitor live CCTV images for the faces of known suspects. When it finds a match, it raises an alarm.Even if the system does manage to capture a face, the problems arent over. The trouble is that a suspects faceprint taken from live CCTV is unlikely

14、to match the one in the database in every detail. To give themselves the best chance of picking up suspects, operators can set the software so that it doesnt have to make an exact match before it raises the alarm. But theres a price to pay: the more potential suspects you pick up, the more false ala

15、rms you get. You have to get the balance just right.Despite the disappointing tests, some people insist that face-recognition technology is good enough to put terrorists off. After all the claims and counter-claims, with no one able to discern the truth, the industry may soon have to face up to real

16、ity.1.The first paragraph tells us that （ ）.2.The second paragraph implies that（ ）.3.What is the fatal defeat of the system according to the U.S. Department of Defense?4.What makes it so hard for the face-recognition systems to work effectively?5.In the last paragraph, the author points out that（ ）.

17、问题1选项A.Visionics produced the best face-recognition software enhancing airport securityB.Visionicss stock rose in priceC.the airports were satisfied with the softwareD.Visionicss software was a great success问题2选项A.the surface of the software is not enoughB.there is a series of face-recognition softw

18、are productsC.the software turns out to be inefficientD.the software is not durable问题3选项A.Too many false alarms were raised.B.Everyone should look straight at the camera.C.Only 90% of suspects at an airport were found.D.Everyone should not disguise himself.问题4选项A.The computers are not so advanced.B.

19、The faceprints fed in the computers are never identical with those of real persons.C.It is very hard for the operators to learn to control the system.D.People seldom look straight at the camera.问题5选项A.anyway, the face-recognition technology is good enough to frighten the terroristsB.the industry sho

20、uld recognize the situation and improve the technology.C.all the claims are prematureD.we must not expect too much【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B【解析】第1题:细节事实题。A:Visionics公司生产了最好的人脸识别软件来增强机场的安全性。B: Visionics的股票价格上涨。C:机场对软件很满意。D:Visionics的软件非常成功。第一句指出: In the wake of 11 September, Visionics, a leading m

21、anufacturer, issued a fact sheet explaining how its technology could enhance airport security (9月11日之后，领先的制造商Visionics发布了一份情况说明书，解释其技术如何增强机场安全)。但并不能证明A项跟D项正确。第三句说到: The companys share price skyrocketed (公司股价飞涨)。因此B项正确。最后一句指出: airports across the globe began installing the software and running trials

22、 (全球各地的机场开始安装该软件并进行测试)。但这并不能说明C项正确。因此答案为B。第2题:判断推理题。第二段意思为:然而，伴随软件试用结果出现，该软件的光彩逐渐消逝，无论你或许对面部识别软件听说过什么，Visionics这家大公司的面部识别软件都不如宣传的那样好。因此C项“该软件结果是无效率的”正确。第3题:判断推理题。题干问的是:根据美国国防部的说法，这个系统的致命缺点是什么? A:太多假警报被拉响。B:每个人都要直视镜头。C:只有90%的嫌疑犯在机场被发现。D:每个人都应该伪装自己。可定位至第三段。第二句指出: These tests found that to catch 90 per

23、cent of suspects at an airport, face-recognition software would have to raise a huge number of false alarms (这些测试发现，要在机场抓获90%的嫌疑人，人脸识别软件必须发出大量虚假警报)。因此A项正确，C项不正确。第三句指出: One in three people would end up being dragged out of the line and thats assuming everyone looks straight at the camera and makes no

24、 efforts to disguise himself (每三个人中就有一个被拖拉出候机的队伍，而这种比例是基于每个人都直视镜头且不做任何努力掩饰自己的情况)。由此可知B项跟D项只是文中提及的实验的条件，而非致命缺点。第4题:判断推理题。第五段指出:The trouble is that a suspects faceprint taken from live CCTV is unlikely to match the one in the database in every detail (问题在于从现场监控提取的嫌疑犯的脸纹不可 能与数据库里的每一个细节相匹配)。因此，使得人脸识别系统难

25、以有效工作的原因是B项“电脑里的面纹从不与真人的面纹完全相同”。第5题:细节事实题。最后一段最后一句指出: After all the claims and counter-claims, with no one able to discern the truth, the industry may soon have to face up to reality (在所有的控诉和反控诉之后，尽管没有一个人能识别真相，但是该行业或许很快不得不面对现实)。由此可知B项“该行业应该认清现实，改善技术”正确。6. 翻译题1.中国是世界上的发明大国，但是很多发明无法走出实验室，归根结底是资金问题。2.当

26、然我们还应该充分意识到，大熊猫生存的主要威胁不是来自于大熊猫的繁殖能力，而是来自于人类对大熊猫自然生态环境的破坏。3.他饮他的花酒，我喝我的清茶。人生需要一种境界：自我安定。4.自幼来自农村且深受“谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦”陶冶的我，是断然不肯将能吃的剩菜倒掉的。5.太多的医学和研究生教育把学生禁闭在黑暗的房间里，使他们成为被强迫灌输信息的笨人。【答案】1.China, one of the worlds leading innovators, finds itself in the awkward situation of being unable to get many of its inv

27、entions out of the labs, which comes down to the problem of funding.2. Of course, we should also be fully aware that the main threat to the survival of the panda species comes not from the poor propagation of the species, but from mankinds destruction of pandas natural habitat.3. Life, it seems to m

28、e, needs a placidity of mind. While others may be wining and dining, Im content with plain tea.4. Born in the countryside and always taught to believe profoundly in the need to “treasure each and every grain of rice in the bowl”，I flatly refuse to throw away the leftovers.5. Too many medical student

29、s and postgraduates receive education in a closed room, and finally become a passive knowledge-receiving idiot.7. 单选题In the（ ）of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to $30 million.问题1选项A.faceB.timeC.courseD.event【答案】D【解析】句意:如果项目不成功，投资者损失将高达3000万美元。考查短语辨析。in the face of面对;

30、in the time of 在 时期；in the course of 在期间；在过程中；in the event of 万一；如果。根据后面句意“投资者损失将高达3000万美元”可知D项正确。8. 单选题The apparent purpose of allowing the government to invest the trust fund is to take advantage of the higher returns from private capital markets. There is strong evidence, though, that the governm

31、ents investment policy substantially could undercut the returns it otherwise might expect to receive. High capital market returns in the US are derived from the high productivity of capital and the efficiency of the market. Investment of the Social security trust fund in private capital markets will

32、 hurt both of these sources of American economic performance; capital will be less productive and markets will be less efficient.A 1994 study by the World Bank of government-managed pension fund investments around the world found that they generally earned lower annual returns than privately managed

33、 pension investments. It showed that governments generally pursued one of two policies for their investments, both fundamentally flawed.One was to invest heavily in government securities, which can such lower returns than, for example, stocks. There are two reasons for this policy. First, there is a

34、 cautionary search for safe investments because governments fear the political reaction if a more aggressive investment policy were to lead to adverse results. Second, buying up government debt allow the government to defer the consequences of its own overspending. Indeed, there is evidence that the

35、 power to shift government debt into pension funds actually may induce them to spend and borrow more. Borrowing from the pension fund is less transparent than doing so from the open capital market. In many cases, such borrowing is not even reported as public debt, and the interest rate may be lower.

36、This already is occurring with the Social Security trust fund. The current surplus is used to purchase Federal Treasury obligations that are credited to the Social Security trust fund. The government then utilizes the money it has borrowed from the trust fund to meet current operating expenses.The o

37、ther investment policy pursued by government-controlled pension funds is to invest in government-supported projects, such as state-owned enterprises or public housing. Again, the result often is extremely low rates of return. In fact, such investments frequently lose money. Moreover, government inve

38、stment leads to greater government involvement in the economy that could, in turn, lead to policies that slow economic growth and reduce the return on capital for all investors, including the government itself.1.According to the author, government investment of the Social Security trust fund（ ）.2.A

39、1994 study by the World Bank of government-managed pension fund investments（ ）.3.From the last paragraph, we know that（ ）.4.What tone did the author adopt in this passage?5.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?问题1选项A.will result in higher returns from private capita

40、l marketsB.can have a negative effect on the efficiency of the marketsC.will give an impetus to economic developmentD.can promote productivity of capital问题2选项A.met the expectation of the higher annual returnsB.excluded the possibility of a more aggressive investmentC.failed to meet with the governme

41、nts anticipationD.failed to reflect the true state of economy问题3选项A.investments in government-supported projects often earn high annual returnsB.greater government involvement in the economy could impede economic growthC.business investments in public housing frequently lose moneyD.the investment po

42、licy pursued by government-controlled pension funds is fundamentally profitable问题4选项A.SatireB.ExposureC.AttackD.Criticism问题5选项A.Government policies fuel the government investment in the economy and keep it on the right trackB.Government involvement in the economy will ultimately slow economic growth

43、.C.Government investment in government-supported projects is a fallacyD.Government might earn higher returns if it invests in stocks【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】第1题:细节事实题。第一段指出: High capital market returns in the US are derived from the high productivity of capital and the efficiency of the mark

44、et. Investment of the Social security trust fund in private capital markets will hurt both of these sources of American economic performance; capital will be less productive and markets will be less efficient (美国资本市场的高回报源于资本的高生产率和市场的效率。社会保障信托基金对私人资本市场的投资将损害美国经济表现的这两个来源；资本的生产效率将降低，市场的效率也将降低)。因此，B项“对市

45、场效率可能产生负面影响”正确。第2题:细节事实题。根据题干定位至第二段: A 1994 study by the World Bank of government-managed pension fund investments around the world found that they generally earned lower annual returns than privately managed pension investments (1994年，世界银行在全球范围内进行的一项研究发现，与私人管理的养老基金投资相比，它们的年回报率普遍较低)。因此C项“没有达到政府的预期目标

46、”正确。第3题:判断推理题。最后一段最后一句指出: Moreover, government investment leads to greater government involvement in the economy that could, in turn, lead to policies that slow economic growth and reduce the return on capital for all investors, including the government itself (此外，政府投资导致政府更多地干预经济，进而可能导致政策放缓经济增长，降低包括

47、政府本身在内的所有投资者的资本回报率)。由此可知B项“政府对经济的更多参与可能会阻碍经济增长”正确。第4题:观点态度题。文章开头指出允许政府进行信贷投资的目的是利用私人资本市场的高额投资回报。然而有力的证据表明：政府的投资政策实质上可能减少它原本预期获得的投资回报。并且在结尾部分进一步指出了政府投资导致政府更多地干预经济，进而可能导致政策放缓经济增长，降低包括政府本身在内的所有投资者的资本回报率。可以看出文章作者的语气是在批评政府所采取的社会保障基金投资政策。故选D项。第5题:细节事实题。A:政府政策推动了政府投资，并让经济走上正轨。B:政府在经济方面的投资最终减慢经济增长。C:政府支持项目的

48、投资是错误的。D:如果政府投资股市，或许收益更大。第一段第二句指出: There is strong evidence, though, that the governments investment policy substantially could undercut the returns it otherwise might expect to receive(然而有力的证据表明：政府的投资政策实质上可能减少它原本预期获得的投资回报)。由此可知A项错误。最后一句指出:government investment leads to greater government involvemen

49、t in the economy that could, in turn, lead to policies that slow economic growth (政府投资导致政府更多地干预经济，这有可能反过来导致相应政策的制定，这种政策进而会减慢经济增长)。因此B项正确。第三段第一句指出:One was to invest heavily in government securities, which can such lower returns than, for example, stocks (其中之一是对政府债券大力投资，其回报远低于对股市之类的投资)。因此D项正确。最后一段指出:

50、Again, the result often is extremely low rates of return (这种投资的结果还是回报率很低)，以及:In fact, such investments frequently lose money (事实上，这种投资经常赔钱)。因此C项符合原文所述。故此题选A。9. 单选题Her lecture covered a wide（ ）of topics, ranging from the heated controversy to academic reflection.问题1选项A.extentB.rangeC.collectionD.numb

51、er【答案】B【解析】句意:她的演讲涉及从激烈的争论到学术反思的广泛话题。考查名词辨析。extent范围；程度（尤指事物延展的范围、高度或距离）；range 范围；幅度（尤指认知、知识、经验或能力方面的范围）;collection采集;收集;number 数字;号码。这里选择B项比较合适，a wide range of topics表示 “广泛话题”。10. 单选题The travel agency has a full program of（ ）, if tourists wish to visit local places of interest.问题1选项A.expeditionsB.e

52、xcursionsC.explorationsD.propositions【答案】B【解析】句意:如果游客想游览当地的名胜古迹，旅行社有一套完整的短途旅行计划。考查名词辨析。expedition 远征，探险;excursion 远足，短程旅行;exploration 探测；proposition 命题，提议。根据 “当地的名胜古迹”可知四个选项中，B项正确。11. 翻译题Translate the following sentences into Chinese and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1. And giving should be

53、 strategic-philanthropy should not simply respond to needs but should look for investment opportunities that yield significance returns.2. What remains pertinent is the reports vision of the role of government in research, including his assertion that the federal government had both the authority an

54、d the obligation to support basic research.3. This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development, which means that we must, for the benefit of coming generations, leave enough environmental space so that these generations will be able to address their needs and fulfill their aspiration

55、s.4. The threat of the Cold War was a prime driving force leading to the expansion of U.S. science, national labs and academic institutions.5. It is worth noting that preventive measures involving smoking and diet are conveniently similar for cancer and heart disease; one exception is alcohol -a ris

56、k factor for the former, a preventive for the later.【答案】1.捐赠也应讲策略慈善事业应该不单是应人之需，而应该觅寻投资机会， 以求产生可观的回报。2.该报告对政府在研究中所扮演的角色的看法仍然中肯，包括他的主张，即联邦政府既有权力也有义务支持基础研究。3.这种需要体现在可持续发展的概念中，这意味着为了后代的利益，我们必须留下足够的环境空间，以满足他们的需要，施展抱负。4.冷战的威胁曾是一个主要的驱动力，它导致了美国科学、国家实验室以及学术机构团体的扩张。5.值得注意的是，癌症和心脏病的预防措施与吸烟和饮食很相似;一个例外是酒精癌症的危险因子

57、，但却是心脏病的预防因子。12. 单选题The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals became（1）in a variety of aerobic activities, and（2）thousands of health spas （3） around the country to capitalize on this（4）interest in fitness, particularly

58、 aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed （5）to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their（6）was not on aerobics, （7）on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, （8）, and endurance in their primarily male

59、（9）. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit（10）from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs（11）few, if （12）, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly （13）for males and for females

60、. Many（14）programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.（15）, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily（16）such fitness components have been relat

61、ed to（17）in athletics.（18）, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health（19）as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now （20）that weight training be part of a total fitness program for he

62、althy Americans.问题1选项A.imposedB.engagedC.confinedD.illustrated问题2选项A.affluentlyB.eligiblyC.gorgeouslyD.literally问题3选项A.enhancedB.manifestedC.developedD.established问题4选项A.emergingB.hoveringC.intriguingD.mingling问题5选项A.priorB.entitledC.liableD.subjected问题6选项A.actionB.focusC.cementsD.snap问题7选项A.orB.or

63、elseC.andD.but rather问题8选项A.strengthB.nutritionC.toleranceD.ambition问题9选项A.practitionersB.enthusiastsC.refereesD.recipients问题10选项A.financiallyB.particularlyC.legitimatelyD.excessively问题11选项A.presentedB.offeredC.indicatedD.demonstrated问题12选项A.somethingB.someC.anythingD.any问题13选项A.popularB.vigorousC.intelli