2022年考博英语-山西大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第82期

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1、2022年考博英语-山西大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题For about three centuries we have been doing science, trying science out, using science for the construction of what we call modern civilization. Every dispensable item of contemporary technology, from canal locks to dial telephones to penicillin, was pieced

2、together from the analysis of data provided by one or another series of scientific experiments. Three hundred years seems a long time for testing a new approach to human development long enough to settle back for critical appraisal of the scientific method, maybe even long enough to vote on whether

3、to go on with it or not. There is an argument.Voices have been raised in protest since the beginning, rising in pitch and violence in the nineteenth century during the early stages of the industrial revolution, summoning urgent crowds into the streets any day these days on the issue of nuclear energ

4、y. Give it back, say some of the voices, it doesnt really work, wed tried it and it doesnt work, go back three hundred years and start again on something else less chancy for the race of man.The principal discoveries in this century, taking all in all, are the glimpses of the depth of our ignorance

5、about nature. Things that used to seem clear and rational, matters of absolute certaintyNewtonian mechanics, for examplehave slipped through our fingers, and we are left with a new set of gigantic puzzles, cosmic uncertainties, ambiguities; some of the laws of physics are amended every few years, so

6、me are canceled outright, some undergo revised versions of legislative intent as if they were acts of Congress.Just thirty years ago we call it a biological revolution when the fantastic geometry of the DNA molecule was exposed to public view and the linear language of genetics was decoded. For a wh

7、ile, things seemed simple and clear, the cell was a neat little machine, a mechanical device ready for taking to pieces and reassembling, like a tiny watch. But just in the last few years it has become almost unbelievably complex, filled with strange parts whose functions are beyond todays imaginati

8、on.It is not just that there is more to do, there is everything to do. What lies ahead, or what can lie ahead if the efforts in basic research are continued, is much more than the conquest of human disease or the improvement of agricultural technology or the cultivation of nutrients in the sea. As w

9、e learn more about fundamental processes of living things in general we will learn more about ourselves.1.What CANNOT be inferred from the first paragraph?2.The principle discovery in this century shows（ ）.3.Now scientists have found in the past few years（ ）.4.The writers main purpose in writing the

10、 passage is to say that（ ）.5.The writers attitude towards science is（ ）.问题1选项A.Scientific experiments in the past three hundred years have produced many valuable items.B.For three hundred years there have been people holding a hostile attitude toward science.C.Modern civilization depends on science

11、so man supports scientific progress unanimously.D.Some people think three hundred years is not long enough to set back for critical appraisal of scientific method.问题2选项A.man has overthrown Newtons laws of physicsB.man has solved a new set of gigantic puzzlesC.man has lost many scientific discoveries

12、D.man has given up some of the once accepted theories问题3选项A.the exposure of DNA to the public is unnecessaryB.the tiny cell in DNA is a neat little machineC.man knows nothing about DNAD.man has much to learn about DNA问题4选项A.science is just at its beginningB.science has greatly improved mans lifeC.sc

13、ience has made profound progressD.science has done too little to human beings问题5选项A.criticalB.approvingC.neutralD.regretful【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节推断题。根据第一段第三句和第四句maybe even long enough to vote on whether to go on with it or not. There is an argument （甚至长到要投票决定是否继续下去。这是有争议的。），可见对于将科学是否继

14、续进行下去，人们观点不一，有人持敌对态度，故C选项“现代文明依赖科学，所以人们一致支持科学的进步”正确，B选项“三百年来有人一直对科学持敌对态度”错误，D选项“有的人认为三百年的时间不够长，不能让人们对科学方法进行批判性的评价”错误。A选项“过去三百年的科学实验制造出许多有价值的物品”：根据第一段第一、二句，三百年来，我们一直在研究科学，当代每项技术都是通过科学实验而来的。因此C选项正确。2.细节推断题。A选项man has overthrown Newtons laws of physics“人类推翻了牛顿的物理定律”；B选项man has solved a new set of gigan

15、tic puzzles“人类已经解决了一套新的巨大的谜题”；C选项man has lost many scientific discoveries“人类已经失去了许多科学发现”；D选项man has given up some of the once accepted theories“人类已经放弃了一些曾经被接受的理论”。根据第三段最后一句some of the laws of physics are amended every few years, some are canceled outright, some undergo revised versions of legislativ

16、e intent as if they were acts of Congress.（有些物理定律每隔几年就会被修订，有些被完全取消，有些经过立法意图的修订版本，就像它们是国会法案一样。），可知人类对理论所采取的做法是修正，摈弃，甚至采取立法手段，故D选项“人类已经放弃了一些曾经被接受的理论”正确。A、B、C选项不是主要发现，而是其中小部分。因此D选项正确。3.细节推断题。根据第四段Just thirty years ago we call it a biological revolutionFor a while, things seemed simple and clearBut just

17、 in the last few years it has become almost unbelievably complex（30年前，我们称之为一场生物革命有一段时间，事情似乎简单明了但就在最近几年，它变得几乎难以置信地复杂），可知人们对于DNA的认识不断在更新，有很多要了解的，不是一无所知，故D选项“人类对DNA还需要了解很多”正确，C选项“人类对DNA一无所知”错误。A选项“没有必要把DNA的信息告诉大众”：作者没有这个意思。B选项“DNA中的小细胞是一台小巧的机器”：根据第四段第二句，DNA在30年前被比作小机器，但现在这个概念被颠覆。因此D选项正确。4.细节推断题。根据第五段第一

18、句It is not just that there is more to do, there is everything to do.（不仅是有更多的事情要做，而是每件事都要做。），可知人类在科学发展方面还需要做大量的研究，这只是一个开始，故A选项“科学才刚刚开始”正确。B选项“科学极大地改善了人类生活”和D选项“科学对人类作用太小”没有着重表述。C选项“科学取得了里程碑式的进步”没有提到。因此A选项正确。5.综合归纳题。A选项critical“批判的”；B选项approving“支持的”；C选项neutral“中性的”；D选项regretful“伟大的”。根据第五段最后一句As we le

19、arn more about fundamental processes of living things in general we will learn more about ourselves.（随着我们更多地了解生物的基本过程，我们也将更多地了解我们自己。），以及全文对科技进步的描述，作者点出了科学进步的好处，可见对科学持正向肯定态度，故B选项“支持的”正确。A，C和D选项不符合题意。因此B选项正确。2. 翻译题FROM ENGLISH TO CHINESEHappiness is sometimes seen as a state of mind. But this is not h

20、ow Aristotle regards it. “Well-being”, as we usually translate his term for happiness, is what we might call a state of soul, which for him involves not just an interior condition of being, but a disposition to behave in certain ways. As Ludwig Wittgenstein once remarked, the best image of the soul

21、is the body. If you want to observe someones spirit, look at what they do. Happiness for Aristotle is attained by virtue, and virtue is above all a social practice rather than an attitude of mind. Happiness is part of a practical way of life, not some private inner contentment.【答案】幸福有时被视为一种精神状态。但亚里士

22、多德不这样认为。“幸福”，正如我们通常解释这个术语，我们可以看作为灵魂状态。对他来说，这不仅是个人存在的内在条件，也是一种特定的行为方式。路德维希维特根斯坦曾说过，人的身体是灵魂的最好图画。如果你想了解某人的“灵魂”，看看他们做了什么。对亚里士多德来说，幸福是通过美德实现的。美德首先是一种社会实践，而不是一种心灵态度。幸福是实际的生活方式的一部分，不是某种私密的内在满足。3. 单选题A driver can go through a red light（ ）a police officer signals him to do so.问题1选项A.whetherB.untilC.ifD.unle

23、ss【答案】C【解析】考查连词辨析。A选项whether“是否，不论”；B选项until“直到为止”；C选项if“如果”；D选项unless“除非”。句意：（ ）警察示意司机可以闯红灯，他就可以这样做。根据语境，if“如果”警察示意可以闯红灯比较合理。如果选D选项unless“除非”，应该换成the driver cant run the red light才合理。因此C选项正确。4. 单选题In English learning, a（ ）circle occurs when a student makes more errors after being scolded.问题1选项A.vig

24、orousB.viciousC.voluntaryD.vertical【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项vigorous“精力充沛的，有力的”；B选项vicious“恶劣的，严重的”；C选项voluntary“志愿的；自发的”；D选项vertical“垂直的；直上的”。句意：在英语学习中，如果学生挨骂后犯错更多，就会形成（ ）循环。根据语境，vicious“恶劣的，严重的”搭配circle“循环”比较合理，翻译成恶性循环。因此B选项正确。5. 单选题A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the

25、information age, the knowledge society. It has changed the way we work. Already were partly there. The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World. Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of thes

26、e countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More women are in the work force than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. But the breadth of the economic transformation cant be measured by numbers alone, because it also is giving rise t

27、o a basic new way of thinking about the nature of work itself. Long-held concepts about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even the relation between individuals and employers all these are being challenged.We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one lo

28、oking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots. Tomorrows achievements in biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still

29、 unimagined technology could produce a similar wave of dramatic changes. But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more important, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. Computer knowle

30、dge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be valued above all else. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years, information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do

31、your job.1.A characteristic of the information age is that（ ）.2.One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that（ ）.3.By referring to computers and other inventions, the author means that（ ）.4.The future will probably belong to those who（ ）.5.Which of the following would be th

32、e best title of the passage?问题1选项A.the service industry is relying more and more on the female work forceB.manufacturing industries are steadily increasingC.people find it harder and harder to earn a living by working in factoriesD.most of the job opportunities can now be found in the service indust

33、ry问题2选项A.the difference between the employee and the employer has become insignificantB.peoples traditional concepts about work no longer hold trueC.most people have to take part-time jobsD.people have to change their jobs from time to time问题3选项A.people should be able to respond quickly to the advan

34、cement of technologyB.future achievements in technology will bring about unbelievable changesC.the importance of high technology has been overlookedD.computer science will play a leading role in the future information service问题4选项A.possess and know how to make use of informationB.give full play to t

35、heir brain potential are involved in the service industriesC.involve themselves in the service industriesD.cast their mind ahead instead of looking back问题5选项A.Computers and the knowledge societyB.Service Industries in the Modern SocietyC.Features and meanings of the New EraD.Rapid Advancement of Inf

36、ormation Technology【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.细节推断题。根据第一段第六句Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise.（如今，美国、欧洲和日本的大部分工作（其中许多国家三分之二或更多）都在服务行业，而且这一数字还在上升。），可知服务行业提供大部分工作机会，

37、故D选项“服务行业提供大部分工作机会”正确。A选项“服务业越来越依赖女性劳动力”：根据第一段倒数第二句，越来越多女性参加工作，但不等于服务业越来越依赖女性。B选项“制造业稳步增长”和C选项“人们发现在工厂工作越来越难以谋生”：根据第一段第五句，制造产品的人比例急剧下降，没有提到制造业薪水问题。因此D选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第一段第十句it also is giving rise to a basic new way of thinking about the nature of work itself（它也形成一个基本的新的思考工作本身的性质的方式。）和最后一句Long-held con

38、cepts about jobs and careersall these are being challenged（长期以来人们对工作和职业的观念所有这些都受到了挑战），可见人们对工作和职业的思考方式完全转变成另一种新的，故B选项“人们关于工作的传统观念不再成立”正确。A选项“雇员和雇主之间的差异已经变得微不足道”：根据第一段最后一句，雇员和雇主之间的关系受到挑战，没有提到差异微不足道。C选项“大多数人不得不做兼职工作”：根据第一段最后一句，兼职工作更多，不等于大多数人不得不做兼职工作。D选项“人们不得不时不时地换工作”：文章没有提到。因此B选项正确。3.综合归纳题。第二段第一句We hav

39、e only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead（我们只要回顾过去，就能对未来有所了解）和最后一句It will be the way you do your job（这将是你工作的方式），可知作者通过举计算机和其他发明的例子让读者知道未来技术的发展方向和对工作的影响，旨在表达要对技术的进步做出相应的反应，故A选项“人们应该能够对技术的进步做出迅速反应”正确。其余选项虽然作者有提到，但是不是核心意思。因此A选项正确。4.综合归纳题。在第二段中，作者提到We have only to look behind us t

40、o get some sense of what may lie aheadlooking ahead 20 yearscast your mind ahead 10 years（我们只要回顾过去，就能对未来有所了解展望未来20年以10年后的角度思考），可见作者反复强调现在就要把目光放在未来，故D选项“思考未来，而非看向过去”正确。A选项“掌握并懂得如何利用信息”：运用信息解决问题的能力是一方面，不是核心。B选项“充分发挥大脑潜能的人都从事服务业”和C选项“投身服务业”：服务业在近年来发展迅速，但文章没有重点讲在未来如何。因此D选项正确。5.主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句A new era is

41、 upon us （一个新的时代正向我们走来）和后文强调随着时代发展人们社会生活的变化，可知本文主要讲新时代的特征和意义，故C选项“新时代的特征和意义”正确。A选项“计算机与知识社会”，B选项“现代社会的服务业”和D选项“信息技术的快速发展”都不能完整概括文章主旨。因此C选项正确。6. 单选题One of the chief functions of slang words is to consolidate ones（ ）with a group.问题1选项A.introductionB.superstitionC.identificationD.specification【答案】C【解析】

42、考查名词辨析。A选项introduction“介绍；引进；入门”；B选项superstition“迷信”；C选项identification“辨认；认同；身份”；D选项specification“规格；说明书”。句意：俚语的主要功能之一增强与其一伙人的（ ）。根据语境，俚语主要是拉近人和人之间的距离，identification“认同”比较合理。因此C选项正确。7. 单选题Well continue along the road（ ）by our presidents more than seventy years ago.问题1选项A.given outB.made outC.wiped o

43、utD.mapped out【答案】D【解析】考查动词短语辨析。A选项give out“发出，排放，公开，分发”；B选项make out“艰难地看到，理解，填写”；C选项wipe out“消灭”；D选项map out“认真安排或设计，绘制”。句意：我们将继续沿着我们两国总统七十多年前（ ）的道路前进。“发出道路/理解道路/消灭道路”都不符合题意，因此D选项正确。8. 单选题A person must satisfy his physiological needs, such as food, clothing and shelter, before（ ）any other objective.

44、问题1选项A.recoveringB.searchingC.chasingD.pursuing【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项recovering“恢复，再生”；B选项searching“查找，思索”；C选项chasing“追赶；追求（事业、金钱、异性）”；D选项pursuing“追赶；追问；努力实现（目标）”。句意：一个人必须先满足生理需要，如衣食住行，才能（ ）任何其他的目标。根据语境，pursuing“努力实现（目标）”搭配objective“目标”比较合理。因此D选项正确。9. 单选题As far as marriage is concerned, it is mutual ca

45、re and love that（ ）.问题1选项A.mountsB.discountsC.countsD.calculates【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项mount“增加，上升”，如mounting difficulty（困难越来越多）；B选项discount“打折”；C选项count“有价值或重要的”，如what counts is experience. （重要的是经验）；D选项calculate“计算”。句意：就婚姻而言，（ ）是相互关心和爱。A、B、D都不符合题意，因此C选项正确。10. 单选题What is a lifestyle and how is that diff

46、erent from a life? A lifestyle is about brand（1）and buying identity or fame. Lifestyle gives a（2）of peace and acceptability that comes from others recognizing what youve bought. If your car and clothes are expensive, then you receive the superficial（3）of others.A life,（4）is very different. A life is

47、 what you lead when you know what（5）most to you. Your self-esteem comes from whats inside you. It comes from being connected to what you know is important, and being（6）to put that first no matter what others may think.How many times have you seen someone work（7）hours in a job that they do not enjoy

48、just to be able to （8）an expensive lifestyle? There was a recent commercial on TV that showed a man laughing in his yard saying: “I drive an expensive car, have a 5 bedroom home, a country club membership, a swimming pool and Im in debt（9）my eyeballs！”Lifestyle is expensive because it（10）a great dea

49、l to do what you think is socially（11）. A life is not expensive. Rather than（12）personal or financial resources, a life generates（13）and power. This is not an issue of（14）luxury for its own sake; its about liberating yourself from the（15）consumption that society dictates. It is about making the choi

50、ces that are （16）your values.How can you make the change? Understand the（17）between a Life (being directed from within) and a Lifestyle (being directed from outside). Analyze your current lifestyle to see（18）is costing you in money, time and energy to keep it. Let go and（19）what is really important

51、to you, what（20）you and brings you joy. Remember who you are from within, not what you own!问题1选项A.symbolsB.titlesC.namesD.labels问题2选项A.senseB.reasonC.statusD.case问题3选项A.jealousyB.criticismC.gratitudeD.approval问题4选项A.in other wordsB.at the same timeC.as a resultD.on the other hand问题5选项A.refersB.matte

52、rsC.holdsD.works问题6选项A.generousB.relievedC.willingD.grateful问题7选项A.limitedB.onlyC.longD.fair问题8选项A.maintainB.appreciateC.tolerateD.reform问题9选项A.up toB.equal toC.down toD.relevant to问题10选项A.meansB.spendsC.provesD.costs问题11选项A.believableB.reliableC.comfortableD.acceptable问题12选项A.collectingB.drainingC.

53、dismissingD.spreading问题13选项A.kindnessB.knowledgeC.energyD.beauty问题14选项A.buyingB.losingC.avoidingD.counting问题15选项A.mindlessB.effortlessC.selflessD.careless问题16选项A.in line withB.in comparison withC.in contrast withD.in touch with问题17选项A.balanceB.spaceC.differenceD.connection问题18选项A.whenB.whyC.thatD.wh

54、at问题19选项A.make up forB.make use ofC.make peace withD.make room for问题20选项A.sustainsB.detainsC.obtainsD.contains【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:B第6题:C第7题:C第8题:A第9题:A第10题:D第11题:D第12题:B第13题:C第14题:C第15题:A第16题:A第17题:C第18题:D第19题:D第20题:A【解析】1.考查名词辨析。A选项symbols“符号；标志”；B选项titles“主题；标题”；C选项names“名字；名望”；D选项labels“标

55、签；标记”。句意：生活方式是关于品牌（ ）和换取身份或名声。根据第一段第三句peace and acceptability that comes from others recognizing what youve bought（别人认可你买的东西带来的平静和被接纳），可知横线指的是brand“品牌”带来的好处，故names“名望”符合题意。因此C选项正确。2.考查名词辨析。A选项sense“感觉；道理”；B选项reason“理由”；C选项status“地位；状态；情形”；D选项case“情况；实例”。句意：生活方式给人一种的平静和被接纳的虚假（ ），这种（ ）来自于别人认可你所买的东西。平静

56、是一种感觉，所以sense“感觉”符合语境。因此A选项正确。3.考查名词辨析。A选项jealousy“妒嫉；猜忌；戒备”；B选项criticism“批评；考证；苛求”；C选项gratitude“感激”；D选项approval“批准；认可；赞同”。句意：如果你的车和衣服很贵，那么你只会得到别人表面上的（ ）。联系上文语境别人认可你买的东西，可知这里指的是approval“认可；赞同”；或者说上文提到品牌换取名声，可知这里指的是正向的感觉。因此D选项正确。4.考查词组辨析。A选项in other words“换句话说”；B选项at the same time“同时”；C选项as a result“

57、结果”；D选项on the other hand“另一方面”。句意：（ ），生活不一样。上文说到生活方式是怎样的，这里说生活和生活方式不同，下文点出两者的不同，推测这里表示转折，on the other hand“另一方面”符合语境。因此D选项正确。5.考查动词辨析。A选项refers“参考，指的是”；B选项matters“要紧”；C选项holds“把握；保存”；D选项works“奏效；工作”。句意：生活就是当你知道什么对你（ ）的时候，你所过的生活。根据语境，下文说到把自己认为最重要的放在首位，而不管别人的想法，可知这里指的是什么对自己是最重要的，matters“要紧”符合题意。因此B选项正

58、确。6.考查形容词辨析。A选项generous“慷慨的；宽宏大量的”；B选项relieved“感到宽慰的；放心的”；C选项willing“乐意的，自愿的”；D选项grateful“感激的；愉快的”。句意：无论别人怎么想，都（ ）把自己的想法放在首位。根据语境，这里指的是坚定的坚持自己认为重要的东西，所以willing“乐意的，自愿的”符合题意。因此C选项正确。7.考查形容词辨析。A选项limited“有限的”；B选项only“仅有的；最好的”；C选项long“长时间的；远的”；D选项fair“公平的；相当好的”。句意：你有多少次看到有人仅仅为了维持生活方式，在他们不喜欢的工作上花费（ ）小时？

59、根据语境，这里指的是为了得到钱而在不喜欢的工作上花费很长时间，long“长时间的”符合题意。因此C选项正确。8.考查动词辨析。A选项maintain“维持；维修；主张”；B选项appreciate“欣赏；感激；领会”；C选项tolerate“忍受；默许；宽恕”；D选项reform“改革；重组；改过自新”。句意：仅仅为了（ ）昂贵的生活方式。maintain“维持”和lifestyle“生活方式”搭配比较合理。因此A选项正确。9.考查固定搭配。A选项up to my eyeballs“深陷困境”；B选项equal to“等于；胜任”；C选项down to“以至”；D选项relevant to“有

60、关的”。句意：我深陷困境（负债累累）。因此A选项正确。10.考查动词辨析。A选项means“意味着”；B选项spends“花费”，sb. spend sth. on doing sth.；C选项proves“证明”；D选项costs“花费”it costs sb. sth. to do sth.。句意：生活方式很昂贵，因为你要（ ）很多去做。根据语境，可知这里指要花很多钱，根据两个花费的不同用法确定选D。因此D选项正确。11.考查形容词辨析。A选项believable“可信的”；B选项reliable“可靠的”；C选项comfortable“舒服的”；D选项acceptable“可接受的”。句

61、意：花很多钱做你认为社会（ ）的事情。根据这里的语境，这里填acceptable“可接受的”比较合理，而且上文说到生活方式给人虚假的被接受的感觉。因此D选项正确。12.考查动词辨析。A选项collecting“收集”；B选项draining“使枯竭；排水；使疲惫的”；C选项dismissing“摒弃”；D选项spreading“传播；摊开”。句意：生命不是（ ）个人或经济资源，而是产生和力量。根据句意，可知横线上的是和generates“产生”相反意思的词，draining“使枯竭”符合题意。因此B选项正确。13.考查名词辨析。A选项kindness“仁慈，善意”；B选项knowledge“知

62、识”；C选项energy“能量；活力”；D选项beauty“美丽”。句意：生命不是耗竭个人或经济资源，而是产生（ ）和力量。根据句意可知，横线里的词是和resources“资源”相似的词，energy“能量；活力”符合题意。因此C选项正确。14.考查动词辨析。A选项buying“购买”；B选项losing“失去”；C选项avoiding“避免”；D选项counting“计算”。句意：这不仅仅是纯粹（ ）奢侈品而已。下一句说到而是把你从社会支配的消费中解放出来，推测这里指的是不买奢侈品，avoiding“避免”符合题意。因此C选项正确。15.考查形容词辨析。A选项mindless“盲目的；不合理的”；B选项effortless“容易的；天生的”；C选项selfless“无私的”；D选项careless“粗心的；无忧无虑的”。句意：这是关于把你从社会支配的（ ）消费中解放出来。根据语境，mindless“盲目的”搭配consumption“消费”比较合理。因此A选项正确。16.考查词组辨析。A选项in line with“符合”；B选项in comparison