2022年考博英语-中国政法大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第82期

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1、2022年考博英语-中国政法大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life

2、 and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans thought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The lat

3、est was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earths atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce

4、Aiberts, added this key point in the preface to the panels report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide conc

5、erning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warning is incomplete; that its OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence

6、 is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But its obvious that a majority of the presidents advisers still dont take global warning seriously. Instead of a plan of

7、 action, they continue to press for more researcha classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration wont take the legislative initiative, C

8、ongress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy

9、 needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.51. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that _.52. According to Bruce Aiberts, science can serve as _.53. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, pa

10、ragraph 4)?54. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?55. The author associates the issue of global warning with that of smoking because _.问题1选项A.there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and deathB.the number of early deaths of smok

11、ers in the past decades was insignificantC.people had the freedom to choose their own way of lifeD.antismoking people were usually talking nonsense问题2选项A.a protectorB.a judgeC.a criticD.a guide问题3选项A.Endless studies kill action.B.Careful investigation reveals truth.C.Prudent planning hinders progres

12、s.D.Extensive research helps decision-making.问题4选项A.Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.B.Raise public awareness of conservation.C.Press for further scientific research.D.Take some legislative measures.问题5选项A.they both suffered from the governments negligenceB.a lesson from the latter is applica

13、ble to the formerC.the outcome of the latter aggravates the formerD.both of them have turned from bad to worse【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】51.【试题答案】C【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“吸烟的支持者提出的论点是”。第一段第三句提到That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life（反对吸烟的游说将毁掉我们的生活方式）可以推断，吸烟的支持者认为他们有选择自己生活方式的自由

14、，因此C项“人们有自由选择自己的生活方式”符合题意。A项“吸烟与死亡之间没有相关的科学证据”，根据第一段第二句the evidence was inconclusive（证据缺乏决定性）可知不是没有相关证据，而是证据缺乏决定性，所以A项错误；根据第一段第四句Lots of Americans thought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves（很多美国人认为吸烟导致人死亡的说法是胡说，在过去的三十年间，大约1000万吸烟者早逝），可知有大约1000万吸烟者早逝这个

15、数量并不是微不足道的，因此B项“过数十年中早逝的烟民数量微不足道”错误；另外美国人是认为吸烟导致人死亡的说法是胡说八道，而不是禁烟者胡说，因此D项“禁烟者通常都是在胡说八道”也不符合题意。故该题选C。52.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据Bruce Alberts，科学可以作为”。根据第二段最后一句But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future（但是科学确实为我们提供了关于未来的最好指导）可知，科学可以作为指导，因此D项“指导”正确。A项“保护者”，B项“法官”及C项“批评家”

16、都不符合。故该题选D。53.【试题答案】A【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“作者在第四段最后一行说分析导致的瘫痪是什么意思？”。根据第四段第一行提到But its obvious that a majority of the presidents advisers still dont take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more researcha classic case of “paralysis by analysis.”（但很明显，总统的大多数顾

17、问仍然没有认真对待全球变暖问题。他们没有制定行动计划，而是继续推动更多的研究一个典型的“分析导致瘫痪”的案例）可知，“分析导致瘫痪”的意思是研究阻止了行动的产生，因此A项“无休止的研究扼杀了行动”符合题意。B项“仔细调查揭示真相”和C项“谨慎计划阻碍进步”没有提到，D项“大量的研究有助于决策”，文中只是提到了更多的研究，没有提到研究有助于决策，故该题选A正确。54.【试题答案】D【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“根据作者的观点，政府应该如何应对全球变暖？”。根据最后一段第三句If the Administration wont take the legislative initiative,

18、 Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. （如果政府不采取立法措施，国会应该帮助制定保护措施）可知，在作者的观点中，政府应该采取立法措施，因此D项“采取一些立法措施”符合题意。A项“提供支持，建设清洁发电厂”和B项“提高公众保护意识”都是政府的立法措施能够做到的，因此包括在里面；C项“促进更进一步的科学研究”不是作者想要政府做的，前文提到研究扼杀了行动，因此C项错误；故该题D项正确。55.【试题答案】B【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“作者把全球变暖问题和吸烟问题联系起来是因为”。作者在文章第一段讲述科学

19、家们认为吸烟会致人死亡，而怀疑者们坚持认为证据缺乏决定性；第二段接着讲述现在出现了类似的情况，即全球变暖的问题，科学家们试图让我们意识到全球气候变暖所带来的日益严重的威胁与地球气候变暖主要是人为造成的；第三段讲述就如吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整；由此我们可以推断来自吸烟问题的教训可以运用到全球变暖的问题上，因此B项“吸烟问题的教训可以应用于全球变暖的问题上”符合题意。文中只是提到关于全球变暖的问题政府一直采取研究，没有提到吸烟问题上政府的态度，因此A项“两个问题都受到了政府的疏忽”不符合题意；C项“吸烟的结果使全球变暖问题恶化”，文章只是通过吸烟问题引

20、出全球变暖的话题，因此C项错误；D项“两个问题都变得越来越糟糕了”，文中的确讲到两个问题的严重性，但是作者把两个问题联系起来更多的目的还是通过吸烟的问题引出全球变暖的主题，从而引出吸烟问题的教训可以应用到全球变暖的问题上。故该题B项最符合题意。2. 翻译题The Supreme Court is the highest court of the United States, and the only one specifically created by the Constitution. A decision of the Supreme Court cannot be appealed t

21、o any other court. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: those involving foreign dignitaries and those in which a state is a party. All other cases reach the Court on appeal from lower courts. A significant amount of the work of the Supreme Court consists of determi

22、ning whether legislation or executive acts conform to the Constitution. This power of judicial review is doctrine inferred by the Court from its reading of the Constitution, and forcefully stated in the landmark Marbury vs. Madison case of 1803. The doctrine has also been extended to cover the activ

23、ities of state and local governments.【答案】参考译文：最高法院是美国的最高法院，也是唯一一个由宪法专门设立的法院。最高法院的裁决不能向任何其他法院上诉。最高法院最初只对两种案件拥有司法权：涉及国外显要人物的案件和州作为一方当事人的案件。最高法院受理的所有其他案件均来自下级法院的上诉。最高法院很重要的工作任务就是决定立法或执法是否符合宪法标准。这种司法审查的权利是由最高法院通过解读宪法而推断出来的法律原则，并且在具有里程碑意义的1803年马伯里与麦迪逊案得到确定。并且，该理论还扩展到包括州和地方政府的活动。3. 单选题“More haste, less sp

24、eed” is saying two opposite things.问题1选项A.an eppeB.a questC.a paradoxD.a clue【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。opposite things表示“相反的事情”；A项eppe“击剑运动用的重剑”，B项quest“追求”，C项paradox“悖论，反论”，D项clue“线索”。句意：“欲速则不达”是两种截然相反的说法。因此C项正确。4. 单选题It is important that they know _ to get from the applicants.问题1选项A.the information neededB.

25、what is neededC.what information they needD.the information【答案】C【解析】考查宾语和宾语从句。这里把what information 提前来引导从句担当主句的宾语，宾语从句的正常语序是 they need to get what information from the applicants；这句话的句意是：他们知道什么信息是他们需要从申请人那里得到的，这很重要。A、B、D选项均不符合语法，因此选C。5. 单选题The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics dive

26、rt attention from the fault that lies _ ill-informed or incompetent users.问题1选项A.inB.atC.withD.on【答案】C【解析】考查固定词组。A项lie in“在于，睡懒觉”，B项lie没有与at搭配的用法；C项lie with“取决于，是的权利”，D项lie on“位于，压迫，依赖”。句意：目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。故正确答案为C。6. 单选题To preserve ones dignity, the equilibrium between wi

27、dely divergent impulses has to be maintained.问题1选项A.equalityB.confusionC.distinctionD.poise【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。equilibrium表示“平衡，均衡”。A项equality“平等，相等”，B项confusion“混淆，混乱”，C项distinction“区别，差别”，D项poise“平衡，姿势”；句意：为了维护一个人的尊严，必须保持迥然不同的冲动之间的平衡。根据句意该题选D。7. 翻译题为了保证刑法的正确实施，惩罚犯罪，保护人民，保障国家安全和社会公共安全，维护社会主义社会秩序，根据宪法，制

28、定中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法。本法的任务是：保证准确、及时地查明犯罪事实，正确运用法律，惩罚犯罪分子，保证无罪的人不受刑事追究，教育公民自觉遵守法律，积极同犯罪分子做斗争，以维护社会主义法制，保护公民的人身权利、财产权利和其他权利，保证社会主义事业的顺利进行。【答案】参考译文：The Criminal Procedure Law of the Peoples Republic of China is enacted in accordance with the Constitution and for the purpose of ensuring correct enforcement of

29、the Criminal Law, punishing crimes, protecting the people, safeguarding State and public security and maintaining socialist public order. The aim of this Law is: to ensure accurate and timely ascertainment of facts about crimes, correct application of law, punishment of criminals and protection of t

30、he innocent against being investigated for criminal responsibility; to enhance the citizens awareness of the need to abide by law and to fight vigorously against criminal acts in order to safeguard the socialist legal system; to protect the citizens personal rights, their property rights, democratic

31、 rights and other rights; and to guarantee smooth progress of the cause of socialist development.8. 单选题There were bitter disputes over patent rights during the early years of the motion picture industry.问题1选项A.scandalsB.disappointmentC.strikesD.disagreements【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。dispute表示“争议”。A项scandal“丑闻

32、，流言蜚语”，B项disappointment“失望，沮丧”，C项strike“罢工，抗拒”，D项disagreement“不一致，争论”；句意：在电影工业的早期，有过关于专利权的激烈争论。根据句意该题选D。9. 单选题Although the legal systems of England and the Unite States are superficially similar, they differ profoundly in their approaches to and uses of legal reasons: substantive reasons are more co

33、mmon than formal reasons in the United States, whereas in England the reverse is true. This distinction reflects a difference in the visions of law that prevail in the two countries. In England the law has traditionally been viewed as a system of rules; the United States favors a vision of law as an

34、 outward expression of the communitys sense of right and justice.Substantive reasons, as applied to law, are based on moral, economic, political, and other considerations. These reasons are found both “in the law” and “outside the law,” so to speak. Substantive reasons inform the content of a large

35、part of the law: constitutions, statutes, contracts, verdicts, and the like. Consider, for example, a statute providing that “no vehicles shall be taken into public parks.” Suppose that no specific rationales or purposes were explicitly written into this statute, but that it was clear (from its legi

36、slative history) that the substantive purpose of the statute was to ensure quiet and safety in the park. Now suppose that a veterans group mounts a World War II jeep (in running order but without a battery) as a war memorial on a concrete slab in the park, and charges are brought against its members

37、. Most judges in the United States would find the defendants not guilty because what they did had no adverse effect on park quiet and safety.Formal reasons are different in that they frequently prevent substantive reasons from coming into play, even when substantive reasons are explicitly incorporat

38、ed into the law at hand. For example, when a document fails to comply with stipulated requirements, the court may render the document legally ineffective. A will requiring written witness may be declared null and void and, therefore, unenforceable for the formal reason that the requirement was not o

39、bserved. Once the legal rulethat a will is invalid for lack of proper witnessinghas been clearly established, and the legality of the rule is not in question, application of that rule precludes from consideration substantive arguments in favor of the wills validity or enforcement.Legal scholars in E

40、ngland and the United States have long bemused themselves with extreme examples of formal and substantive reasoning. On the one hand, formal reasoning in England has led to wooden interpretations of statutes and unwillingness to develop the common law through judicial activism. On the other hand, fr

41、eewheeling substantive reasoning in the United States has resulted in statutory interpretations so liberal that the texts of some statutes have been ignored altogether.51. Which one of the following best describes the content of the passage as a whole?52. It can be inferred from the passage that Eng

42、lish judges would be likely to find the veterans group discussed in the second paragraph guilty of violating the statute because _.53. Which one of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph of the passage?54. The author of the passage suggests that in English law a substantive

43、interpretation of a legal rule might be warranted under which one of the following circumstances?55. According to the passage, which one of the following statements about substantive reasons is true?问题1选项A.An analysis of similarities and differences between the legal systems of England and the Unite

44、d States.B.A contrast between the types of reasons embodied in the United States and English legal systems.C.An explanation of how two distinct visions of the law shaped the development of legal atoning.D.A presentation of two types of legal reasons that shows the characteristics they have in common

45、.问题2选项A.not to do so would encourage others to act as the group didB.the veterans failed to demonstrate that their activities had no adverse effect on the publicC.the veterans failed to comply with the stipulated requirements of the statuteD.the veterans failed to comply with the substantive purpose

46、 of the statute问题3选项A.It presents the consequences of extreme interpretations of the two types of legal reasons discussed by the author.B.It shows how legal scholars can incorrectly use extreme examples to support their views.C.It presents scholars characterizations of both legal systems that are on

47、ly partially correct.D.It suggests how characterizations of the two types of legal reasons can become convoluted and inaccurate.问题4选项A.Social conditions have changed to the extent that to continue to enforce the rule would be to decide contrary to present-day social norms.B.Individuals who have viol

48、ated the legal rule argue that application of the rule would lead to unfair judicial interpretations.C.Superior court judges have consistently ruled in decisions regarding the interpretation of the legal rule.D.The legality of the rule is in question and its enforcement is open to judicial interpret

49、ation.问题5选项A.They must be explicitly written into the law in order to be relevant to the application of the law.B.They often provide judges with specific rationales for disregarding the laws of the land.C.They are legal in nature and determine particular applications of most laws.D.They may be writt

50、en into laws, but they may also exert an external influence on the law.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】51.【试题答案】B【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“下列哪个选项最好地描述了整篇文章的内容？”。文章首段前两句提到Although the legal systems of England and the Unite States are superficially similar, they differ profoundly in their approaches to and u

51、ses of legal reasons: substantive reasons are more common than formal reasons in the United States, whereas in England the reverse is true.（虽然英美两国的法律制度在表面上是相似的，但在对待和使用法律理由方面却有着深刻的不同：在美国，实质理由比形式理由更为普遍，而在英国，情况恰恰相反。），根据这两个句子可知全文是围绕英美两国在在法律上不同的理由类型展开讨论的，因此B项“英美法律制度中所体现的理由类型之对比”符合题意。A项“英美两国法律制度的异同分析”，文中没

52、有提到英美两国的法律制度，只在开头提到了Although the legal systems of England and the Unite States are superficially similar（虽然英美两国的法律制度在表面上是相似的），但是是为了引出下文对法律理由方面的论述；C项“解释两种不同的法律视角如何塑造了法律赎罪的发展”太片面；D项“介绍两种类型的法律理由，以显示它们的共同特征”，前半句正确，后半句错误，文章没有介绍两种法律理由的共同特征。因此该题选B。52.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中可以推断，英国法官很可能会发现第二段中讨论的退伍军人组

53、织违反了法律，因为”。文章中第二段最后两句提到Now suppose that a veterans group mounts a World War II jeep (in running order but without a battery) as a war memorial on a concrete slab in the park, and charges are brought against its members. Most judges in the United States would find the defendants not guilty because wh

54、at they did had no adverse effect on park quiet and safety.（现在假设一个退伍军人组织把一辆二战吉普车（正常运行，但没有电池）放在公园的混凝土板上作为战争纪念碑，其成员就会受到指控。大多数美国法官认为被告无罪，因为他们的行为对公园的安静和安全没有负面影响。），由此可知美国的实质法律理由不会认为被告无罪是因为他们没有在实质上对公园的安静和安全造成影响；所以由此可以推断，以形式法律理由为主的英国法官可能会认为被告因为没有遵循规定要求而有罪；故C项“退伍军人没有遵守法令规定的要求”，正确。A项“如果不这样做，就会鼓励其他国家效仿该组织的做法”

55、，文中没有提到。B项“退伍军人没能证明他们的活动对公众没有负面影响”，即使他们证明了也仍然会判为违反法律，因为英国是形式法律理由，而不是实质理由。D项“退伍军人没有遵守法令的实质目的”，这是实质理由的内容，与题干不符。因此该题选C。53.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“下列哪一项最好地描述了文章最后一段的功能？”。根据题干定位到文章最后一段的内容Legal scholars in England and the United States have long bemused themselves with extreme examples of formal and subs

56、tantive reasoning. On the one hand, formal reasoning in England has led to wooden interpretations of statutes and unwillingness to develop the common law through judicial activism. On the other hand, freewheeling substantive reasoning in the United States has resulted in statutory interpretations so

57、 liberal that the texts of some statutes have been ignored altogether.（长期以来，英国和美国的法律学者一直用形式推理和实质推理的极端例子来麻痹自己。一方面，英国的形式推理导致了对成文法的呆板解释，以及不愿通过司法能动主义发展习惯法。另一方面，美国随心所欲的实质性推理导致了法律解释太随意，以至于一些法规的文本被完全忽视。），由此可以推断，最后一段的内容提出了这两类法律理由极端解释的后果，因此A项“它提出了作者所讨论的两类法律原因的极端解释的后果”正确。B项“它显示了法律学者如何错误地使用极端的例子来支持他们的观点”，最后一段对

58、于法律学者如何错误地使用极端的例子来支持他们的观点没有做详细描述，所以该项错误。C项“它提出了学者们对两种法律制度的描述只是部分正确”和D项“它暗示了这两类法律原因的特征是如何变得令人费解和不准确的”都比较片面。因此该题选A。54.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“文章作者建议，在英国法中，在下列哪一种情况下，可能需要对法律规则进行实质性的解释？”。第三段最后一句提到Once the legal rulethat a will is invalid for lack of proper witnessinghas been clearly established, and th

59、e legality of the rule is not in question，application of that rule precludes from consideration substantive arguments in favor of the wills validity or enforcement.（一旦法律规则遗嘱因缺乏适当的证人而无效已经明确确立，规则的合法性也不存在问题，该规则的适用就阻止了支持遗嘱有效性或强制执行的实质性论据的考虑。），由此可推断，当规则的合法性存在问题的时候就会需要进一步的解释；所以D项“该规则的合法性受到质疑，其执行也有待司法解释”符合题

60、意。A项“社会条件已经发生了很大的变化，如果继续执行这一规则，就会违背当今的社会规范”这与题干无关；B项“违反法律规则的个人认为，适用该规则将导致不公平的司法解释”没有提到；C项“高等法院的法官一贯在有关法律规则解释的判决中作出裁决”，内容与英国的形式法律理由不符。因此该题选D。55.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据文章，下列关于实质理由的陈述哪一个是正确的？”。文章第二段前两句提到Substantive reasons, as applied to law, are based on moral, economic, political, and other consi

61、derations. These reasons are found both “in the law” and “outside the law”（适用于法律的实质性原因是基于道德、经济、政治和其他考虑。可以这么说，这些原因既存在于“法律之内”，也存在于“法律之外”。），由此可知实质性原因可以写在法律之中，也可以对法律施加外部压力，故D项“它们可能被写入法律，但它们也可能对法律施加外部影响”符合题意。A项“它们必须明确地写入法律，以便与法律的适用有关”太绝对；B项“它们常常为法官提供无视法律的具体理由”和C项“它们在本质上是合法的，并决定大多数法律的特定适用”都比较片面，只是实质理由的一方面

62、。因此该题选D。10. 单选题Books do as much harm as good and spread falsehood and error _ knowledge of truth.问题1选项A.no less thanB.no more thanC.no less asD.no more as【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A项no less than“不少于”，B项no more than“只是，仅仅”，C项no less as与D项no more as没有这种用法。句意：书籍所带来的利弊是均衡的，它们所传播的谎言和错误不少于知识与真理。故正确答案为A。11. 单选题The g

63、uilty verdict was widely expected, although harsher than many had predicted.问题1选项A.juryB.crimeC.convictD.judgment【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。verdict表示“结论，裁定”。A项jury“陪审团”，B项crime“罪行”，C项convict“罪犯”，D项judgment“意见，判断力”；句意：有罪判决是普遍预期的，尽管比许多人预期的要严厉。根据句意该题选D。12. 单选题Sign systems in general are _: iconic or conventional.问题1选项A.two typesB.of two typesC.the two typesD.of the two types【答案】B【解析】考查语法。“be of +名词”可用来说明句子主语在度量，大小，颜色，类别等方面的特征，这类名词有age, size, height, weight, shape, type, kind等，排除A项和C项，D项多了定冠词the,因此B项符合题意。句意：符号系统一般有两种类型：标志性的或传统的。因此B项正确。13. 填空题Directions