2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第62期

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1、2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Early in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular

2、 facts, accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful “axioms”. This is what he meant by “induction”.Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scienti

3、fic method, Bacons conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape, of

4、planetary orbits, and later by Newton about the “force” of gravitycould never have been made if Bacons rules had prevailed.Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out o

5、ne way or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacons own accepta

6、nce of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most “obvious” of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs a

7、ppeared after every rain.What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and sig

8、nificant appearances.21.According to Bacon, facts （ ）.22.Data collection should be performed by illiterate assistants, （ ） .23.According to Bacon, knowledge can be obtained （ ）.24.Spontaneous generation of life （ ） .问题1选项A.are determined by observationsB.can only be understood through logical reason

9、ingC.have a hierarchyD.are gathered by illiterate assistants问题2选项A.according to Bacon, as it led to speculationB.according to Bacon, to prevent theories from being formulated on insufficient dataC.was a notion Bacon strongly opposedD.was a notion rejected on the grounds that it led to premature spec

10、ulations问题3选项A.by subjecting theories to rigorous logical analysisB.not through political or religious dogmas, but through reasonC.by observation aloneD.through the inductive method问题4选项A.was a known fact in Bacons timeB.is verified by maggots in putrid fleshC.is more apparent than realD.is a specul

11、ation which has no basis in observation【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C【解析】21.细节推断题。根据“Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention.（培根（Francis Bacon）提出，科学在于提高实验和观察的权威，而不是理性、直觉和惯例的权威。）”即可合理推断得出本题答

12、案。22.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“illiterate assistants” “data collection”，可将信息点定位至原文第二段第一句，“Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacons conception of what facts and theories are and of the relation

13、ship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time.（尽管今天许多人仍然把收集事实并把它们归纳成理论作为科学方法的核心，但是培根关于事实和理论是什么以及它们之间的关系的概念，即使在他那个时代也是完全不切实际的。）”从而得出本题答案。23.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段第二句和第三句。 “Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts, accumulate, they can be classi

14、fied and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful axioms. This is what he meant by induction.（培根认为，随着越来越可靠和精确的特定事实的积累，它们可以被分类和概括，从而形成一个不断扩大的有用的公理层次结构。这就是他所说的归纳法。）”从而得出本题答案。24.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段最后一句，“Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collec

15、tion and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances.（若没有理论指导事实的收集，没有理论区分表面现象和重要现象，那么事实总是不可靠的。）”从而可进行合理推断得出本题答案。2. 翻译题1.上周四，世界观察研究学会一年一度的“地球健康体检”报告出炉。2005年，地球的森林砍伐量创历史新高，这是该报告强调的众多环境问题征兆之一。该驻华盛顿智囊机构在一份题为地球生命征兆2007-2008的报告中指出，从肉类消费量的不断增长到亚洲经济发展等各种全球性态势与气候变化这一显著问题都有关系。“地球声明征兆2007

16、-2008”项目的负责人说，“我认为气候变化是人类有史以来所面临的最严峻的挑战”。在报告公布前，阿萨多利安在接受记者的电话采访时说，2. “我们可以看到气候变化中出现的众多趋势，比如，粮食生产受到洪涝灾害的影响；以及肉类生产，据统计，家禽饲养过程中所产生的温室气体占温室气体总排放量的20%”。阿萨多利安说，3.这份报告的主题是，二氧化碳排放及其他生态灾难引起气候变化，“不可持续”的消费模式才是气候变化的罪魁祸首。【答案】1. More wood was removed from forests in 2005 than ever before, one of many troubling en

17、vironmental signs highlighted on Thursday in the World Watch Institutes annual check of the planets health.2. “You see many trends in climate change, whether we are talking about grain production which is affected by droughts and flooding, or meat production as livestock production makes up about 20

18、 percent of greenhouse gas emissions.”3. The key message of the report was that unsustainable consumption patterns were responsible for climate change linked to carbon emissions and other ecological woes.3. 单选题Patients tend to feel indignant and insulted if the physician tells them he can find no or

19、ganic cause for the pain. They tend to interpret the term “psychogenic” to mean that they are complaining of nonexistent symptoms. They need to be educated about the fact that many forms of pain have no underlying physical cause but are the result, as mentioned earlier, of tension, stress or hostile

20、 factors in the general environment. Sometimes a pain may be a manifestation of “conversion hysteria”.Obviously, it is folly for an individual to ignore symptoms that could be a warning of a potentially serious illness. Some people are so terrified of getting news from a doctor that they allow their

21、 malaise to worsen, sometimes past the point of no return. Total neglect is not the answer to hypochondria. The only answer has to be increased education about the way the human body works; so that more people will be able to steer an intelligent course between promiscuous pill-popping and irrespons

22、ible disregard of genuine symptoms.Of all forms of pain, none is important for the individual to understand than the “threshold” variety. Almost everyone has a telltale ache that is triggered whenever tension or fatigue reaches a certain point. It can take the form of a migraine-type headache or a s

23、queezing pain deep in the abdomen or cramps or a pain in the lower back or even in the joints. The individual who has learned how to make the correlation between such threshold pains and their cause doesnt panic when they occur; he or she does something about relieving the stress and tension. Then,

24、if the pain persists despite the absence of apparent cause, the individual will telephone the doctor.26.Which of the following is TRUE?27.Some people suffering from a pain do not go to hospital because （ ） .28.According to the passage, the proper way towards a pain is （ ） .29.As soon as a person get

25、s “threshold pains”，he should （ ） .问题1选项A.A pain can only be caused by physical harm.B.Some people are complaining of a pain which does not exist.C.A pain can be caused by psychogenic factors.D.Educated people do not complain of nonexistent pain.问题2选项A.they are horrified to get the bad newsB.they th

26、ink no medicine is effectiveC.they think the pain will disappear as soon as you forget itD.they are too busy问题3选项A.taking different medicinesB.visiting famous physiciansC.paying no attention to itD.none of the above问题4选项A.telephone the doctor immediatelyB.first relieve the stress and tension which c

27、ause the painsC.wait to let the pains reach a certain pointD.take pain-killer【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B【解析】26.细节判断题。信息点定位为原文第一段，根据第二句They tend to interpret the term “psychogenic” to mean that they are complaining of nonexistent symptoms.（他们倾向于将“心理原因”一词解释为他们在抱怨不存在的症状。）中的“psychogenic”（心理性的），即可得出本题答案。27.

28、细节判断题。根据题干关键词“do not go to hospital”，将信息点定位到原文第二段Some people are so terrified of getting news from a doctor that they allow their malaise to worsen, sometimes past the point of no return.（有些人非常害怕从医生那里得到消息，他们让自己的不适加剧，有时甚至到了无法恢复的地步。）根据“so terrified of getting” “news. worsen”，即可得出本题答案。28.细节推理题。根据原文第三段第

29、一句Of all forms of pain, none is important for the individual to understand than the “threshold” variety.（没有比知道这些疼痛种类的下限更重要的事情了。）即可得出本题答案。29.细节推理题。根据题干关键词“threshold pains”定位到原文最后一段第四句。根据The individual who has learned how to make the correlation between such threshold pains and their cause doesnt pani

30、c when they occur; he or she does something about relieving the stress and tension.（学会了如何将这种阈值疼痛与其原因联系起来的人，在疼痛发生时并不惊慌；他或她做了一些缓解压力和紧张的事情。）中的“relieving the stress and tension”即可得出本题答案。4. 单选题Since World War II considerable advances have been made in the area of health-care services. These include bette

31、r access to health care (particularly for the poor and minorities), improvements in physical plants, and increased numbers of physicians and other health personnel. All have played a part in the recent improvement in life expectancy. But there is mounting criticism of the large remaining gaps in acc

32、ess, unbridled cost inflation, the further fragmentation of service, excessive indulgence in wasteful high-technology “gadgeteering,” and a breakdown in doctor-patient relationships. In recent years proposed panaceas and new programs, small and large, have proliferated at a feverish pace and disappo

33、intments multiply at almost the same rate. This has led to an increased pessimism“everything has been tried and nothing works”which sometimes borders on cynicism or even nihilism.It is true that the automatic “pass through” of rapidly spiraling costs to government and insurance carriers, which was s

34、et in a publicized environment of “the richest nation in the world,” produced for a time a sense of unlimited resources and allowed to develop a mood whereby every practitioner and institution could “do his own thing” without undue concern for the “Medical Commons.” The practice of full-cost reimbur

35、sement encouraged capital investment and now the industry is overcapitalized. Many cities have hundreds of excess hospital beds; hospitals have proliferated a superabundance of high-technology equipment; and structural ostentation and luxury were the order of the day. In any given day, one-fourth of

36、 all community beds are vacant; expensive equipment is underused or, worse, used unnecessarily. Capital investment brings rapidly rising operating costs.Yet, in part, this pessimism derives from expecting too much of health care. It must be realized that care is, for most people, a painful experienc

37、e, often accompanied by fear and unwelcome results. Although there is vast room for improvement, health care will always retain some unpleasantness and frustration. Moreover, the capacities of medical science are limited. Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again. Too many physicians ar

38、e reluctant to admit their limitations to patients; too many patients and families are unwilling to accept such realities. Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works, as shown by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kaiser Foundation and at Puget Sound. In the main, however,

39、such undertakings have been drowned by a veritable flood of public and private moneys which have supported and encouraged the continuation of conventional practices and subsidized their shortcomings on a massive, almost unrestricted scale. Except for the most idealistic and dedicated, there were no

40、incentives to seek change or to practice self-restraint or frugality. In this atmosphere, it is not fair to condemn as failures all attempted experiments; it may be more accurate to say many never had a fair trial.1.The author implies that the Kaiser Foundation and Puget Sound plans (lines 47-48) di

41、ffered from other plans by（ ）.2.The author mentions all of the following as consequences of full-cost reimbursement EXCEPT（ ）.3.The tone of the passage can best be described as（ ）.4.According to the author, the “pessimism” mentioned at line 35 is partly attributable to the fact that（ ）.5.The author

42、cites the prepaid plans in lines 46-48 as（ ）.6.It can be inferred that the sentence “Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again” means that（ ）.7.With which of the following descriptions of the system for the delivery of health-care services would the author most likely agree?8.Which of t

43、he following best describes the logical structure of the selection?9.The authors primary concern is to（ ）.问题1选项A.encouraging capital investmentB.requiring physicians to treat the poorC.providing incentives for cost controlD.employing only dedicated and idealistic doctorsE.relying primarily on public

44、 funding问题2选项A.rising operating costsB.underused hospital facilitiesC.overcapitalizationD.overreliance on expensive equipmentE.lack of services for minorities问题3选项A.light-hearted and amusedB.objective but concernedC.detached and unconcernedD.cautious but sincereE.enthusiastic and enlightened问题4选项A.t

45、here has been little real improvement in health-care servicesB.expectations about health-care services are sometimes unrealisticC.large segments of the population find it impossible to get access to health-care servicesD.advances in technology have made health care service unaffordableE.doctors are

46、now less concerned with patient care问题5选项A.counterexamples to the claim that nothing has workedB.examples of health-care plans that were over-fundedC.evidence that health-care services are fragmentedD.proof of the theory that no plan has been successfulE.experiments that yielded disappointing result

47、s问题6选项A.the cost of health-care services will not declineB.some people should not become doctorsC.medical care is not really essential to good healthD.illness is often unpleasant and even painfulE.medical science cannot cure every ill问题7选项A.It is biased in favor of doctors and against patients.B.It

48、is highly fragmented and completely ineffectiveC.It has not embraced new technology rapidly enoughD.It is generally effective but can be improvedE.It discourages people from seeking medical care问题8选项A.The third paragraph is intended as a refutation of the first and second paragraphs.B.The second and

49、 third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the points made in the first paragraph.C.The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the points made in the first paragraph.D.The first paragraph describes a problem, and the second and third paragraphs present two horns of a di

50、lemma.E.The first paragraph describes a problem, the second its causes, and the third a possible solution.问题9选项A.criticize physicians and health-care administrators for investing in technologically advanced equipmentB.examine some problems affecting delivery of health-care services and assess their

51、severityC.defend the medical community from charges that health-care has not improved since World War IID.analyze the reasons for the health-care industrys inability to provide quality care to all segments of the populationE.describe the peculiar economic features of the health-care industry that ar

52、e the causes of spiraling medical costs【答案】第1题:C第2题:E第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A第6题:E第7题:D第8题:C第9题:B【解析】1.细节推断题。根据题干关键词the Kaiser Foundation and Puget Sound，将信息点定位为文章第三段。根据“Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works, as shown by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kaiser Foundation and

53、at Puget Sound.（凯泽基金会（Kaiser Foundation）和普吉特湾（Puget Sound）的预付团体实践计划（group practice plans）表明，并非所有的尝试都是徒劳的。）” “Except for the most idealistic and dedicated, there were no incentives to seek change or to practice self-restraint or frugality.（除了那些最理想主义、最执着的人，他们没有寻求改变的动力，也没有自我约束或节俭的动力。）”从而得出本题答案。2.细节信息题。

54、信息点定位到原文第一、二段。选项E与原文第二句所给信息不符，“These include better access to health care （particularly for the poor and minorities）, improvements in physical plants, and increased numbers of physicians and other health personnel.（这些措施包括更好地获得卫生保健（特别是对穷人和少数民族），改善物理植物，增加医生和其他卫生人员的数量。）”从而得出本题答案。3.观点态度题。通读全文，可以感受到作者行文态

55、度十分客观，运用客观事实表达自己的观点，且对出现的问题十分在意。从而得出本题答案。4.细节信息题。根据题干关键词pessimism，将信息点定位到原文第三段第一句。“Yet, in part, this pessimism derives from expecting too much of health care.（然而，这种悲观情绪在一定程度上源于对医疗保健的过高期望。）”从而得出本题答案。5.细节推断题。根据题干关键词prepaid plans，将信息点定位到第三段第七句。“Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing

56、 works, as shown by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kaiser Foundation and at Puget Sound.（泽基金会（Kaiser Foundation）和普吉特湾（Puget Sound）的预付团体实践计划（group practice plans）表明，并非所有的尝试都是徒劳的。）”根据句子前半句可得出本题答案。6.细节推断题。根据原题信息“Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again”，可将信息点定位到原文第三段第五句。根据第三段第四句“

57、Moreover, the capacities of medical science are limited.（此外，医学的能力是有限的。）”即可得出本题答案。7.主旨态度题。根据原文“Since World War II considerable advances have been made in the area of health-care services（自第二次世界大战以来，保健服务领域取得了相当大的进展）” “Moreover, the capacities of medical science are limited. （此外，医学的能力是有限的。）”等信息点的描述，即可得

58、出本题答案。8.篇章结构题。通读全文，即可发现，文章首段提出问题，引出话题，紧接着第二段、第三段解释并表达了对这一问题的看法。9.主旨大意题。通读全文，即可得出作者观点，作者检查了一些影响医疗卫生服务分配的问题并对其严重性进行了评估。从而得出本题答案。5. 写作题You are required to write about 200 words on the following topic “The Bad Aspect of Online Shopping”.【答案】The Bad Aspect of Online Shopping6. 单选题Medievalists usually dis

59、tinguish medieval public law from private law: the former was concerned with government and military affairs and the latter with the family, social status, and land transactions. Examination on medieval womens lives shows this distinction to be overly simplistic. Although medieval women were legally

60、 excluded from roles that categorized as public, such as soldier, justice, jury member, or professional administrative official, womens control of landusually considered a private or domestic phenomenonhad important political implications in the feudal system of thirteenth-century England. Since lan

61、d equaled wealth and wealth equaled power, certain women exercised influence by controlling land. Unlike unmarried women who were legally subject to their guardians or married women who had no legal identity separate from their husbands, women who were widows had autonomy with respect to acquiring o

62、r disposing of certain property, suing in court, incurring liability for their own debts, and making wills.Although feudal lands were normally transferred through primogeniture (the eldest son inheriting all), when no sons survived, the surviving daughters inherited equal shares under what was known

63、 as partible inheritance. In addition to controlling any such land inherited from her parents and any bridal dowryproperty a woman brought to the marriage from her own familya widow was entitled to use of one-third of her late husbands lands. Called “dower” in England, this grant had greater legal i

64、mportance under common law than did the bridal dowry; no marriage was legal unless the groom endowed the bride with this property at the wedding ceremony. In 1215 Magna Carta (The charter of English political and civil liberties granted by King John at Runnymede in June 1215) guaranteed a widows right to claim her dower without paying a fine; this documen