2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第90期

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1、2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of _ is to make the world a pleasanter place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.问题1选项A.elitismB.eloquenceC.eminenceD.etiquette【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项elitism“精英主义；杰出人物统治论”；B选项eloquence“口才；雄辩；

2、雄辩术；修辞”；C选项eminence“显赫；卓越；高处”；D选项etiquette“礼节，礼仪；规矩”。句意：在它无数的规则之下，礼仪的根本目的是让世界变得更宜居，让你成为一个更宜居的人。因此D选项正确。2. 单选题Their new policy gave _ to increased unemployment.问题1选项A.ariseB.arouseC.raiseD.rise【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项arise“产生；发生；出现（常用于抽象事物）”；B选项arouse“引起；唤醒；鼓励；激发”；C选项raise“提高；筹集；养育；升起；饲养，种植”（及物动词，表示把某具体事物

3、抬起高处或提高某抽象事物）；D选项rise“攀升；起床；升起；休会；（数量）增加；变得更成功”（使用范围广，既用于具体事物的“上升、增长”，又用于抽象事物的“上涨”）。根据固定搭配give rise to“引起；导致；造成；产生”可知句意为：他们的新政策导致更多人失业。因此D选项正确。3. 单选题It was unfortunate that, after so trouble-free an arrival, he should stumble in the dark as he was rising and severely twist his ankle on a piece of ro

4、ck. After the first shock the pain became bearable, and he gathered up his parachute before limping into the trees to hide it as best as he could. The hardness of the ground and the deep darkness made it almost impossible to do this efficiently. The pine needles lay several inches deep, so he simply

5、 pile them on top of the parachute, cutting the short twigs that he could feel around his legs, and spreading them on top of the needles. He had great doubts about whether it would stay buried, but there was very little else that he could do about it.After limping for some distance in an indirect co

6、urse away from his parachute he began to make his way downhill through the trees. He had to find out where he was, and then decide what to do next. But walking downhill on a rapidly swelling ankle soon proved to be almost beyond his powers. He moved more and more slowly, walking in long sideway move

7、ments across the slope, which meant taking more steps but less painful ones. By the time he cleared the trees and reached the valley, day was breaking. Mist hung in soft sheets across the fields. Small cottages and farm buildings grouped like sleeping cattle around a village church, whose pointed to

8、wer pointed high into the cold winter air to welcome the morning.“I cant go no farther,” John Harding thought. “Someone is bound to find me, but what can I do? I must get a rest before I go on. Theyll look for me first up there on the mountain where the plane crashed. I bet theyre out looking for it

9、 already and they are bound to find the parachute in the end. I cant believe they wont. So theyll know I m not dead and must be somewhere. Theyll think Im hiding up there in the trees and rocks so theyll look for me there. So Ill go down to the village. With luck by the evening my foot will be good

10、enough to get me to the border.”Far above him on the mountainside he could hear the faint echo of voices, startling him after the great silence. Looking up he saw lights like little pinpoints moving across the face of the mountain in the gray light. But the road was deserted, and he struggled along,

11、 still almost invisible in the first light, easing his aching foot whenever he could, avoiding stones and rough places, and limping quietly and painfully towards the village. He reached the church at last. A great need for peace almost drew him inside, but he knew that would not do. Instead, he limp

12、ed along its walls towards a very old building standing a short distance from the church doors. It seemed to have been there forever, as if it had grown out of the hill inside. It had the same air of timelessness as the church. John Harding pushed open the heavy wooden door and slipped inside.1. It

13、is known from the passage that John Harding was _.2. John Harding found it hard to hide his parachute because _.3. In spite of his bad ankle, John Harding was able to _.4. When John Harding got out of the forest, he saw that _.5. John Harding decided to go down to the village _.问题1选项A.an escaped pri

14、sonerB.a criminal on the run from the policeC.a spy who had been hiding in the forestD.an airman who had landed in an enemy country area问题2选项A.he got his ankle twisted severelyB.the trees did not give very good coverC.the earth was not soft and there was little lightD.the pine needles lay too thick

15、on the ground问题3选项A.carry on walking fairly rapidlyB.walk in a direction that was less steepC.bear the pain without changing directionD.find out where he had landed问题4选项A.it was beginning to get much lighterB.washing was hanging on the lines in the villageC.the fields were full of sleeping cowsD.som

16、e trees had been cleared near the village问题5选项A.to find a doctor to see to his ankleB.to be near the frontierC.to avoid the search partyD.to find shelter in a building【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。根据第一段“.he gathered up his parachute before limping into the trees to hide it as best as he c

17、ould.（他收起降落伞，跛着脚走入树林，尽可能将降落伞藏好。）”可以推断出约翰哈丁是一个降落在敌国区域的飞行员。所以D选项“一名降落在敌国地区的飞行员”正确。A选项“一个逃犯”和B选项“一个正在被警察追捕的罪犯”说法不正确，罪犯有降落伞的可能性极低；C选项“一个藏在森林里的间谍”也不符合题意，因此D选项正确。2.事实细节题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“The hardness of the ground and the deep darkness made it almost impossible to do this efficiently.（地面很坚硬，天又一片漆黑，这使他几乎不可能很好

18、地完成这件事。）”，该句中的“这件事”指的就是藏降落伞，因此C选项“地面坚硬，而且几乎没有光”正确。A选项“他的脚踝严重扭伤了”是原因之一，但不是最主要的原因；关于B选项“树木没有很好的遮蔽”，文章提到“The pine needles lay several inches deep, so he simply pile them on top of the parachute.（堆在地上的松针有几英尺厚，所以他只需用松针盖在降落伞的上部）”，由此可知松针足够遮盖住降落伞了，因此B选项错误；D选项“地上的松针太厚了”，说法错误，这正好给了降落伞一个很好的掩盖，因此C选项正确。3.细节事实题。根

19、据题干可定位到文章第二段“After limping for some distance in an indirect course away from his parachute he began to make his way downhill through the trees. He had to find out where he was, and then decide what to do next. But walking downhill on a rapidly swelling ankle soon proved to be almost beyond his power

20、s. He moved more and more slowly, walking in long sideway movements across the slope, which meant taking more steps but less painful ones.（他一瘸一拐地离开降落伞，绕道走了一段路，然后穿过树林往下走。他必须弄清楚自己在哪里，然后决定下一步该做什么。但他的脚踝迅速肿胀，走下坡很快就超出了他的能力范围。他走得越来越慢，在斜坡上横着走很长一段路，这就意味着他要多走几步，但不那么痛苦了。）”，由此可知C选项“忍受痛苦而不改变方向地向前走”正确。A选项“继续相当快地走

21、”文中提到“He moved more and more slowly.（他走得越来越慢）”，由此可知A选项不正确；B选项“朝着不那么陡峭的方向走”说法错误，文中只提到他换了一个姿势，但是并没有更换方向；D选项“找出他降落的地方”说法错误，题干问的是“尽管脚踝受伤，约翰哈丁依然能够”，文章并没有提到他已经找到了自己降落的地方，只提到他想要弄清楚，因此C选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“By the time he cleared the trees and reached the valley, day was breaking.（当他走出树林到达山谷时，天已经破晓了）”，

22、由此可知A选项“天开始变亮了”符合题意。B选项“村子里的绳子上挂着刚洗的衣服”文章没有提到；C选项“田野里到处都是睡觉的牛”说法错误，文章只提到了“Small cottages and farm buildings grouped like sleeping cattle around a village church.（在村庄的教堂周围小农舍和农场建筑物像沉睡的牛群一样聚在一起）”，并没有说到田野里到处都是沉睡的牛群；D选项“村庄附近的一些树被清除了”文章没有提到，因此A选项正确。5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段的最后一句话“So Ill go down to the villag

23、e. With luck by the evening my foot will be good enough to get me to the border.（所以我要去村子里。运气好的话，到晚上我的脚就能走到边境了。）”，由此可知约翰哈丁决定去村子主要是想去边境，因此B选项“靠近边境”正确。A选项“找医生治疗他的脚踝”和C选项“避开搜索队”以及D选项“在建筑中寻找庇护”都不符合题意，因此B选项正确。4. 单选题Almost 15 years ago, in “The Work of Nations,” I described a three-tiered work force found

24、in most advanced economies. At the bottom were workers who offer personal service, mainly in retail outlets, restaurants, hotels and hospitals. In the middle were production workers in factories or offices, performing simple, repetitive tasks. At the top were “symbolic analysts”, like engineers or l

25、awyers, who manipulate information to solve problems. Educated to think critically, almost all have university degrees. They were the knowledge workers of the new economy.I predicted that advances in technology, and globalization, would widen the gaps in income and opportunity between these tiers. W

26、hat I didnt predict was that the three tiers would change shape so dramatically. The top and bottom tiers are growing, and the middle shrinking, much faster than I expected. Symbolic analysts now make up more than a fifth of all jobs in advanced economies, up from about 15 percent 15 years ago. Thei

27、r incomes in developing economies are soaring, relative to other workers.Two different groups of symbolic analysts are emerging: national and global. Most symbolic analysts still work within a national economy, manipulating various kinds of symbols with the aid of computers. Theyre at the core of th

28、eir nations middle classaccountants, engineers, lawyers, journalists and other university-trained professionals.Yet a new group is emerging at the very top. Theyre CEOs and CFOs of global corporations, and partners and executives in global investment banks, law firms and consultancies. Unlike most n

29、ational symbolic analysts, these global symbolic analysts conduct almost all their work in English, and share with one another an increasingly similar cosmopolitan culture.Theres a good economic reason that this group of global symbolic analysts emerged. Global commerce is now occurring on a scale a

30、nd with a complexity that no commercial contract can adequately cover and no single legal system can sufficiently enforce. Hence, global dealmakers must rely to an ever greater extent on an extended network of people whom they trust.The fears of national symbolic analysts are premature. The demand f

31、or their skills is still rising, notwithstanding the new competition. The earnings of university graduates in the United States and most advanced economies continue to outpace the earnings of those with only secondary-school diplomas, and the earnings of people with graduate and professional degrees

32、 are rising even faster. If demand for symbolic analysts were dropping, we would expect the opposite.Yet unless the advanced economies invest more in education and basic R&D, they could lose their global lead in science, engineering and high-value-added production within a few decades. China and Ind

33、ia are now graduating more engineers and computer scientists than are emerging from American and European universities. At some point, national symbolic analysts in advanced economies will lose ground. Their global brethren, meanwhile, will continue to dominate global commerce. The income and wealth

34、 gap between them will widen into a chasm. They will live, literally, in different cultures.1. In what way is the prediction made by the author 15 years ago flawed?2. In what way has the three tiers changed shape in developed countries?3. The emergence of the global symbolic analysts is mainly attri

35、butable to the _.4. The author advises advanced countries want to keep their competitive advantage to _.5. The author implies in the text that _.问题1选项A.The income gaps between the tiers are not widening.B.Advances in technology create a fourth tier on the top.C.The income gap between the middle and

36、top tiers is made wider.D.The knowledge workers become the largest group of the workforce.问题2选项A.The number of manufacturing workers is on the decline.B.The symbolic analysts have become the dominant work force.C.The number of people in service industry remains stable.D.The computer workers receive

37、the larger salaries than other workers.问题3选项A.popularity of the English languageB.increased transnational business transactionC.lack of suitable law applicable to global dealingsD.emergence of a global culture问题4选项A.narrow down the income gaps between tiers of the workforceB.give national symbolic a

38、nalysts consC.pay due attention to the rise of global symbolic analystsD.stream more money into education and research问题5选项A.a four-tiered classification is more suitable for picturing the present work forceB.national symbolic analysts will play a vital role in the upcoming globalizationC.graduates

39、from Chinese and Indian universities will be valued in advanced economiesD.engineers and computer scientists will play different roles in different cultures【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“I predicted that advances in technology, and globalization, would widen the gaps in incom

40、e and opportunity between these tiers. What I didnt predict was that the three tiers would change shape so dramatically. The top and bottom tiers are growing, and the middle shrinking, much faster than I expected.（我预测，技术进步和全球化将扩大这些阶层之间的收入和机会差距。我没有预料到的是，这三层的形状会发生如此巨大的变化。顶层和底层都在增长，而中层在萎缩，比我预期的要快得多。）”，

41、由顶层在增长，中层在萎缩，可推断出中高层阶级的收入差距变得更大了，这是作者没有预测到的，所以C选项“中高层收入差距进一步扩大”符合题意。根据“What I didnt predict was that the three tiers would change shape so dramatically.（我没有预料到的是，这三层的形状会发生如此巨大的变化。）”可知A选项“各阶层之间的收入差距没有扩大”说法错误；B选项“技术的进步创造了比高层更高的第四层”不符合题意；D选项“知识工人成为劳动力的最大群体”，文章提到“Symbolic analysts now make up more than

42、a fifth of all jobs in advanced economies, up from about 15 percent 15 years ago. （象征性分析师现在占据了发达经济体所有工作岗位的五分之一以上，而15年前这一比例约为15%。）”，并没有说知识工人成为劳动力的最大群体，D选项错误。因此C选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“The top and bottom tiers are growing, and the middle shrinking, much faster than I expected. Symbolic analysts now

43、 make up more than a fifth of all jobs in advanced economies, up from about 15 percent 15 years ago. Their incomes in developing economies are soaring, relative to other workers.（顶层和底层都在增长，而中层在萎缩，比我预期的要快得多。象征性分析师现在占据了发达经济体所有工作岗位的五分之一以上，而15年前这一比例约为15%。相对于其他工人，他们在发展中国家的收入正在飙升。）”，以及结合第一段可知，中层阶级主要是制造业工人

44、，该句中提到中层阶级在萎缩，由此可推断制造业工人的数量在下降，A选项“制造业工人数量在下降”正确；B选项“象征性分析师已经成为主导的劳动力”，文章只提到了他们的比例有所提高，并没有强调他们的主导地位，B选项错误；根据第一段“At the bottom were workers who offer personal service, mainly in retail outlets, restaurants, hotels and hospitals.（最底层的是提供个人服务的工人，主要在零售店、餐馆、酒店和医院工作。）”，且第二段提到“The top and bottom tiers are

45、growing, and the middle shrinking.（顶层和底层都在增长，而中层在萎缩）”可知服务业从业人数增长了，所以C选项“服务业从业人数保持稳定”说法错误；D选项“计算机工人的工资比其他工人高”文章没有提到，因此A选项正确。3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第五段“Theres a good economic reason that this group of global symbolic analysts emerged. Global commerce is now occurring on a scale and with a complexity that n

46、o commercial contract can adequately cover and no single legal system can sufficiently enforce. Hence, global dealmakers must rely to an ever greater extent on an extended network of people whom they trust.（这群全球符号分析师的出现有一个很好的经济原因。目前全球商业的规模和复杂性是任何商业合同都无法充分涵盖的，是任何单一的法律体系都无法充分执行的。因此，全球交易商必须在更大程度上依赖于他们所

47、信任的扩大网络。）”，由此可推断出全球符号分析师出现的根本原因是因为缺乏适用于全球交易的法律，所以C选项“缺乏适用于全球交易的法律”正确。A选项“英语语言的普及”；B选项“跨国业务交易的增加”虽然也是一个原因，但不是根本原因；D选项“全球文化的出现”。因此C选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“Yet unless the advanced economies invest more in education and basic R&D, they could lose their global lead in science, engineering and high-va

48、lue-added production within a few decades.（然而，除非发达经济体在教育和基础研发方面加大投资，否则它们可能在几十年内失去在科学、工程和高附加值生产方面的全球领先地位。）”，由此可知作者建议发达国家如果想要保持他们的竞争优势，就必须加大对教育和研究与开发方面的投资，所以D选项“加大对教育和研究的资金投入”符合题意。A选项“缩小劳动阶层之间的收入差距”；B选项“给国家象征分析家一些批评”；C选项“对全球符号分析者的崛起给予应有的关注”。因此D选项正确。5.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“China and India are now gradua

49、ting more engineers and computer scientists than are emerging from American and European universities. At some point, national symbolic analysts in advanced economies will lose ground. Their global brethren, meanwhile, will continue to dominate global commerce. （现在，中国和印度的工程师和计算机科学家毕业生比美国和欧洲大学毕业生还要多。

50、在某种程度上，发达经济体的国家象征性分析师将失去优势。与此同时，他们的全球兄弟将继续主导全球商业。）”，由此可推断出C选项“中国和印度大学的毕业生将在发达经济体受到重视”符合题意。A选项“四级分类更适合描述目前的劳动力”；B选项“国家象征分析家将在即将到来的全球化中扮演至关重要的角色”；D选项“工程师和计算机科学家将在不同的文化中扮演不同的角色”。因此C选项正确。5. 单选题He is an honest person. He is _ to do such a dishonest thing.问题1选项A.the least manB.not likelyC.the last manD.th

51、e latest man【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。在“the last person to do sth.”或“the last person that.”句式中，the last=the least likely；last由原义“最后的”演绎为“最不大可能的，最不愿意的”，因此它含有否定的意思，如：You are the last person I want to see.“你是我最不愿意看到的人”，Thats the last thing he wants.“那是他最不愿意要的东西”，但并非所有的the last person to do sth.都表示“最不肯（或最不会，最不愿意）

52、做某事的人”，有时表示“最后一个做某事的人”，如在抢险斗争中最后一个撤离现场的人：He was the last person to leave the sinking ship.到底表示“最不愿意做某事的人”还是表示“最后一个做某事的人”，这要根据上下文的意思来判定。not likely虽符合语法结构，但不符合上下文的逻辑意思。句意：他是一个诚实的人，他绝对不可能做这种不诚实的事。因此C选项正确。6. 单选题The usual distinctions between “basic research”, “applied research”, and “development”, used

53、for many years in the formal government statistics kept by the National Science Foundation are, unfortunately insufficient for discussions of policy for government investment in technical activities. Indeed, definitions are the source of much of the confusion over the appropriate role for government

54、 in the national scientific and technical enterprise. One cannot distinguish in any meaningful way “basic” from “applied research” by observing what a scientist is doing.“Applied research” should not be used to mean “purposeful and demonstrably useful basic research,” and one should be wary of the u

55、se of the term in government statistics. In corporate research laboratories, such as the TJ. Watson Research Laboratories of IBM, all of the work is referred to simply as “research.” There is no need to attempt a distinction between “basic” and “applied” research. All of the companys research invest

56、ments are motivated by corporate interests. All of the research has a purpose. All of it is conducted under highly creative conditions. None of it is so “pure” that there are no expectations of value from the research investment.We should reserve the words “applied research” for those narrowly-defin

57、ed tasks in which limited time and resources are devoted to a specific problem for an identified user who gets all the benefit and should pay all the costs. To make this view of applied research clear in this discussion, I use the words “problem-solving research” instead.Narrow problem-solving and d

58、evelopment are activities initiated by someone who wishes to apply research methods purposefully to exploit an identified opportunity or solve a problem. They involve the application of technical resources to achieve an identified goal for a specified beneficiary, usually the investor in the work. I

59、t is a reasonable assumption that those who engage in such activities expect to benefit from them, and to benefit by a sufficient margin over the cost to accommodate the technical risk that is ever-present in research. The investor in problem-solving may be a government agency, but is more likely to

60、 be a private firm. In most cases that firm would be expected to be able to appropriate sufficient benefits to need no government subsidy to take those risks. Public investment in the creation of new technology (technological development, whether by research or as a product of problem-solving) is a

61、critical link between id the scientific research that is pursued by virtue of societys commitment to those goals. Thus the desire for technology is an important-perhaps the most important-source of demand for science.1. According to the author, the distinction between Basic and applied researches in

62、 government documents is _.2. A disturbing result of the definitions of nature of research in government statistics is that _.3. It is implied in the second paragraph that basic research is characterized by _.4. The “applied research” as the author understands it is best defined in terms of _.5. The

63、 passage is mainly concerned with defining the role of _.问题1选项A.theoretically unjustifiableB.obscure and misleadingC.scientific but insufficientD.meaningful though confusing问题2选项A.the role of government in funding research activities is poorly definedB.scientists are not sure whether what they are d

64、oing is meaningfulC.the goals of both basic and applied researches are not rationally setD.research in corporate settings is not purposeful or demonstrably useful问题3选项A.less creativityB.higher motivationC.lack of immediate valueD.insufficient investment问题4选项A.the goal it serves and the problem it solvesB.the party that sponsors and benefits from itC.the cost and risks invo