2022年考博英语-清华大学考前模拟强化练习题51（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-清华大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题These changes have not been sufficient to（ ）the losses.问题1选项A.stemB.stimulateC.causeD.compensate【答案】D【解析】语义题。空格填人的词应与sufficient词义相近。因此D项compensate （补偿，报酬）符合要求。2. 单选题The speaker was very much（ ）by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall.问题1选项A.jerkedB.i

2、ncensedC.lacedD.limped【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。根据句意，演讲者被rude words and behavior激怒。jerked 急推，猛推；incensed 激怒；laced 系牢，系紧；limped 跛行，句意:演讲者被粗鲁的言行 （ ）。选项B符合句意。3. 单选题The government decided to take a(n) （ ）action to strengthen the market management.问题1选项A.diverseB.durableC.epidemicD.drastic【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析。diverse

3、多样的，变化多的；durable 持久的，耐用的；epidemic 流行的,传染的；drastic 激烈的,大刀阔斧式的。句意:政府应该采取（ ）措施加强市场管理。take a drastic action 意为“进行大刀阔斧的改革”。4. 单选题A（ ）plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities.问题1选项A.deliberateB.disincentiveC.functionalD.fantastic【答案】A【解析】形容词词义辨析。deliberate 深思熟虑的，预

4、有准备的；disincentive 妨碍活动的；functional 功能的；fantastic 幻想的，奇异的。空格部分应与considered and accepted逻辑上对应。deliberate符合句意和逻辑。5. 单选题It is known to all that children in this region have strong（ ）to swimming in summerbecause of the hot weather.问题1选项A.inclinationB.exposureC.fluxD.correlation【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。inclination

5、 倾向；exposure 暴露；flux 涨潮；熔化；correlation 相互关系，相关性。句意: 由于夏天天热，这个地区的孩子对于游泳都有强烈的 。选项A符合句意。6. 单选题Three years（ ）before he returned home from the United States.问题1选项A.denotedB.destinedC.elapsedD.enveloped【答案】C【解析】动词辨析题。Denote 预示,代表;destine 注定;elapse消逝; envelop 遮盖，包围。 选项C放在Three years后面表示3年流逝了。7. 翻译题Understa

6、nding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy inclu

7、ding not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it, but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts detract from well-being.For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy

8、of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970s，then, represented a turning point. After decades of co

9、nstancy or decline in monetary costs and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply. It also became possible to think

10、 that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.【答案】参考译文：要理解这种转变，需要考察一下能源和人类幸福之间的双重关系。从积极的方面来看，能源促进了人类幸福，不但服务了经济生产，而且为人类提供了消费服务，如供热和照明等。但另一方面，能源的成本却破坏了人类的幸福，它不但包括投入开采和应用能源的资金和其他资源，而且包括能源对环境和社会政治所造成的影响。在人类历史的大部分时间里，其主要关注的是能源和幸福关系的积极方面，能源短缺或者是更为常见的是在开采、转化和分配能源的技术和

11、组织上的不足减少了能源的积极作用，从而产生能源使用的不便，能源使用权利被剥夺，其发展也受到限制。20世纪70年代是一个转折点。此前的几十年中能源的资金成本一直保持稳定甚至有所下降，环境和社会政治成本在屈居几十年的次要地位之后，能源在各个方面的成本都在增加。能源使用代价过高的危害可以同能源短缺的危害相提并论。也有可能出现提供某些能源供应所付出的代价要大于获得的利益这种情况。8. 单选题Her talk at the seminar clearly（ ）from the topic the supervisor expected in the field ofsociology.问题1选项A.al

12、ternatedB.amplifiedC.designatedD.diverged【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。句意:她的发言明显与领导期望的在社会学领域的主题（ ） 。Diverged from为固定搭配，意为“背道而驰；背离”。9. 单选题These natural resources will be（ ）sooner or later if the present rate of exploitation continues.问题1选项A.depletedB.deployedC.inclinedD.mingled【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意：如果按目前的开采速度继续下去，这些自然资源迟

13、早会被 的。因此A项depleted(耗尽)正确。10. 单选题Todays college students are more narcissistic （自恋的）and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society.“We need to stop endless

14、ly repeating Youre special and having children repeat that back,” said the studys lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University. “Kids are self-centered enough already.” “Unfortunately, narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown of clo

15、se relationships with others,” he said. The study asserts that narcissists “are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived, at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmth, and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-controlling and violent behaviors”. Twenge, the author of

16、“Generation Me: Why Todays Young Americans Are More Confident,Assertive, Entitled and More Miserable Than Ever Before”, said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others.Some analysts have commended todays young people for increased c

17、ommitment to volunteer work. But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications.Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced （非常明显的）that he was unsure if

18、 there were obvious remedies. “Permissiveness seems to be a component,” he said. “A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be called for.”Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, dont necessarily accept negative generalizations abou

19、t their generation.Hanady Kader, a University of Washington senior, said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded. But she is dismayed （气馁，灰心） by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status. “Wer

20、eencouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, and nobody should stand in your way, ” Kader said. “I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships.”Kari Dalane, a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are poli

21、tically active and not overly self-centered. “People are worried about themselves but in the sense of where theyre going to find a place in the world,” she said. “People want to look their best, have a good time, but it doesnt mean theyre not concerned about the rest of the world.”Besides, some of t

22、he responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome, Dalane said, “It would be more depressing if people answered, No, Im not special.”1.According to the passage, a narcissistic person may（ ）.2.The italicized word “commended” （Line 1, Para. 3） means（ ）.3.Which of the following is NOT true acc

23、ording to the passage?4.It is implied that（ ）.5.It is proper to be（ ）when you hear someone say “Im special”.问题1选项A.hate criticismB.be dishonest to his / her partnerC.be unwilling to help othersD.all the above问题2选项A.praisedB.criticizedC.recommendedD.disfavored问题3选项A.Narcissism may result in bad conse

24、quences.B.College students are active to participate in volunteer work.C.Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge.D.Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion.问题4选项A.both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narciss

25、ismB.the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC.the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the studyD.college students are pessimistic about their future问题5选项A.objectiveB.pessimisticC.optimisticD.worried【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1

26、.细节判断题。根据题干关键词narcissistic定位到原文第二段第四句，原文指出atriskforinfidelity,lackemotionalwarmth，andtoexhibitorgame-playing，dishonesty 是选项 C，B，A 的同义表达。2.语义题。第三段第一行句中,研究人员commended的是increasedcommitmenttovolunteerwork(年轻人参加志愿活动的责任心增加),所以应该是肯定的态度。句后ButTwengeviewedeventhisphenomenonskeptically (Twenge对此现象持否定怀疑态度)更加断定,

27、commended为肯定,选项A与之对应。3.细节判断题。根据原文第四段首句unsureiftherewereobviousremedie可知不明确的是是否有明显的治疗法，而不是没有治疗法，而且之后文章举了一些治疗法的例子。4.细节判断题。关键词college students体现到文章第五段acknowledgingsomelegitimacytosuchfindings,dontnecessarilyacceptnegativegeneralizationsabouttheirgeneration,因此研究者和学生只是部分意见不符。5.态度题。文章最后一句说到Itwouldbemorede

28、pressingifpeopleanswered,No,Imnotspecial(如果有人回答，不，我不特别，这可能更让人沮丧)，由此判断，当听人说Imnotspecial，应该持积极乐观的态度。11. 单选题Britain has the highest（ ） of road traffic in the world over 60 cars for every mile of road.问题1选项A.popularityB.prosperityC.intensityD.density【答案】D【解析】形近词辨析。popularity 普遍，流行；prosperity兴旺，繁荣；intens

29、ity 强烈，剧烈；density 密集，稠密，密度。根据后面一句over 60 cars for every mile of road(每英里有60多辆汽车), 推测D项正确。12. 单选题Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at the sea level. Nearly one-third of all human beings live within 36 miles of a coastline. M

30、ost of the worlds great seaport cities would be （1 ）: New Orleans, Amsterdam, Shanghai, and Cairo. Some countries Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific would be inundated. Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt,（2）large populations occupy low-lying are

31、as, would suffer extreme （3） .Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons, （4）in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world. （5） water quality may result as（6） flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking water supplies, a

32、nd irreplaceable, natural （7）could be flooded with ocean water, destroying forever many of the （8） plant and animal species living there.Food supplies and forests would be （9）affected. Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture. Warmer temperatures would （10） grain-growing regions pole-w

33、ards. The warming would also increase and change the pest plants, such as weeds and the insects （11） the crops.Human health would also be affected. Warming could （12 ） tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever, malaria, and other diseases. Heat stress and heat mortality could rise. The harmful

34、（13 ）of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer（14）. There will be some （15）from warming. New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic, longer growing seasons further north will （16 ）new agricultural lands, and warmer temperature will make some of todays colder regions mor

35、e （17）. But these benefits will be in individual areas. The natural systems 一 both plant and animal will be less able than man to cope and （18 ）. Any change of temperature, rainfall, and sea level of the magnitude now （19 ）will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as

36、well.The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions（20） by global warming.问题1选项A.ascendedB.assaultedC.e

37、rasedD.endangered问题2选项A.whichB.whereC.whenD.what问题3选项A.dislocationB.discontentC.distributionD.distinction问题4选项A.rebukingB.ramblingC.resultingD.rallying问题5选项A.IncreasedB.ReducedC.ExpandedD.Saddened问题6选项A.inlandB.coastalC.urbanD.suburban问题7选项A.dry-landB.mountainC.wetlandsD.forest问题8选项A.uniqueB.preciou

38、sC.interestingD.exciting问题9选项A.geologicallyB.adverselyC.secretivelyD.serially问题10选项A.shiftB.generateC.greaseD.fuse问题11选项A.hikingB.huggingC.attackingD.activating问题12选项A.endangerB.accommodateC.adhereD.enlarge问题13选项A.profitsB.valuesC.effectsD.interests问题14选项A.conditionsB.accommodationC.surroundingsD.ev

39、olution问题15选项A.adjustmentsB.benefitsC.adoptionsD.profits问题16选项A.alternateB.abuseC.advocateD.create问题17选项A.accidentalB.habitableC.anniversaryD.ambient问题18选项A.adaptB.alleviateC.agitateD.assert问题19选项A.ascertainedB.conformedC.consoledD.anticipated问题20选项A.tutoredB.relayedC.triggeredD.reflected【答案】第1题:D第2

40、题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B第6题:B第7题:C第8题:A第9题:B第10题:A第11题:C第12题:D第13题:C第14题:A第15题:B第16题:D第17题:B第18题:A第19题:D第20题:C【解析】（1）动词辨析和上下文语义。句意: 海平面上升 沿海城市。ascended 攀登，上升；assaulted 攻击，袭击；erased 抹去，擦掉；endangered 危及。选项D符合句意和上下文逻辑。（2）状语从句。地名Bangladesh and Egypt后用地点引导词where。（3）名词辨析和上下文语义。原句为，Heavily populated coastal area

41、s would suffer extreme（人口稠密的沿海地区将遭受 ）。dislocation 混乱，断层；discontent 不满；distribution 分配；distinction 区别，差别。选项A符合句意。（4）固定搭配。故答案为C。rebuke “指责，谴责”；ramble “漫步，漫游”；rally “重整旗鼓，使恢复健康”。result in后面接coastal flooding，意为“引起，导致海岸洪灾”。（5）上下文语义。Increased 增加的，上升的； reduced 减少的，简化的；expanded 膨胀的，扩大的；saddened 悲哀的，忧愁的。根据上下

42、文可知水质量是下降的。（6）上下文语义。全文都围绕海平面上升和沿海洪水展开论述，coastal 沿海的, 海岸的。（7）名词辨析。dry-land 旱地；mountain 山脉；wetlands 湿地；forest 森林。根据原文，在沿海地区的自然地带，有可能被洪水，选项C符合逻辑。（8）形容词辨析和上下文语义。unique 独特的；precious 值得珍视的；interesting 有趣的；exciting 令人兴奋的。句意：摧毁那儿 的动植物物种。unique 强调数量稀有而独特，precious强调价值宝贵。选项A更符合。（9）副词辨析。geologically 地质学地，地质地；ad

43、versely 不利地；secretively 隐秘地，隐匿地；serially 连续地。句意应为：粮食供应和森林受到不利的影响。（10）动词辨析和上下文语义。shift 移动，移位；generate 产生，发生；grease 涂脂，贿赂；fuse熔化。句意：温度升高会使谷物生长区向两极 。选项A符合句意。（11）动词辨析。hiking 远足，步行；hugging 拥抱；attacking 侵袭。activating 刺激，使活动。选项C符合句意。weeds and the insects attacking the crops表示杂草和昆虫攻击庄稼。（12）动词辨析。endanger 危及；

44、accommodate 供应，供给；adhere 黏附，胶着；enlarge 扩大，扩展。句意：气候变暖可能 热带气候，导致黄热病、疟疾和其他疾病。enlarge 放在此处符合句意。（13）上下文语义。句意：局部化的城市空气污染的有害 更加严重。harmful后面接effects,表示有害影响。（14）名词辨析。选项中，conditions 条件；accommodation 住处，膳宿；surroundings 环境；evolution 进展；进化。句意：在更加温暖的 下会更加严重。conditions 符合句意。（15）名词辨析和固定搭配。adjustments 调整；benefits 益处

45、；adoptions 收养；profits利润，收益。Benefits符合句意，在此与from warming表示变暖的好处。（16）动词辨析和上下文语义。alternate 交替，轮流；abuse 滥用；advocate 提倡；create创造，产生。此处还是说海平面上升带来的有利方面，create 符合上下文语义。（17）形容词辨析。accidental 意外的，非主要的；habitable 可居住的；anniversary 周年纪念为名词，排除；ambient 周围的。句意：气候变暖使现在更冷的地方更加适宜 。habitable 符合句意。（18）动词辨析。adapt 使适应；allev

46、iate 使易于忍受，减轻；agitate 搅动，煽动；assert 断言，声称。空前有一个并列连接词and，此处应填一个cope的并列词。选项中，adapt （使适应）符合逻辑。（19）上下文语义。ascertained 确定的，探知的；conformed 一致的，顺从的；consoled 安慰的，慰藉的；anticipated 预见的，预期的。句中有一个will，因此选项要体现将来的含义。Anticipated符合逻辑。（20）动词辨析。tutored 辅导，辅助；relayed 使接替，传播；triggered 触发；reflected 反射，反映。此处应填triggered 表示由全球

47、变暖引发的不良影响。13. 单选题Several（ ）for global warming have been suggested by climate researchers.问题1选项A.systemsB.sentencesC.fallaciesD.hypotheses【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。空格处的词应与suggested 相近, 因此D 项hypotheses(假定的)正确。14. 单选题I would never have（ ） a court of law if I hadnt been so desperate.问题1选项A.sought forB.accounted for

48、C.turned upD.resorted to【答案】D【解析】动词词组辨析。resorted to 与a court搭配，意为诉诸法庭。15. 单选题The terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a jarring reminder that in todays world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger a visce

49、ral response no matter how close or far away from home the event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Intern

50、et, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether its a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare arent limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a se

51、nse of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protectin

52、g your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? The use of terrorism as a tactic is predicated upon inducing a climate of fear that is incommensurate with the actual threaten, says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Columbia University. “Every time you have an act of viol

53、ence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person ” Bulliet tells WebMD. “T

54、he point is that it isnt what you do, but its how its covered that determines the effect.” For example, Bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the

55、 U. S. hostages were eventually released unharmed，but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evenings newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals ex

56、erting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the groups power rather than an individual criminal act. “You dont have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. Its an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather

57、 than personalized,” says Bulliet. “ The randomness and the ubiquity of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities. Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U. S. Army Reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psy

58、chological warfare because its the only tactic they have available to them. “They dont have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They dont have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping, says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the Univers

59、ity of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one beheading can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy, Haroun tells WebM D. “You havent really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring

60、 fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, youve achieved a lot of demoralization.1.Which of the following statements is NOT among the reasons that change the rules of psychological warfare?（ ）2.According to Richard Bulliet, why does publicizing an act of violence becomes an important part

61、of terrorism itself”?（ ）3.The Iranian hostage crisis shows that（ ） .4.The randomness and the ubiquity of the terrorist acts bring to the public the impression that（ ）.问题1选项A.Break the morale of their opponent.B.Advances in technology.C.The popularity of the Internet.D.Prosperity of media.问题2选项A.Because psychological terrorism is a tactic.B.Because terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threat.C.Because the use of terrorism is to inspire fear