2022年考博英语-暨南大学考前模拟强化练习题58（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-暨南大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题People innately（ ）for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.问题1选项A.striveB.ascertainC.justifyD.adhere【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。strive“努力；抗争”；ascertain“确定；查明”；justify“证明合法”；adhere“坚持；依附”，根据句子结构可知此处应该填入一个动词与for构成词

2、组，根据后面的superiority，分析四个选项可知此处填入strive最为恰当。句意：人天生会去使自己比别人优越，尽管这经常以对权利极大的欲望来体现。故正确答案为选项A。2. 单选题Giving up smoking is just one of the ways to（ ）heart diseases.问题1选项A.ward offB.push offC.put offD.throw off【答案】A【解析】本题考查词组辨析题。ward off“避开；防止（疾病等）”；push off “离开；走开”；put off“延期”；throw off “摆脱”，heart disease“心脏

3、病”是一种疾病，戒烟是为了防止得心脏病，所以此处应该使用词组ward off，故正确答案为选项A。句意为：戒烟只是预防心脏疾病的办法之一。3. 单选题The diplomatic crisis has been（ ）by the breakdown of the talks between the leaders of the two nations.问题1选项A.withholdB.nurturedC.cultivatedD.approached【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项withhold“保留，克制”；B选项nurtured“培育，养育”；C选项cultivated“发展，耕作，

4、教化”；D选项approached“接近，靠近”。句意：外交危机靠近是由于两国领导人之间的谈判破裂而引起的。两国领导人之间谈判失败是导致外交危机的原因，那么外交危机就更接近了，选择D选项approached“接近，靠近”意思正确。因此D选项符合题意。4. 单选题The young man liked the graceful girl next to the door at the first sight; the feeling is（ ）,as the girl smiled slightly at him.问题1选项A.mutualB.visibleC.literalD.inevitab

5、le【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项mutual“相互的，彼此的”；B选项visible“明显的，可见的”；C选项literal“文字的”；D选项inevitable“必然的，不可避免的”。句意：这个年轻人第一眼就喜欢门边那个优雅的姑娘，这种感觉是相互的，因为那女孩对他也微微一笑。根据空格前后两句的意思以及常识，可知男孩喜欢女孩，而女孩也微笑回应，他们互有好感，A选项mutual“相互的，彼此的”意思对应。因此A选项正确。5. 单选题Whether you live to eat or eat to live, food is a major（ ）in every familys bu

6、dget.问题1选项A.routineB.nutritionC.provisionD.expense【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项routine“惯例”；B选项nutrition“营养”；C选项provision“规定，条款”；D选项expense“开销，费用，损失，代价”。句意：无论你是为了吃而活，还是为了活而吃，食物都是每个家庭的预算当中一项主要的开销。根据后半句提到的familys budget家庭预算，可知该处选择D选项expense“开销”符合句意。因此D选项正确。6. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following 5 underlined p

7、arts from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.（1）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of cent

8、ralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.（2）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the effort

9、s of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting

10、 up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources for tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may co-operate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and ind

11、ustry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.（3）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, whi

12、le governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example,（4）in the early industrialized countries of Eu

13、rope the process of industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within

14、 the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.（5）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a resul

15、t of all these factors, government are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.【答案】（1）在现代条件下，这需要各种集中控制的措施，因此需要诸如经济学家和运筹学专家等专业科学家的帮助。（2）此外，显而易见，一个国家的经济实力与其农业和工业的效率直接相关，而这又取决于各种科学家和技术人员的努力。（3）由于大众通讯的显著发展，世界各

16、地的人们都有了新的需求，接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常不得不引入进一步的创新。（4）在早期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种意义深远的社会形态变化持续了近一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家可以在十年左右完成同样的进程。（5）由于人口激增或大规模人口迁移（现代交通工具使人口大规模迁移变得相对容易）引发的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。7. 单选题Turning cultivated land back into forests or pasture is a fundamental way to stem oil（ ） and desertification in

17、the long run.问题1选项A.erosionB.depletionC.violationD.delusion【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。erosion“侵蚀；腐蚀”；depletion“消耗；损耗”；violation“违反；妨碍”；delusion“迷惑；欺骗”，根据句意可知此处要填的词与desertification“沙漠化”是相近的意思，所以此处应该填erosion，oil erosion是“土壤侵蚀”的意思。句意：从长远角度看，将耕地变回森林或者牧场是防止土壤和沙漠化的基本方式。故正确答案为选项A。8. 单选题If the work-force respected y

18、ou, you wouldnt need to（ ）your authority so often.问题1选项A.affirmB.restrainC.assertD.maintain【答案】C【解析】本题考查动词辨析题。affirm“断言；肯定”；restrain“抑制”；assert“声称；坚持；维护”；maintain“保持”，根据respected“尊重”可知此处对应的是“维护权威”，表示维护权威或者捍卫权威是要用动词assert，故正确答案为选项C。句意为：如果工人们尊重你，你就不需要总是维护你的权威。9. 单选题Three weeks after the suicide bombin

19、g, the police were still hunting for bombers for they believe more were（ ）.问题1选项A.on the verge ofB.on the slyC.on the spotD.on the loss【答案】C【解析】考查介词短语辨析。on the verge of“濒临于；接近于”；on the sly“偷偷地”；on the spot“在场；立刻；处于困境”；on the loss一般与of连用表示“丧失”，此处填的介词短语应该与爆炸案件有关，所以此处只能选择on the spot表示“在场”（这里指的是在案发现场）。句

20、意：自杀爆炸事件过去三周之后，警察仍然在搜捕爆炸者，因为他们相信的人可能更多。故正确答案为选项C。10. 单选题Last week the financial manager asked for a（ ）to Beijing branch, which was just set up three months ago.问题1选项A.transferB.transmissionC.transformationD.transport【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项transfer“（地点的）转移，（工作的）调动”；B选项transmission“传递，传送；播送”；C选项transforma

21、tion“转化，转换”；D选项transport“运输”。根据句意“上个星期财务部经理申请转去三个月前刚成立的北京分公司”，本句表示工作上的调动，句中which was just set up three months ago作非限制性定语从句，修饰Beijing branch, 因此A选项正确。11. 单选题Congress recognized the more money for better education and job training is（ ）to competitiveness.问题1选项A.adaptableB.applicableC.crucialD.cryst【答案

22、】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项adaptable“适合的，可修改的”；B选项applicable “可应用的，合适的”；C选项crucial“重要的”；D选项cryst“结晶的”。句意：国会意识到，为改善教育和职业培训提供更多资金对提高竞争力至关重要。本句表示“提供资金给教育和职业培训对竞争力的作用”，经济基础决定上层建筑，一般都有很重要的作用，C选项crucial“重要的”符合句意。因此C选项正确。12. 单选题When we credit the successful people with intelligence, physical strength or good luck, w

23、e are making excuses for ourselves because we fall（ ）in all three.问题1选项A.rareB.lackingC.shortD.scarce【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配辨析。rare“稀有的；稀薄的；半熟的”；lacking“缺乏的；没有的；不足的”；short“短的；不足的；矮的”；scarce“缺乏的；不足的；稀有的”，这四个词是同义词，都有“缺乏的”的意思，但是这里fall short是一个固定搭配，表示“不足；缺乏”。句意：当我们认为成功的人具有智慧、强健的体魄和好运时，我们只是在为我们以上三种因素而找借口。故正确答案为选

24、项C。13. 不定项选择题There is nothing that man fears more than the touch of the unknown. He wants to see what is reaching towards him, and to be able to recognize or at least classify it. Man always tends to avoid physical contact with anything strange. Even in sleep, when he is far more unguarded, he can a

25、ll too easily be disturbed by a touch.All the distances which men create round themselves are dictated by this fear. They shut themselves in houses which no one may enter, not only the fear of being robbed, but also the fear of a sudden and unexpected clutch out of the darkness. The fear of being to

26、uched remains with us when we go about among people; the way we move in a busy street, in restaurants, trains or buses, is governed by it. Even when we are standing next to them and are able to watch and examine them closely, we avoid actual contact if we can. If we do not avoid it, it is because we

27、 feel attracted to someone; and then it is we who make the approach.It is only in a crowd that man can become free of this fear of being touched. That is the only situation in which the fear changes into its opposite. The crowd he needs is the dense crowd, in which body is pressed to body; a crowd,

28、too, whose physical constitution is also dense, or compact, so that he no longer notices who it is that presses against him. As soon as a man has surrendered himself to the crowd he ceases to fear its touch.Ideally all are equal there; no distinctions count, not even that of sex. The man pressed aga

29、inst him is the same as himself. He feels him as he feels himself. Suddenly it is as though everything were happening in one and the same body. This is perhaps one of the reasons why a crowd seeks to close in on itself: it wants to rid each individual as completely as possible of the fear of being t

30、ouched. The more fiercely people press together, the more certain they feel that they do not fear each other. This reversal of the fear of being touched belongs to the nature of crowds. The feeling of relief is most striking where the density of the crowd is greatest.1. People fear burglars because（

31、 ）.2. In public, according to the author, we（ ）.3. Which is the possible meaning of the phrase “make the approach” in Paragraph 3?4. The way we feel when in a crowd is presented as a(n) （ ）.5. Once formed, crowds always tend to（ ）.问题1选项A.they arrive suddenly and unexpectedlyB.they grab you in the da

32、rkC.they take away your most treasured personal possessionsD.they attack people in the assumed safety of their home问题2选项A.always avoid contact with peopleB.do not object to someone attractive touching usC.feel very uneasyD.try not to be touched问题3选项A.run awayB.make ones wayC.lay out the roadD.try to

33、 get nearer问题4选项A.absurdityB.logical conclusionC.oppositeD.paradox问题5选项A.become uncomfortableB.contractC.expandD.split up【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:B【解析】第1题:判断推理题。文中第一句话There is nothing that man fears more than the touch of the unknown.“没有什么比接触未知更让人害怕的了。”以及第二段第二句They shut themselves in houses which

34、 no one may enter, not only the fear of being robbed, but also the fear of a sudden and unexpected clutch out of the darkness.“他们把自己关在一所不让人进去的房子里，不仅怕被抢劫，而且也怕突然地、意外地从黑暗中钻出来。”有提到，人们害怕未知事物是因为怕黑暗中的突然意外。A选项“他们来得突然，出乎意料”这是窃贼的特点，但不是人们害怕的理由；B选项“他们在黑暗中抓住你”，跟原文表达的意思是一样的；C选项“它们会带走你最珍贵的个人财产”文中有提及，但表示深层原因；D选项“他们

35、在人们认为安全的家里攻击他们”跟“黑暗中被抓住”意思有出入。因此B选项符合题意。第2题:判断推理题。文章第二段提到we avoid actual contact if we can. If we do not avoid it, it is because we feel attracted to someone“我们尽量避免实际接触。如果我们不回避它，那是因为我们被某人吸引了”，由此可知，在公共场合，作者认为我们不反对有吸引力的人对我们的碰触，所以B选项符合题意。A选项“总是避免与人接触”跟原文表述“尽量避免与人接触”还是有区别的，前者有些绝对化，人多的时候我们不可能避免接触，只是说尽量；C

36、选项“感到十分不安”，文中没有提到关于心情方面；D选项“尽量不要被碰”也是比较绝对的说法。因此B选项正确。第3题:语义推测题。由题意定位到文章第二段If we do not avoid it, it is because we feel attracted to someone; and then it is we who make the approach.“如果我们不回避它，那是因为我们被某人吸引了；然后是我们来采取行动。”由此可知，make the approach意为“采取措施，采取行动”。A选项“逃跑”意思不对；B选项“让路，行走”也不符合题意；C选项“铺设道路”可排除；D选项“试着

37、靠近”与approach（靠近）意思一致，比较符合题意。因此D选项正确。第4题:判断推理题。由题干定位到文章第三段It is only in a crowd that man can become free of this fear of being touched. That is the only situation in which the fear changes into its opposite.“只有在人群中，人们才能摆脱被触碰的恐惧。只有在这种情况下，恐惧才会变成与之相反的。”后面还给出了相应的合理解释。由此可知，我们在人群中一般的感受是合理的。B选项“合乎逻辑的结论”符合题意

38、；A选项“荒谬，谬论”与题意相反；C选项“相反的”并不是原文要表达的意思；D选项“悖论”不合题意可排除。因此B选项正确。第5题:判断推理题。结合文章最后一段This is perhaps one of the reasons why a crowd seeks to close in on itself: it wants to rid each individual as completely as possible of the fear of being touched.“这也许是群体慢慢向他自己靠拢的原因之一：它希望尽可能彻底地消除每个个体对被触碰的恐惧。”意思是人群多了，每个人所占据

39、的空间就相应地缩小了，也就向自己越靠越紧了。B选项contract“收缩”符合题意。A选项“变得不舒服”，由最后一句话可知该选项意思不对；C选项“扩张”与题意正好相反；D选项“分开”文中未提及可排除。因此B选项正确。14. 单选题Many advantages come with being a first-born child. First-borns tend to make more money than their younger siblings; they are more likely to earn advanced degrees, and they have slightl

40、y better odds of becoming presidents, prime ministers, and Nobel laureates. They even have longer life expectancy than later-born siblings.There is yet another advantage: First-born children show better second language skills than later-born children. At least this was the finding of new research in

41、 last months issue of Frontiers in Psychology.The study, led by Dr. Karin Keller of Switzerlands University of Basel, examined the second language skills of 1209 immigrant children between the ages of two-and-a-half and three from Switzerlands German-speaking region of Basel. The study was administe

42、red via mail; parents filled out a survey asking them to assess their childs German language ability. They also reported demographic information such as how many other children were in the household, birth order, number of books in the household, and parental language skills.The findings of the stud

43、y are as the following. First, children with more siblings exhibited worse second language skills than children with fewer siblings. This makes some sense; one might imagine that larger immigrant families are more likely to propagate the communication styles of their home country. Furthermore, more

44、children means less time for parents to develop their childrens second language abilities.Second, the researchers found that first-born children exhibited a minor, but statistically significant, advantage in their second language abilities.When explaining the causes for the language ability differen

45、ces, the researchers suggest that the differences have more to do with environmental factors. They cite a “resource dilution model”, in which first-born children benefit from a greater parental resource investment. The researchers write, “Every additional sibling means a reduction in the share of re

46、sources allocated to each child, thus reducing the foundations of their intellectual development.”Keller and her team of researchers, however, were quick to put this finding in context. They note that the effect is quite small; they were only able to find it because of the studys large sample size.

47、Furthermore, exposure to early education institutions offset the effect of birth order on second language acquisition. This, in the researchers minds, is the key takeaway from this study.Keller and her colleagues write, “Considering that families from immigrant backgrounds have fewer financial resou

48、rces, and that these resources influence the childrens level of development. It seems all the more important that immigrant families with many children are financially supported so that their children are offered the best opportunities possible for their academic careers. Given the results of this s

49、tudy, promoting the attendance of early education institutions is an efficient way of achieving this goal.”6. What do we know about first-born children?7. What does the study of Dr. Karin Keller find?8. What is one of the reasons for language ability differences between first-borns and later-borns?9

50、. What is the important information from the study according to the researchers?10. What is suggested to help the immigrant families?问题1选项A.They are more helpful with housework.B.They have a shorter lifespan.C.They seem to be stronger.D.They tend to be better off.问题2选项A.Parents with more children te

51、nd to spend less time with them.B.Immigrant families pay less attention to their childrens language ability.C.Children with fewer siblings have better second language skills.D.Children with more siblings have more chance to practice a second language.问题3选项A.Genetic factor.B.Parenting model.C.Resourc

52、e allocation.D.Sibling competition.问题4选项A.Immigrant backgrounds can influence childrens second language ability.B.Early education can make up for birth order effect on second language acquisition.C.Childrens intellectual development is important for second language learning.D.The birth order effect

53、on second language acquisition depends on the sample size.问题5选项A.Giving financial support to those with fewer resources.B.Offering more opportunities for the development of parents.C.Calling on education institutions to offer free courses.D.Carrying out more studies on language acquisition abilities

54、.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】6.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“First-borns tend to make more money than their younger siblings; they are more likely to earn advanced degrees, and they have slightly better odds of becoming presidents, prime ministers, and Nobel laureates. They even have longer

55、life expectancy than later-born siblings.（第一个出生的孩子往往比他们的弟弟妹妹赚更多的钱；他们更有可能获得高级学位，他们成为总统、总理和诺贝尔奖获得者的几率略高。他们甚至比后来出生的兄弟姐妹寿命更长。）”，由此可推断出先出生的孩子往往境况更好。A选项“他们在家务方面更有帮助”文章没有提到；B选项“他们的寿命较短”说法错误；C选项“他们看起来更强壮”文中也没有提到；D选项“他们往往比较富裕”正确。A、B、C选项均不符合题意，因此D选项正确。7.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段“First, children with mo

56、re siblings exhibited worse second language skills than children with fewer siblings.（首先，兄弟姐妹多的孩子比兄弟姐妹少的孩子表现出更差的第二语言能力。）”，由此可知兄弟姐妹少的孩子的第二语言能力比较强。A选项“孩子多的父母与孩子相处的时间往往更少”；B选项“移民家庭对孩子的语言能力关注较少”；C选项“兄弟姐妹较少的孩子有更好的第二语言能力”；D选项“有更多兄弟姐妹的孩子有更多的机会练习第二语言”，A、B、D选项均不符合题意，因此C选项正确。8.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。文章第六段写到：They

57、cite a “resource dilution model”, in which first-born children benefit from a greater parental resource investment. The researchers write, “Every additional sibling means a reduction in the share of resources allocated to each child, thus reducing the foundations of their intellectual development.”（

58、他们引用了一个“资源稀释模型”，在这个模型中，第一个出生的孩子受益于父母更多的资源投资。研究人员写到，“每增加一个兄弟姐妹意味着分配给每个孩子的资源份额减少，从而减少了他们智力发展的基础。”）。由此可知先后出生的孩子在资源分配上存在着差异。A选项“遗传因素”；B选项“教育模式”；C选项“资源分配”；D选项“兄弟姐妹竞争”。A、B、D选项均不符合题意，因此C选项正确。9.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第七段“Furthermore, exposure to early education institutions offset the effect of birth

59、order on second language acquisition. This, in the researchers minds, is the key takeaway from this study.（此外，接触早教机构抵消了出生顺序对第二语言习得的影响。在研究人员看来，这是这项研究的关键。）”，由此可知研究中最关键的发现就是早期教育可以帮助弥补出生顺序对第二语言习得的影响。A选项“移民背景会影响儿童的第二语言能力”；B选项“早期教育可以弥补出生顺序对第二语言习得的影响”；C选项“儿童的智力发展对第二语言学习很重要”；D选项“出生顺序对第二语言习得的影响取决于样本量”。A、C、D选

60、项均不符合题意，因此B选项正确。10.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“Considering that families from immigrant backgrounds have fewer financial resources, and that these resources influence the childrens level of development. It seems all the more important that immigrant families with many children are financially

61、supported so that their children are offered the best opportunities possible for their academic careers.（考虑到移民家庭的经济资源较少，而这些资源会影响孩子的发展水平。似乎更重要的是，有很多孩子的移民家庭得到经济上的支持，这样他们的孩子就能在学术生涯中获得最好的机会。）”，由此可知移民家庭需要经济资源的支持。A选项“向资源较少的人提供财政支持”；B选项“为父母提供更多的发展机会”；C选项“呼吁教育机构提供免费课程”；D选项“开展更多的语言习得能力研究”。B、C、D选项均不符合题意，因此A选项

62、正确。15. 单选题The emphasis on examinations is by far the（ ）worst form of competition in schools.问题1选项A.negligentB.edibleC.fabulousD.disproportionate【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。negligent“疏忽的；大意的”；edible “可食用的”；fabulous “难以置信的；极好的”；disproportionate“不成比例的”，根据句子意思可知此处应该填一个形容词，并且是表示贬义的形容词来形容“强调考试”这种糟糕的竞赛方式，分析四个选项，只有d

63、isproportionate最恰当。句意：对考试的强调是目前学校里面最不合理竞赛方式。故正确答案为选项D。16. 单选题There has been so much media（ ）of the coming election that people have got bored with it.问题1选项A.circulationB.concernC.broadcastingD.coverage【答案】C【解析】本题考查了名词的辨析。circulation“循环（血液等）；流通（货币，消息等）；发行量 （专辑，书等）”；concern“关心；关系”；broadcasting“播放；广播节目”；coverage “聚集；汇集”，根据此处的media可知此处应该填写一个与新闻媒体相关的名词，四个选项中只有broadcasting最