2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考试名师点拨押题密卷30（含答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考试名师点拨押题密卷（含答案详解）1. 单选题Noah Websters Dictionary was （ ） in 1828 and has been extremely influential in American language usage ever since then.问题1选项A.the first publishedB.first publishedC.the first to be publishedD.to be first published【答案】B【解析】根据句意：这部字典在1828年首次出版, 事情已经完成, 首先排除选项C和D；选

2、项A不符合句意, 所以只有选项B正确。2. 单选题For centuries coal has been one of the most important fuels, and it still is, although it is less important now than it once was. Other fuels, notably petroleum and natural gas, are replacing it. But coal is still widely used for domestic heating and in power stations for ge

3、nerating electricity. Enormous quantities of coal are made into gas, and for use in metal-smelting furnaces, and elsewhere. And coal provides valuable raw materials for the chemical industry, too. But here again, petroleum and natural gas are supplanting coal.We mine coal from the ground, just as we

4、 mine minerals and ores. The deposits may lie on or just below the surface or deep underground. It is in coal-mining that the greatest advances in mining methods have taken place. Continuous mining machines hew the coal from the coal face, where once the miners slaved. Lengthy conveyor systems conve

5、y away the hew coal. Diesel and battery locomotives haul wagons along miles of underground tunnels.We tend to call coal a mineral, too. But there is a great difference between coal and, say, iron ore. Iron ore is inorganic in origin, being formed as a result of inorganic, or non-living processes ins

6、ide the Earths crust. Coal, on the other hand, is organic in origin, being derived from plants which once lived on the surface. It consists mainly of carbon. The actual proportion of carbon varies from one type of coal to another.Most of the coal in the world is derived from plants that grew in the

7、Carboniferous Period of the Earths history, which lasted from about 350 million to about 280 million years ago. During this period whole regions of the Earth were covered in swamps, in which lived gigantic ferns and trees. The plants died and fell into the swamps. Bacteria acted upon the dead vegeta

8、ble matter and caused it to decay. As time went on, the decomposing vegetable matter became covered with mud and clay, and then more plants grew, died, decayed, and so on. In places layer upon layer of decayed plant remains built up, sandwiched between mud and clay sediments. In time the Earths crus

9、t folded this way and that; heat and pressure changed the sediments into rock and forced out most of the water from the decayed matter, which changed into coal. Thus were the coal measures formed.Not all the coal was subjected to the same degrees of heat and pressure. Therefore there are different k

10、inds of coals. Peat is not really a true coal, but it represents the first decomposition stage in the coal-forming process. Lignite, or brown coal, represents a further state in the process. It contains a little less moisture, and somewhat more carbon than peat. Next there is bituminous or soft coal

11、, the most plentiful of the coals. It has a high carbon content and contains little moisture. The final product of the coal-making process is anthracite, or hard coal, which is over nine-tenths carbon and contains scarcely any moisture at all.1.The word supplanting in line 6 of paragraph 1 most prob

12、ably means（ ） .2.The second paragraph is mainly about （ ） .3.Whats the difference between coal and iron ore?4.From the passage, we know that （ ） .5.What is the main topic of this passage?6.Paragraph 4 deals with （ ） .7.According to the passage, there are（ ） types of coal.问题1选项A.supplementingB.supply

13、ingC.replacingD.providing问题2选项A.difference between coal and iron oreB.the deposit of coalC.mining machineD.generating electricity问题3选项A.They are different in originB.They are different in appearance.C.They are different in colonD.They are different in mining methods问题4选项A.coal is just used for domes

14、tic heating.B.iron ore is organic.C.both coal and iron ore are important fuels.D.coal is less important than it once was.问题5选项A.The applications of coalB.The applications and formation of coal.C.Classification of coal.D.Coal is less important than it once was.问题6选项A.the process of coal formationB.th

15、e changes of coalC.the classification of coalD.the carbon in coal问题7选项A.4B.6C.8D.10【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B第6题:A第7题:A【解析】1.根据原文句意可知, 石油和天然气正在取代煤炭。supplementing补；supplying供应, 充；replacing更换, 替代；providing提供。选项C与之意思相近, 所以正确。2.根据第二段的内容可知, 本段主要是讲开采煤矿的过程, 其中重点描述的是开采器械, 所以选项C正确。3.根据第三段的内容可知, 煤和铁矿有很大的区别

16、。铁矿的来源是无机的, 是地壳内部无机或无生命的过程。煤的来源是有机的, 来自曾经生活在地表的植物。由此可知, 它们的来源不同, 选项A正确。4.根据第一段第一句“it is less important now than it once was.”可知选D符合原文；选项A和B表述错误；选项C在文中没有提及。所以本题选D。5.结合全文内容可知, 本文主要是讲煤炭的应用与形成。选项B最能概括全文。6.第四段最后一句“Thus were the coal measures formed.”为本段的中心句, 本段主要是讲煤的形成过程, 选项A正确。7.根据原文最后一段可知, 煤有四种：peat, l

17、ignite（brown coal）, bituminous（soft coal）, anthracite（hard coal）, 注意连词“or”的使用就能快速找出答案, 选项A正确。3. 单选题Frankly speaking, Id rather you（ ）anything about it for the time being.问题1选项A.doB.dont doC.didD.didnt do【答案】D【解析】would rather引导的从句用虚拟语气, 动词用过去时态表示, 所以首先排除选项A和B；根据anything可指本句应该为否定语气, 所以选项D正确。4. 单选题Acco

18、rding to a United States law passed in 1986, states participating in daylight saving time（ ） advance their clocks one hour on the last Sunday in April.问题1选项A.conceptuallyB.systematicallyC.simultaneouslyD.purposefully【答案】C【解析】conceptually概念地；systematically有系统地；simultaneously同时地；purposefully 有目的地。句意：根

19、据1986年通过的一项美国法律, 在4月的最后一个星期天, 参加夏令时的州同时把他们的时钟拨快一个小时。选项C符合句意。5. 单选题In Great Britain today good manners at table include eating with the mouth closed; not letting any of the food fall off the plate: using the knife only for cutting; and not trying to take food across the table. In other parts of the w

20、orld there are also rules for people to follow when they are eating, but they are not the same as those of Britain. Indeed, what are considered good table manners in some other countries are what British people try hardest to avoid. In Arabia, for instance, the people at a feast take pieces of food

21、with their fingers and belch loudly to show that they have appreciated it.The richer and more educated people in the East have, however, to a great extent taken up the table manners and customs of Western people. Tables and chairs have replaced the cushions of the past, and the lady of the house pre

22、sides at one end of the table in the same way that Western women do. Many Japanese, however, still feel it would be wrong to eat unless they were sitting on a cushion before a low table with a tray of food on it. In many parts of the world both traditional and Western styles of eating exist side by

23、side.In the West there are differences between table manners in various countries, although they are not so marked. In North America it is polite to cut up meat and then put the knife down, take the fork in the right hand and eat with it. Most European people, like the British, keep the fork in the

24、left hand and the knife in the right all the time when they are eating food that has to be cut. In the British Isles and Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland) special knives and forks are used for eating fish. In France, Belgium and Italy, however, it is correct to keep the same, knife f

25、or every course, wiping it on a piece of bread.Drinking customs at table also vary in different countries. In Europe, water, wine or beer is drunk with meats and coffee or tea is taken afterwards. In North America a beverage such as coffee, tea or milk is drunk with meals.Table manners of course hav

26、e changed with time. The earliest meals were also the simplest. They were eaten sitting on the ground round a fire, and everyone took his food from a pot on the fire or cut bits from the animal or bird that had been cooked. The women waited on the warriors and afterwards ate what they left.Fingers w

27、ere used to cut food throughout the middle ages. Food was eaten off wooden dishes with the noblemen sitting above the salt. The ordinary people sat below the salt. In the reign of Henry VII(15091547), people were still eating with their hands after cutting the food with a clasp knife which was alway

28、s cached at the belt. Forks were not used in England until the 17th century.1.What conclusion can you draw from the passage?2.The British people （ ） .3.How to use a knife while eating is （ ） .4.Sitting above the salt is the last paragraph probably means （ ） .5.From the passage, we know that table ma

29、nners（ ） .6.According to the passage, we know that the wealthier and well-educated people in the east （ ） .7.In paragraph 3, line 1 the word they refers to （ ） .问题1选项A.Some slight difference between table manners do not exist the West.B.Forks were bed in England before the 17th century.C.Table manne

30、rs and customs are different from country to countryD.Sitting on a cushion before a table is common in the East.问题2选项A.consider belching loudly an impolite table mannerB.appreciate the table manners in many other parts of the worldC.used forks more than thousand years agoD.take food from the table问题

31、3选项A.a standard of good table mannersB.never used in North AmericaC.different among Western countriesD.not a problem in Britain问题4选项A.sitting on a salt cellarB.sitting above the salt cellar with legs apartC.being the most distinguished guestD.salt used to be seats in Britain问题5选项A.change very little

32、 through the agesB.change with time.C.are actually the same among the countriesD.are extremely important问题6选项A.pay more attention to table mannersB.strictly stick to their traditional table mannersC.adopt Western table mannersD.have their own table manners问题7选项A.differencesB.table mannersC.various c

33、ountriesD.Western people【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B第6题:C第7题:A【解析】1.结合全文内容可知, 本文主要讲的是各国之间不同的餐桌礼仪和风俗习惯, 选项C最能概括全文。2.根据第一段最后两句可知, 在其他一些国家被认为是好的餐桌礼仪却是英国人竭力避免的, 比如, 在阿拉伯人们在宴会上用手指拿起食物, 并大声打嗝, 以示感谢。由此可知, 英国人认为大声打嗝是一种不礼貌的餐桌礼仪, 选项A符合原文。3.根据第三段的内容可知, 不同的国家有不同的餐桌礼仪。接下来作者分别列举了北美, 英国以及欧洲其他国家使用刀叉的不同习俗, 所以选项C正确。

34、4.根据原文noblemen和ordinary people相对应, sitting above the salt和sat below the salt相对应, 说明地位高的人和地位低的人被区别对待。sitting above the salt指坐上席, 所有选项C正确。5.根据第五段第一句“Table manners of course have changed with time.”餐桌礼仪随着时间的推移而改变。选项B符合原文。6.根据第二段第一句“The richer and more educated people in the East have, however, to a gre

35、at extent taken up the table manners and customs of Western people.”可知, 选项C符合原文。7.根据原文句意：在西方, 不同的国家有不同的餐桌礼仪, 虽然没有那么明显。这里的“they”指代的是“differences”, 说明差异不明显, 所以选项A正确。6. 单选题The precious manuscripts were hopelessly（ ） by long exposure in the cold, damp cellar.问题1选项A.damagedB.destroyedC.harmedD.mined【答案】B

36、【解析】damage主要指对价值和功能的破坏, 多用于无生命的东西, 一般还可修复；destroy指通过某种有力的或粗暴的手段使之毁灭或无用, 一般不能或很难修复；harm主要用于有生命的东西, 偶尔也用于无生命的事物, 常指伤及一个人或其健康、权利、事业等；mine指开采, 不符合句意。通过“hopelessly”可知毁坏程度大, 无法修复, 所以选项B更恰当。7. 单选题For untold centuries man depended almost entirely on his hunting ability to obtain food. From sunrise to sundow

37、n, armed with clubs and spears, and aided by trained wild dogs, he searched for game his foremost source of food with his primitive weapons, the largest and swiftest animals often eluded him, and the hunter and his family frequently went for days without meat.While the men were hunting game, the wom

38、en and children searched for edible vegetation. From nearby plants and trees they gathered berries, nuts, grain, and roots. These meager staples stayed the pain of hunger when the hunters returned empty handed. When the supplies of game and plants in an area were exhausted, the entire tribe was forc

39、ed to move on to a new and hopefully better region. Thus man led a nomadic existence. He could never settle in one place for long because his growing population outstripped the available supply of food in the area.Then man made one of his greatest discoveries agriculture. This revelation of raising

40、plants and domesticating animals was one of the major steps in civilization. Agriculture did not by itself create civilization, but without it man could not have settled in one place long enough to build a permanent home. Anthropologists are uncertain about when or how man first learned to farm. The

41、y suggest it may have resulted from casual observation. A tribe or many tribes over a wide area might have stayed in one place long enough to see a true bear fruit for more than one season. They may also have observed that young plants grew out of ground to produce food as they matured.Or, as one an

42、thropologist suggests, a handful of wild groin may have thrown onto the ground, and later the seeds grew into new plants. Regardless of the exact circumstances, man did eventually recognize that he could have a dependable source of food if he planted seeds and later harvested his crop.After man lear

43、ned that he could grow food, the next step was mastering crop cultivation. The early farmer realized that he could grow more food if the seeds were covered with broken ground. This insight led to the making of the first farm equipment - sticks shaped into spades and hoes. From examination of the rem

44、ains of the earliest known farming tools, archaeologists have determined that this occurred about seven thousand years ago. These implements were found in the area known as the Fertile Crescent, which lies between the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea and Persian Gulf. Evidence also indicates that

45、 the farmers of this area possibly the first in the world cultivated large wheat crops. To tend these crops, the hoe and spades were transformed into plows.About the same time as the growing of the first crops, man, relying on the experience he had gained in training wild dogs to aid in hunting, beg

46、an domesticating other animals. Over the years, he developed herds of animals for food and to aid in his work.With the cultivation of crops and the domestication, of animals, man had a fairly dependable and permanent food supply. This accomplishment allowed him time for other work. Instead of spendi

47、ng most of his waking hours hunting for food, he was able to establish villages, and he had leisure time to ponder new ideas and keep records of events in his life. With the discovery of agriculture, man ceased his animal-like existence and began to build the foundation for civilization.1.The word e

48、lude in the first paragraph most probably means （ ） .2.What is the significance of raising plants and domesticating animals?3.From this passage we can conclude that （ ） .4.According to the passage, with the discovery of agriculture（ ） .5.During the period in which man was hunting for animals for foo

49、d, man could never live in one place permanently because（ ） .6.With regard to when and how man first learned to farm, the passage （ ） .7.Man stopped his animal-like living after he （ ） .问题1选项A.abandonB.desertC.escapeD.mummify问题2选项A.Men didnt have to lead a nomadic life.B.They didnt have to search fo

50、r edible vegetation.C.The largest and swiftest animals couldnt elude them anymore.D.This indicates that men entered the civilized society.问题3选项A.men mastered cultivation method from their experiencesB.they learned how to chase animals from watching them runC.men searched for game with primitive weap

51、onsD.sometimes they were aided by some trained wild dogs问题4选项A.men spent most of their time hunting for foodB.civilization beganC.the early farmer made the first farm equipmentD.men began domesticating other animals问题5选项A.he lived a nomadic lifeB.the population grew so quicklyC.the food supplies wer

52、e exhaustedD.the animals often escaped his hunting问题6选项A.explains in detailsB.provides some guessesC.doesnt mention it at allD.offers sure answers by anthropologists问题7选项A.stopped hunting animalsB.learned to make tools for huntingC.trained dogs to aid in huntingD.discovered agriculture【答案】第1题:C第2题:A

53、第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C第6题:B第7题:D【解析】1.根据下文“the hunter and his family frequently went for days without meat.”猎人和他的家人经常几天吃不到肉, 说明这些动物都躲着猎人, 所以“eluded”指的是躲避, 逃避；选项C正确。2.根据第三段的内容可知, 饲养植物和驯养动物的启示是人类文明的重要步骤之一, 并没有说明人类进入了文明社会, 所以选项D不正确；农业本身并没有创造文明, 但是如果没有农业, 人类不可能在一个地方定居足够长的时间来建立一个永久的家园。也就是说, 有了农业, 人不必再过游牧生活。选项A正

54、确。3.根据原文可知, 选项B在文中没有提及；选项C和D是文中已知的信息；根据第五段的内容可知, 人们从他们的经验中掌握了种植农作物的方法。所以选项A正确。4.根据最后一段的最后一句“With the discovery of agriculture, man ceased his animal-like existence and began to build the foundation for civilization”随着农业的发现, 人类停止了动物般的存在, 开始建立文明的基础。选项B符合原文。5.根据第二段的倒数第三句“When the supplies of game and p

55、lants in an area were exhausted, the entire tribe was forced to move on to a new and hopefully better region.”当某一地区的野味和植物供应被耗尽时, 整个部落被迫迁移到一个新的、有希望成为更好的地区。选项C符合原文。6.根据第三段“Anthropologists are uncertain about when or how man first learned to farm. They suggest it may have resulted from casual observati

56、on.”人类学家不确定人类何时或如何学会耕种。他们认为这可能是偶然观察的结果。由此可知, 本文只是提供了一些猜测, 所以选项B正确。7.根据最后一段的最后一句“With the discovery of agriculture, man ceased his animal-like existence and began to build the foundation for civilization”随着农业的发现, 人类停止了动物般的存在, 开始建立文明的基础。选项D符合原文。8. 单选题Since World War II, there has been a clearly discer

57、nible trend, especially among the growing group of college students, toward early marriage. Many youths begin dating in the first stages of adolescence, go steady through high school, and marry before their formal education has been completed. In some quarters, there is much shaking of graying looks

58、 and clucking of middle-aged tongues over the ways of wayward youth. However, emotional maturity is no respecter of birthdays; it doesnt arrive automatically at twenty-one or twenty-five. Some achieve it surprisingly early, while others never do, even in three-score years and ten.Many students are m

59、arrying as an escape, not only from an unsatisfying home life, but also from their own personal problems of isolation and loneliness. And it can almost be put down as a dictum that any marriage entered into as an escape cannot prove entirely successful. The sad fact is that marriage seldom solves on

60、es problems; more often, it merely accentuates them. Furthermore, it is doubtful whether the home as an institution is capable of carrying ail that the young are seeking to put into it; one might say in theological terms, that they are forsaking one idol only to worship another. Young people correct

61、ly understand that their parents are wrong in believing that success” is the ultimate good, but they erroneously believe that they themselves have found the true center of lifes meaning. Their expectations of marriage are essentially Utopian and therefore incapable of fulfillment. They want too much

62、 and tragic disillusionment is often bound to follow.Shall we, then, join the chorus of Miserere, over early marriage? One cannot generalize: all early marriages are not bad more than all later ones are good. Satisfactory marriages are determined not by chronology, but by the emotional maturity of t

63、he partners. Therefore, each case must be judged on its own merits. If the early marriage is not an escape, if it is entered into with relatively few illusions or few false expectations, and if it is economically feasible, why not? Good marriages can be made from sixteen to sixty, and so can bad ones.1.According to this article, the tread toward ea