2022年考博英语-中国政法大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷24（附答案带详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-中国政法大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题There were bitter disputes over patent rights during the early years of the motion picture industry.问题1选项A.scandalsB.disappointmentC.strikesD.disagreements【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。dispute表示“争议”。A项scandal“丑闻，流言蜚语”，B项disappointment“失望，沮丧”，C项strike“罢工，抗拒”，D项disagreement

2、“不一致，争论”；句意：在电影工业的早期，有过关于专利权的激烈争论。根据句意该题选D。2. 单选题The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies _ ill-informed or incompetent users.问题1选项A.inB.atC.withD.on【答案】C【解析】考查固定词组。A项lie in“在于，睡懒觉”，B项lie没有与at搭配的用法；C项lie with“取决于，是的权利”，D项lie on“位于，压迫，依赖”。句意：目

3、标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。故正确答案为C。3. 翻译题An individual human existence should be like a riversmall at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly,

4、 and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man, who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, wear

5、iness increases, the thought of rest will not be unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.【答案】参考译文：一个人的存在应该像一条河流开始是涓涓细流，被限制在狭窄的河岸之间，然后热情奔放地冲过岩石，越过瀑布。渐渐地，河面变宽了，河岸也远去，河

6、水流动得更加平静。最后，它没有间断地融入了大海，而后便毫无痛苦地消失了自我。能够这样理解自己一生的老人，就不会因害怕死亡而痛苦，因为他所珍爱的一切都会继续存在下去。而且，随着精力的衰退，倦意的增加，长眠的想法并不是不受欢迎的。我希望死于尚能劳作之时，知道别人会继续我未竟的事业，一想到能做的事都做了，就感到满足。4. 单选题Chinatown has been the center of San Franciscos Chinese community since the 1850s. Its boundaries have expanded significantly since the 19

7、60s, and the neighborhoods built there are generally affluent.问题1选项A.plentifulB.attractiveC.friendlyD.wealthy【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。affluent表示“富裕的，丰富的”；A项plentiful“丰富的，许多的”，B项attractive“吸引人的”，C项friendly“友好的”，D项wealthy“富裕的”。句意：自19世纪50年代以来，唐人街一直是旧金山华人社区的中心。自20世纪60年代以来，它的疆界大幅扩张，在那里建造的社区一般都很富裕。根据句意该题选D。5. 翻译题

8、我们大家都读过一些激动人心的故事，故事中的主人公将不久于人世，余下的日子屈指可数，长不过一年，短则只有一天。我们始终很想知道，这个死到临头的人做出什么样的抉择来度过最后的命数。这类故事常引起我们的思索和遐想：在这类情况下人们会做些什么呢？哪些事件、哪些经历、哪些联想会在临死的最后一刻一股脑儿涌向心头呢？有时我想，把每一天都当作生命最后一天来过，也许是一种极好的生活准则。【答案】参考译文：All of us have read thrilling stories in which the hero had only a limited and specified time to live. So

9、metimes it was as long as year; sometimes as short as twenty-four hours. But we always were interested in discovering just how the doomed man chose to spend his last days or his last hours.Such stories set us thinking and wondering what we should do under similar circumstances. What events, what exp

10、eriences, and what associations should we crowd into those last hours as mortal beings? Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow.6. 单选题The wrapper itself _ the shopper, who usually throws it away immediately.问题1选项A.is not an interest toB.is

11、 of no interest toC.is not interested toD.is uninteresting to【答案】B【解析】考查interest的意义和用法，固定搭配be of (no) interest to sb.“（不）会引起的兴趣”；区别interested“感兴趣”，interesting“有趣的”，interest“兴趣，爱好”。A项语义不符，C项表示“包装纸对顾客不感兴趣”不符合句子逻辑，D项也不符合逻辑；本句句意是：对于顾客来说，包装纸本身不会引起其兴趣，通常，他们立即就将其扔掉了。根据语义，B项最符合。7. 单选题Mark pursued Elizabeth

12、with gentle manners, but was still repelled.问题1选项A.held upB.held offC.held toD.held in【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。repel表示“抵制”；A项hold up“举起，阻拦”，B项hold off“拖延，不接近”，C项hold to“坚持，紧握”，D项hold in“抑制，约束”。句意：尽管马克用温和的口吻极力劝说伊丽莎白，但仍然被拒绝了。根据句意该题选A。8. 单选题Sign systems in general are _: iconic or conventional.问题1选项A.two typesB

13、.of two typesC.the two typesD.of the two types【答案】B【解析】考查语法。“be of +名词”可用来说明句子主语在度量，大小，颜色，类别等方面的特征，这类名词有age, size, height, weight, shape, type, kind等，排除A项和C项，D项多了定冠词the,因此B项符合题意。句意：符号系统一般有两种类型：标志性的或传统的。因此B项正确。9. 单选题The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on _ best in its climate and soil

14、.问题1选项A.it growsB.what growsC.does it growD.what does it grow【答案】B【解析】考查语法。depend on后面应该接宾语从句。A选项缺少that引导宾语从句；B选项刚好与后面内容组成宾语从句；C和D都是疑问句式，不能选；句意：一个国家的主要食物是什么，大体取决于什么作物在其天气和土壤条件下生长得最好。因此，该题正确答案为B。10. 单选题_ the precise qualities of the hero in literary works may vary over time, the elementary functions

15、of the hero seems to remain constant.问题1选项A.WhateverB.Even thoughC.In spite ofD.Regardless【答案】B【解析】考查句子逻辑。由题干可知，这里需要的是一个表示转折的连词，A项whatever“无论如何”词性不对；C项in spite of“尽管，不管”一般是主观上故意去忽视，有时往往是好的条件，因素，或他人的建议，很可能导致不好的结果，和题意不符；D项regardless“不管”必须后面接of才能连接从句；所以选择B项even though“即使。句意：历代文学作品中的英雄本色虽各有千秋，但其昭世功力却是恒古

16、不变的。因此，该题正确答案为B。11. 单选题In Roman times, defeated enemies were generally put to death as criminals for having offended the emperor of Rome. In the middle ages, however, the practice of ransoming, or returning prisoners in exchange for money, became common. Though some saw this custom as a step towards

17、 a more humane society, the primary reasons behind it were economic rather than humanitarian.In those times, rulers had only a limited ability to raise taxes. They could neither force their subjects to fight nor pay them to do so. The promise of material compensation in the form of goods and ransom

18、was therefore the only way of inducing combatants to participate in a war. In the middle ages, the predominant incentive for the individual soldier to participate in a war was the expectation of spoils. Although collecting ransom clearly brought financial gain, keeping a prisoner and arranging for h

19、is exchange had its costs. Consequently, several procedures were devised to reduce transaction costs.One such device was a rule asserting that the prisoner had to assess his own value. This compelled the prisoner to establish a value without much distortion; indicating too low a value would increase

20、 the captives chances of being killed, while indicating too high a value would either rush him financially or create a prohibitively expensive ransom that would also result in death.A second means of reducing costs was the practice of releasing a prisoner on his word of honor. This procedure was adv

21、antageous to both parties since the captor was relieved of the expense of keeping the prisoner while the captive had freedom of movement. The captor also benefited financially by having his captive raise the ransom himself. This “parole” was a viable practice since the released prisoner risked recap

22、ture or retaliation against his family. Moreover, in medieval society, breaking ones word had serious consequences. When, for example, King Francois I broke his word to the Emperor Charles V in 1525, his reputation suffered immensely.A find method of reducing costs was the use of specialized institu

23、tions to establish contact between the two parties. Two types of institutions emerged: professional dealers who acted as brokers, and members of religious orders who acted as neutral intermediaries. Dealers advanced money for the ransom and charged interest on the loan. Two of the religious orders t

24、hat became intermediaries were the Mercedarians and the Trinitarians, who between them arranged the ransom of nearly one million prisoners.61. The primary purpose of the passage is to _.62. It can be inferred from the passage that a medieval soldier _.63. In the authors opinion, a soldiers decision

25、to spare an adversarys life be linked historically to _.64. It can be inferred from the passage that the process of arranging ransoms during medieval times was _.65. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?问题1选项A.discuss the economic basis of the medieval practice of ex

26、changing prisoners for ransomB.examine the history of the treatment of prisoners of warC.emphasize the importance of a warriors word of honor during the Middle AgesD.explore three ways of reducing the costs of ransom问题2选项A.had few economic options and chose to fight because it was the only way toB.w

27、as similar to a 20th-century terrorist in that he operated on a basically independent level and was motivated solely by economic incentivesC.was less likely to kill captured members of opposing armies than was a soldier of the Roman EmpireD.was motivated to spare prisoners lives by humanitarian rath

28、er than economic ideals问题3选项A.the economic relationship of the warring statesB.the economic gain from taking an enemy prisoner rather than killing him in combatC.the case with which a soldier could capture and subsequently imprison his enemyD.technological advances in weaponry问题4选项A.more lucrative f

29、or medieval soldiers and kings than the winning of spoilsB.a procedure so costly that it was not economically worthwhile for the captorsC.futile for the captive since lie risked recapture even after his ransom was paidD.a potential source of income for others aside from the captors of the prisoners问

30、题5选项A.An assertion is made, briefly explained, and then several examples that refute the assertion are given.B.A historical analysis is made of a phenomenon and supporting details are offered.C.A hypothesis is offered, carefully qualified, and then supporting data is analyzed.D.A generally accepted

31、historical viewpoint is presented in order to introduce discussion of its strengths and limitations.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】61.【试题答案】A【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“文章的主要目的是”。文章第一段提到In Roman times, defeated enemies were generally put to death as criminals for having offended the emperor of Rome. In the

32、middle ages, however, the practice of ransoming, or returning prisoners in exchange for money, became common. Though some saw this custom as a step towards a more humane society, the primary reasons behind it were economic rather than humanitarian.（在罗马时代，被打败的敌人通常会因为冒犯了罗马皇帝而被当作罪犯处死。然而，在中世纪，赎回或遣返囚犯以换取

33、金钱的做法变得普遍起来。尽管有些人认为这一习俗是迈向更人道社会的一步，但其背后的主要原因是经济而非人道主义。），接着全篇都是在描述中世纪拿战俘换取金钱这一行为，可知文章的主要目的是讨论中世纪统治者拿战俘换取金钱这一行为的经济基础，故A项“讨论中世纪交换囚犯换取赎金的经济基础”符合题意。B项“研究战俘待遇的历史”和C项“在中世纪强调战士的荣誉承诺的重要性”，都只是在文章中有稍微提到，比较片面；D项“探索三种降低赎金成本的方法”，根据第二段倒数两句Although collecting ransom clearly brought financial gain, keeping a prisone

34、r and arranging for his exchange had its costs. Consequently, several procedures were devised to reduce transaction costs.（虽然收集赎金显然带来了经济利益，但关押和安排交换囚犯是有代价的。因此，制定了若干程序以减少交易成本。），由此可知，降低交易成本只是统治者为了能够获得最大的经济利益，是讨论统治者拿战俘换取金钱这一行为的一部分内容，D项概括不够全面。故该题选A。62.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据文章可以推断中世纪的士兵”。根据第二段第四句In t

35、he middle ages, the predominant incentive for the individual soldier to participate in a war was the expectation of spoils.（在中世纪，每个士兵参加战争的主要动机是对战利品的期望）可知中世纪士兵是为了获得战利品而去战斗，因为中世纪战俘可以换赎金，所以一般不会像罗马时期一样杀死战俘，故C项“他比罗马帝国的士兵更不可能杀死被敌军俘虏的士兵”符合题意；A项“没有什么经济选择，所以选择战斗，因为这是唯一的办法”，第二段第三句提到The promise of material com

36、pensation in the form of goods and ransom was therefore the only way of inducing combatants to participate in a war.（以货物和赎金形式提供物质补偿的承诺是诱使战斗人员参加战争的唯一办法）可知，让士兵参加战斗的唯一办法是承诺以货物和赎金形式提供物质补偿，所以A项错误；B项“类似于20世纪的恐怖分子，他基本上是独立运作的，只受经济动机的驱使”，全文作者没有将中世纪的士兵与现代的恐怖主义作比较，故不选B；D项“是出于人道主义而不是经济理想来拯救囚犯的生命”，释放战俘是为了获得赎金，而不

37、是人道主义，所以D项也不选。故该题选C。63.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“在作者看来，一名士兵决定宽恕敌人的生命历史上是与有关”。根据第一段的第二句话In the middle ages, however, the practice of ransoming, or returning prisoners in exchange for money, became common.（然而，在中世纪，赎回或遣返囚犯以换取金钱的做法变得普遍起来），我们可以知道战士不杀死战俘的原因是为了赎金；这是个人经济动力驱使，所以B项“在战斗中俘虏敌人而不是杀死他所获得的经济收益”符合题意。

38、A项“战国的经济关系”，文章没有提到罗马帝国和战国的经济关系；C项“一名士兵可以捕获并监禁他的敌人的情况”这不是士兵会宽恕敌人的生命的原因，最终是为了获得赎金；D项“武器装备技术进步”文章也未提到；故该题选B。64.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中可以推断出中世纪安排赎金的过程是”。根据第二段第四句 In the Middle Ages, the predominant incentive for the individual soldier to participate in a war was the expectation of spoils.（在中世纪，每个士

39、兵参加战争的主要动机是对战利品的期望）可知，士兵的最大动力是战利品，而俘虏战俘换取赎金只是另外一种收入，因为关押战俘需要成本，所以A项“对中世纪的士兵和国王来说，比赢得战利品更有利可图”不选；B项“这个程序太昂贵以至于对绑架者来说在经济上不划算”，第二段最后一句有提到Consequently, several procedures were devised to reduce transaction costs.（因此，制定了若干程序以减少交易成本），由此可知，他们采取了降低成本的方法，所以B项错误；C项“对俘虏来说是徒劳无功的，因为即使在他支付了赎金之后，他仍然冒着被抓回的危险”，题干说的是

40、俘虏者而不是被俘虏者，与题干无关，故C项不选；D项“除了俘虏者之外，其他人的潜在收入来源”，文中提到因为关押和安排交换囚犯是有代价，所以制定了若干程序减少成本，其中就提到了“假释”囚犯和利用专门机构在双方之间建立联系，这是除了俘虏者外，其他人的潜在经济收入，所以D项符合。故该题选D。65.【试题答案】B【试题解析】文章主旨题。题干意思是“下列哪个选项最好地描述了这篇文章的组织结构？”。全文就是针对中世纪的拿战俘换取赎金的现象进行分析，并给出了细致的流程说明来支持这个分析，B项“对一种现象进行历史分析，并提供支持细节”符合。A项“给出一个断言，简要解释，然后给出几个反驳该断言的例子”文中不是用实

41、例来驳斥论点，A项不选；C项“提出一个假设，仔细确认，然后分析支持数据”，战俘换取赎金的现象是历史存在过的，不是一种推论，所以不选C项；D项“一个被普遍接受的历史观点是为了引入对其优势和局限性的讨论”，文章也没有谈论这个历史事实的优缺点，D项错误；故该题选B。12. 单选题The extent of a nations power over its coastal ecosystems and the natural resources in its coastal waters has been defined by two international law doctrines: free

42、dom of the seas and adjacent state sovereignty. Until the mid-twentieth century, most nations favored application of broad open-seas freedoms and limited sovereign rights over coastal waters. A nation had the right to include within its territorial dominion only a very narrow band of coastal waters

43、(generally extending three miles from the shoreline), within which it had the authority, but not the responsibility, to regulate all activities. But, because this area of territorial dominion was so limited, most nations did not establish rules for management or protection of their territorial water

44、s.Regardless of whether or not nations enforced regulations in their territorial waters, large ocean areas remained free of controls or restrictions. The citizens of all nations had the right to use these unrestricted ocean areas for any innocent purpose, including navigation and fishing. Except for

45、 controls over its own citizens, no nation had the responsibility, let alone the unilateral authority, to control such activities in international waters. And, since there were few standards of conduct that applied on the “open seas”, there were few jurisdictional conflicts between nations.The lack

46、of standards is traceable to popular perceptions held before the middle of this century. By and large, marine pollution was not perceived as a significant problem, in part because the adverse effect of coastal activities on ocean ecosystems was not widely recognized, and pollution caused by human ac

47、tivities was generally believed to be limited to that caused by navigation. Moreover, the freedom to fish, or over fish, was an essential element of the traditional legal doctrine of freedom of the seas that no maritime country wished to see limited. And finally, the technology that later allowed ex

48、ploitation of other ocean resources, such as, oil, did not yet exist.To date, controlling pollution and regulating ocean resources have still not been comprehensively addressed by law, but international law-established through the customs and practices of nations-does not preclude such efforts. And

49、two recent developments may actually lead to future international rules providing for ecosystem management. First, the establishment of extensive fishery zones, extending territorial authority as far as 200 miles out from a countrys coast, has provided the opportunity for nations individually to man

50、age larger ecosystems. This opportunity, combined with national self-interest in maintaining fish populations, could lead nations to reevaluate policies for management of their fisheries and to address the problem of pollution in territorial waters. Second, the international community is beginning t

51、o understand the importance of preserving the resources and ecology of international waters and to show signs of accepting responsibility for doing so. As an international consensus regarding the need for comprehensive management of ocean resources develops, it will become more likely that internati

52、onal standards and policies for broader regulation of human activities that affect ocean ecosystems will be adopted and implemented.61. According to the passage, until the mid-twentieth century there were few jurisdictional disputes over international waters because _.62. According the international

53、 law doctrines applicable before the mid-twentieth century, if commercial activity within a particular nations territorial waters threatened all marine life in those waters, the nation would have been _.63. The author suggests that before the mid-twentieth century, most nations actions with respect

54、to territorial and international waters indicated that _.64. The author cites which one of the following as an effect of the extension of territorial waters beyond the three miles limit?65. The passage as a whole can best be described as _.问题1选项A.few controls or restrictions applied to ocean areasB.

55、the ocean areas were used for only innocent purposesC.the freedom of the seas doctrine settled all claims concerning navigation and fishingD.broad authority over international waters was shared equally among all nations问题2选项A.formally censured by an international organization for not properly regula

56、ting marine activitiesB.called upon by other nations to establish rules to protect its territorial watersC.able but not required to place legal limits on such commercial activitiesD.allowed to resolve the problem at its own discretion providing it could contain the threat to its own territorial wate

57、rs问题3选项A.managing ecosystems in either territorial or international waters was giver low priorityB.unlimited resources in international waters resulted in little interest in territorial watersC.nations considered it their responsibility to protect territorial but not international watersD.although n

58、ations could extend their territorial dominion beyond three miles from their shoreline, most chose not to do so问题4选项A.Increased political pressure on individual nations to establish comprehensive laws regulating ocean resources.B.A greater number of jurisdictional disputes among nations over the reg

59、ulation of fishing on the open seas.C.The opportunity for some nations to manage large ocean ecosystems.D.A political incentive for smaller nations to solve the problems of pollution in their coastal waters.问题5选项A.a chronology of the events that have led up to a present-day crisisB.a legal inquiry i

60、nto the abuse of existing laws and the likelihood of reformC.a political analysis of the problems inherent in directing national attention to an international issueD.a historical analysis of a problem that requires international attention【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】61.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根

61、据这篇文章，直到20世纪中叶，国际水域的管辖权争议很少，因为”。由第二段第四句And，since there were few standards of conduct that applied on the “open seas”, there were few jurisdictional conflicts between nations.（因为在几乎没有任何行为标准被用到公海上，所以国家间几乎没有管辖权的冲突）可知，国际水域的管辖权争议很少，是因为几乎没有任何行为标准被用到公海上，这里的“open seas”就相当于题干中的“international waters”，因此A项“几乎没

62、有控制或限制使用到海洋领域”正确。B项“海洋领域仅用于没有恶意的行为”没有提到；C项“海洋自由化的条例解决了所有有关航海及捕鱼的纷争”文中没有提到，且C项太绝对；D项“各国平等地享有公海使用权”，这不是管辖权争议少的原因。故该题选A。62.【试题答案】D【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“根据20世纪中叶以前适用的国际法理论，如果某一国家领水内的商业活动威胁到该水域内的所有海洋生物，那么该国应”。根据第一段第三句within which it had the authority, but not the responsibility, to regulate all activities（在这

63、一范围内它有权但没有责任管理所有活动）和第二段第三句Except for controls over its own citizens, no nation had the responsibility, let alone the unilateral authority, to control such activities in international waters.（除了对其本国公民的控制外，没有任何国家有责任控制国际水域内的这种活动，更不用说单方面的权力了）可推断，如果某一国家领水内的商业活动威胁到该水域内的所有海洋生物，该国可以根据自身情况自行解决，因此可知D项“被允许自行决定解决这个问题，只要它能够遏制对自己领海的威胁”符合题意。A项“因未能适当管理海洋活动而受到国际组织的正式谴责”和B项“被其他国家呼吁建立保护其领海的规则” 在文中没有提到；C项“能够但无须对此类商业活动做出法律限制”，根据第一段最后一句提到because this area of territorial dominion was so limited, most nations did not establish rules for management or protection of th