2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考试名师点拨押题密卷15（含答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考试名师点拨押题密卷（含答案详解）1. 翻译题If we want to foster a culture of conservation, well have to work at changing a host of things, from ads to zoos, from how we put food on our plates to how we imagine our role in the universe. Out of all these necessary changes, I wish to speak about one that is

2、close to my heart as a storyteller, which is the need to root language once more in the earth. We need to recover the fertile meanings of words that arise out of our long evolutionary contact with dirt and wind, rivers and woods, animals and plants.At the root of language, we often find an earthy wi

3、sdom. Take the word “growth” for example, when Donella Meadows and her colleague published a report in 1972 on the prospects for the continued expansion of the human economy, they called their book The Limits to Growth. The very title provoked outrage in many circles, because a prime creed in the te

4、chno-industrial world is that there are no limits to growth. According to this creed, any constraints imposed by nature will be overcome by technical ingenuity or the free market. Mining, drilling, pumping, clearing, plowing, manufacturing, and consumingalong with the human population that drives it

5、 allwill expand forever. Politicians and business leaders speak of growth as unbounded and unambiguously good.【答案】【参考译文】如果我们想要培养一种保护文化，那么我们将不得不进行许多改变，从广告到动物园，从食物的加工过程到对自己在宇宙中角色的界定。在这些所有必要的改变中，我想要以一个讲故事的人的身份来谈及一个我最为关心的改变让语言再次回归本土。在漫长的进化过程中，我们与尘土、风、河流、森林、动物和植物的接触产生了词汇，我们需要恢复这些词汇丰富的含义。分析语言的本质，我们经常发现朴实的

6、智慧。以“growth”一词为例，当德内拉梅多斯和她的同事于1972年发表了一份关于人类经济持续发展前景的报告时，她们将其命名为增长的极限。正是这一标题在很多领域引起了愤怒，因为技术工业世界的一个主要信条是增长不受限制。根据这个信条，自然施加的任何限制将会因技术创新或自由市场而被克服。采矿、钻探、抽水、清除、耕作、制造、消费（连同作为这些行为实施者的人类）都将会不断发展。政治家和商业领袖说增长是不受控制的而且一定是好的。2. 单选题A thorough study of biology requires _ with the properties of trees and plants, an

7、d the habits of birds and beasts.问题1选项A.acquisitionB.acquaintanceC.discriminationD.justification【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项acquisition“获得物，获得；收购”；B选项acquaintance“熟人；熟悉；熟知；相识；了解；知道”；C选项discrimination“歧视；区别，辨别；识别力”；D选项justification“理由；辩护；认为有理，认为正当；释罪”。句意：彻底的生物学研究需要_树木和植物的特性以及鸟兽的习性。此处填“熟悉”一词最符合句意，所以B选项正确。3. 单选

8、题Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened between. As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic（1）, followin

9、g in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the（2） of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution（3） up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading（4） through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20th century world of the

10、motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that process in（5） . It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, altho

11、ugh its impact on the media was not immediately（6） . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as institutional, with display becoming sharper and storage（7） increasing. They were thought of, like people,（8）generations, with the distance bet

12、ween generations much smaller.It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used todescribe the context within which we now live. The communications revolution has（9） both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have bee

13、n controversial views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits” have been weighed（10） “harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.问题1选项A.meansB.methodC.mediumD.measure问题2选项A.processB.companyC.lightD.form问题3选项A.gatheredB.speededC.workedD.picked问题4选项

14、A.onB.outC.overD.off问题5选项A.conceptB.dimensionC.effectD.perspective问题6选项A.apparentB.desirableC.negativeD.plausible问题7选项A.abilityB.capabilityC.capacityD.faculty问题8选项A.by means ofB.in terms ofC.with regard toD.in line with问题9选项A.regardedB.impressedC.influencedD.effected问题10选项A.aboveB.uponC.withD.agains

15、t【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D第6题:A第7题:C第8题:B第9题:C第10题:D【解析】（1）考查逻辑关系。mean意为“方法，手段”；method意为“方法”；medium意为“(传播信息的)媒介，手段”；measure意为“测量，度量”。由句中的newspaper可知它属于一种媒介，因此选C。（2）考查固定搭配。in the process of意为“在的过程中”；in the company of意为“伴随，在的陪同下，当着的面”；in the light of意为“鉴于，由于，按照”；in the form of意为“用的形式”。空格处与“in the

16、wake of（紧紧跟随，随着而来）”相对应，因此选B，表示“继小册子和图书之后，与期刊一起”（3）考查词组辨析。gather up意为“概括，收集起”；speed up意为“（使）加速”；work up意为“激发(热情），鼓起（勇气) ”；pick up意为“拿起，捡起”。由“the communications revolution（通讯革命）_ up, beginning with transport, the railway（从运输开始，铁路）.h the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures（电报、电话、收音机和电影

17、）”可推测是对通讯革命发展的介绍，B选项最符合逻辑，表示“通讯革命的发展也加快了步伐”。（4）考查词组辨析。lead on意为“代领继续前进，继续引领，劝诱，哄骗”；lead out意为“出发，开始”；lead over意为“领先”；lead off意为“起始于（某处），开始”。由句中的状语“beginning with transport, the railway, and leading_ through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20th century world of the m

18、otor car and the airplane（从运输、铁路开始，到电报、电话、收音机和电影，知道20世纪的汽车和飞机时代）”可知A选项最符合逻辑。（5）考查固定搭配。in perspective为固定搭配，意为“正确地”。此句意为“并不是每一个人都能正确地看待这个过程”。（6）考查形容词辨析。apparent意为“显而易见，显然的，表明的”；desirable意为“令人满意的”；negative意为“消极的，否认的”；plausible意为“(借口或解释) 有道理的，可信的，花言巧语的”。although引导的是让步状语从句，由前面的“radically changed the proc

19、ess（从根本上改变了这个过程）”可推测“对媒体的影响并不是很明显”，因此选A。（7）考查名词辨析。ability意为“能力，资格”；capability意为“才能，能力”；capacity意为“容量”；faculty意为“能力，全体教员”。由“storage（储存，贮存）”可知C选项最符合逻辑。（8）考查词组辨析。by means of意为“用，依靠，借助于”；in terms of意为“根据，按照，在方面”；with regard to意为“关于”；in line with意为“跟一致，符合”。由“with the distance between generations much sma

20、ller（代与代之间的差距逐近变小）”可知此处是将计算机按照“人”的“代”来划分的，因此选B。（9）考查动词辨析。regard意为“认为，当作”；impress意为“给留下深刻印象”；influence意为“影响”；effect作动词时，意为“使发生，引起”，作名词时，意为“影响，结果”。由后面的“implications（可能的影响，暗指）”可推测此处指对工作等方面的影响，因此选C。（10）考查词义辨析。此处是将“benefits”与“harmful”是对立关系，weigh表示“认真考虑，权衡”，四个选项中只有“against”含有“反对，与相反”，因此选D。4. 单选题The Civil

21、War provided an impetus to Michigans growth.问题1选项A.an incentive toB.an obstacle toC.a reason forD.a delay in【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。an impetus to意为“推动，促进”；an incentive to意为“刺激，激励”；an obstacle to意为“障碍”；a reason for意为“理由，原因”；a delay in意为“延迟”。句意：南北战争推动了密歇根州的发展。5. 单选题The Space Age（ ）in October 1957 when the fir

22、st artificial satellite was launched, by the Soviet Union.问题1选项A.initiatedB.originatedC.embarkedD.commenced【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。initiate意为“开始，发起，创始”，指首创某事，但并不意味着将某事进行到底；originate意为“起源于，来自，产生”；embark意为“上船，着手，从事”一般开始指新的、困难的会令人激动的事；commence意为“开始发生，开始，着手”，尤指重大的事件及历史时期的开始。句意：1957年10月苏联第一颗人造卫星的发射开启了太空时代。6. 单选题

23、Just for fun, they decided to try a very （ ）country road instead of the more direct super-highway.问题1选项A.ambiguousB.circuitousC.deciduousD.nefarious【答案】B【解析】查形容词辨析。ambiguous意为“含糊的，不明确的”；circuitous意为“迂回的，绕行的”；deciduous意为“每年落叶的，非永久性的”；nefarious意为“极坏的，恶毒的”。由instead of（而不是）可知“_country road（乡村道路）”与“direc

24、t super-highway（直达高速公路）”相比较，因此选B。句意：仅是为了好玩，他们决定尝试一条非常迂回的乡村公路，而不是更直接的高速公路。7. 翻译题Five National Health Service (NHS) trusts have signed partnerships with Google to process sensitive patient records, in what are believed to be the first deals of their kind. The collaborations came after DeepMind, the Lo

25、ndon-based artificial intelligence company owned by Alphabet, transferred control of its health division to its Californian parent. DeepMind had contracts to process medical data from six NHS trusts to develop its app, which alerts doctors and nurses when patients are at risk of acute kidney injury,

26、 as well as to conduct AI research. Five of the trusts chose to sign contracts with Google. According to papers from the Royal Free, the data that will be shared with Google will include details such as medical history, diagnoses, treatment dates and ethnic origin.【答案】【参考译文】英国国家医疗服务体系的五家信托公司与谷歌签署了合作

27、伙伴关系，以处理敏感的患者记录，这被认为是此类交易的首次。此前，总部位于伦敦的Alphabet旗下人工智能公司DeepMind将其医疗部门的控制权转让给了位于加州的母公司。DeepMind与NHS签订了合同，处理来自6个信托机构的医疗数据，以开发自己的应用，以及进行人工智能研究。当患者面临急性肾损伤风险时，该应用会向医生和护士发出警报。其中5家信托公司选择与谷歌签订合同。根据皇家自由报的文件，谷歌将共享的数据包括病史、诊断、治疗日期和种族等细节。8. 单选题You have to thaw the meat before it can be cooked.问题1选项A.tenderizeB.d

28、efrostC.seasonD.braise【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。thaw意为“(结冰后) 解冻，融化，融解”；tenderize意为“使嫩，使软化”；defrost意为“（给）化霜，（使）解冻”；season意为“加调料调味，加作料”；braise意为“炖，焖”。句意：烹饪肉之前，你得先解冻它。9. 单选题There is virtually no limit to how one can serve community interests, from spending a few hours a week with some charitable organization to

29、practically full-time work for a social agency. Just as there are opportunities for voluntary service （1）(VSO) for young people before they take up full-time employment,（2） there are opportunities for overseas service for（3）technicians in developing countries. Some people,（4） those who retire early,

30、（5）their technical and business skills in countries（6） there is a special need.So in considering voluntary or（7） community service there are more opportunities than there（8） were when one first began work. Most voluntary organizations have only a small full-time（9） , and depend very much on voluntee

31、rs and part-times. This means that working relationships are different from those in commercial organizations, and values may be different（10） some ways they many seem more casual and less efficient, but one should not（11） them by commercial criteria. The people who work with them do so for differen

32、t reasons and with different（12） , both personal and（13） . One should not join them（14） to arm them with professional expertise, they must be joined with commitment to the（15） , not business efficiency. Because salaries are （16） or non-existent, many voluntary bodies offer modest expenses. But many

33、retired people take part in community service for（17）, simply because they enjoy the work.Many community activities possible（18） retirement were also possible during ones working life but they are to be undertaken（19） seriously for that. Retired people who are just looking for something different or

34、 unusual to do should not consider（20） community service.问题1选项A.over seaB.overseaC.overseasD.over seas问题2选项A.soB.asC.thatD.then问题3选项A.qualifyingB.quantityC.qualifiedD.quality问题4选项A.partlyB.partiallyC.passionatelyD.particularly问题5选项A.operateB.orderC.occupyD.offer问题6选项A.whereB.whichC.thatD.as问题7选项A.pa

35、idB.payingC.payD.to be paid问题8选项A.latelyB.beforeC.everD.never问题9选项A.numberB.teamC.crowdD.staff问题10选项A.byB.inC.throughD.with问题11选项A.commentB.look atC.judgeD.enjoy问题12选项A.subjectB.subjectiveC.objectsD.objectives问题13选项A.organizationalB.organizationC.organizingD.organized问题14选项A.to expectB.expectingC.ex

36、pectedD.being expected问题15选项A.causeB.courseC.cautionD.case问题16选项A.smallB.littleC.bigD.large问题17选项A.freedomB.freeC.somethingD.money问题18选项A.onB.beforeC.atD.in问题19选项A.very muchB.muchC.no lessD.no more问题20选项A.to takeB.to be takenC.being takenD.taking【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D第6题:A第7题:A第8题:C第9题:D第10题:

37、B第11题:C第12题:D第13题:A第14题:B第15题:A第16题:A第17题:B第18题:D第19题:C第20题:D【解析】（1）考查逻辑关系。由后半句中的“for overseas service”可知此处填overseas，作副词，意外“在海外，在国外”，voluntary service overseas指“海外志愿服务”。（2）考查固定句型。（just）as.so. 意为“正如，就像”。（3）考查词义辨析。qualifying意为“使具有资格的”；quantity意为“数量，大量”；qualified意为“具备的学历(或资历)，具备的知识(或技能)，符合资格的”；quality意

38、为“质量，品质”。因此填qualified作定语修饰technicians，指“符合资格的技术人员”。（4）考查副词辨析。partly意为“一定程度上，部分地”；partially意为“部分地，不完全地”；passionately意为“充满热情地，激动地，炽热地”；particularly意为“特别，尤其”。可将“44 those who retire early”看作一个插入语，表示“特别是那些退休早的人”。（5）考查动词辨析。operate意为“运转，操作”；order意为“命令，指挥”；occupy意为“使用，占用”；offer意为“提供，给予”。此句的主语为Some people，宾语

39、为technical and business skills，空格处为谓语动词，“提供技术和商业技能”最符合逻辑，因此选D。（6）考查定语从句。定语从句中不缺少主干成分，且先行词countries表示地点，故选关系副词where。（7）考查非谓语动词。or连接的是两个并列成分，故空格处与voluntary（自愿的）相对，表示“付费的”修饰community service（社区服务），因此用paid过去分词作前置定语，含被动意义。现在分词作定语，含主动意义，不定式作定语，表将来。（8）考查副词辨析。lately意为“近来，最近”；before意为“以前，过去”；ever意为“（进行比较时用以加

40、强语气）以往任何时候，曾经”；never意为“从不，从来没有”。由“there are more opportunities than there _were”可知是将现在的情况和以前的情况相比，因此选C。（9）考查名词辨析。number意为“数字”；team意为“组，对”；crowd意为“人群，观众”；staff意为“全体职工(或雇员)”。由后面的“depend very much on volunteers and part-times（非常依赖志愿者和兼职）”可推测推测空格处表示全职员工少，因此选D。（10）考查固定搭配。in some ways为固定搭配，意为“在某些方面，在某种程度上

41、”。（11）考查动词辨析。comment意为“议论，评论”；look at意为“看，考虑”；judge意为“评判，判断”；enjoy意为“享受，欣赏”。由后面的“by commercial criteria（按商业标准）”可知C选项最符合逻辑。（12）考查词义辨析。subject意为“主题，话题，学科”；subjective意为“主观的”；object意为“物体”；objective意为“目标，目的”。and连接的是两个并列成分，由前面的“different reasons and different_（不同的原因和不同的_）”可知D选项最符合逻辑。（13）考查词义辨析。organizatio

42、nal意为“组织的”；organization意为“组织”；organizing意为“组织上的”；organized意为“有组织的，有条理的”。由“both. and（两者都）”可知与personal（个人的）相对的为organizational，因此选A。（14）考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构，“One should not join them”为主句，“_to arm them with professional expertise”为伴随状语，故用现在分词表示主动意义，选B。此处表示“一个人加入到他们当中，不要期待着给他们专业经验”。（15）考查名词辨析。cause意为“(支持或为之奋斗的

43、)事业，目标，原因”；course意为“课程，讲座”；caution意为“小心，谨慎”；case意为“事例，实例，实情”。be joined to the course意为“加入到事业中”，因此选A。（16）考查形容词辨析。small意为“小的”，词的本身不带任何感情色彩，只作客观地描述；little意为“小的”，通常带有一定的感情色彩(如高兴、满意、同情等)；big意为“大的”，指程度，范围，规模，容积，重量，数量等方面；large意为“大的”指面积，范围，可表示数和量。由空格后的“or non-existent（或者不惨在的）”可推测salaries（薪水）是很少的，因此选A。（17）语义

44、题。由“simply because they enjoy the work（仅仅因为他们喜欢这份工作）”可知很多退休的参加社区服务不是想要得到什么，仅仅是因为喜欢，再根据前面提到的薪水，可推测他们是无偿加入社区服务的，for free意为“免费”，因此选B。（18）考查固定搭配。由“during ones working life（在工作期间）”可推测前面指不在工作期间，即退休后，in retirement为固定搭配，意为“退休后”，因此选D。（19）考查词义辨析。very much意为“非常，确实”；much意为“非常，很”no less意为“仍然，依旧，还是”；no more意为“不再，

45、也不”。由but可知此处表示转折关系，表示“但退休后他们还是会认真地做这些工作”，因此选C。（20）考查固定搭配。considering doing sth.意为“考虑做某事”。此句意为“正在寻找不同或不寻常的事情的退休人士不应该考虑接受社区服务”。10. 翻译题5. A fascinating city between sea and sky, like Venus rising from the waves, Venice welcomes tourists from the five continents drawn to her by the charm of her water an

46、d pellucid light, free from all dust and cooled by the sea breeze. She also offers the intellectual pleasures to be derived from her masterpieces which mark the meeting of East and West.【答案】【参考译文】5.威尼斯水城海天相连，景色迷人，宛如碧波中涌现的维纳斯，吸引着五大洲的游客。她水色旖旎，波光粼粼，清风拂面而来，扫去你心中的不快与烦恼。而城市中那些集东西方艺术之大成的杰作，更给人以精神上的享受。11. 翻

47、译题世界不会缺少贪婪，且很少有人、公司或国家能例外。企业和国家总是相互竞争，采用不那么合法的手段获取优势。随着全球网络的出现，技术扩散至每个人，贪婪来到了那些可能永远也不会犯罪的人旁边。贪婪在各个层面上都起作用，而大多数信息系统存在的薄弱环节则为企图利用这些弱点的人提供了攫取惊人利润的机会。【答案】【参考译文】Greed is in no short supply, and few individuals, business, or countries are exempt. Business and governments constantly maneuvered to gain an a

48、dvantage over each other, relying on less-than-legal techniques to gain an edge. With the Global Network in place, and the proliferation of technology for everyone, greed has found its way to people who might otherwise never commit a crime. Greed operates at all levels, and due to the vulnerability

49、of most information systems, provides opportunity to exploit their weakness for enormous profits.12. 翻译题In formulating hypotheses, a common error is the uncritical acceptance of apparent commonsense but untested assumptions. Thus in the field of psychology, it was for many years automatically assume

50、d that the main cause of forgetfulness is the interval of time elapsing between successive exposures to a learning stimulus. Experimentation, however, was subsequently undertaken, and several other factors, such as motivation and the strength or effectiveness of the stimulus, turned out to have an e

51、ver more important bearing on the problem. A somewhat similar error arises from neglect of multiple causes. Thus two events may be found to be associated, e.g. when the incidence of a disease in a smoky industrial sector of a city is significantly higher than that in the smoke-free zones, a research

52、 worker might infer that the existence of the disease is due to the smokiness of the area when in fact it might equally well be found in other reasons, such as the under-nourishment of the inhabitants or over-crowding.【答案】【参考译文】在提出假设的过程中，一个常见的错误是不加批判地接受表面上是常识但未经检验的假设。因此，在心理学领域，多年来不经思索地认为健忘的主要原因是消逝在连

53、续受到学习刺激之间的时间间隔。但是后来的实验表明了还有其他几个因素在这个问题中起重要的作用，比如动机和刺激的强度和效力。一个有些类似的错误源自忽视原因的多样性。因此，两个事件可能会被发现有关联，例如，当一种疾病的发病率在烟雾弥漫的城市工业区明显高于无烟区域时，研究人员可能会推论疾病的存在是由于该地区的烟雾的关系，而事实上可能是由于其他的同样可以造成这种疾病的原因，比如居民的营养不良或过分拥挤。13. 翻译题在网上购物尚未走俏的时候，在空调、个人计算机、视频游戏、英特网、手机、克隆技术、基因工程，以及其他一堆使这个人造世界越发诱人的发明出现之前，有人就表现出了忧虑。人造世界是为我们而建造的。它用

54、美味佳肴供我们充饥，用精神粮食滋养我们的心灵。它给我们提供庇护，不受疾患和不适的侵害。它告知天下我们是如何聪颖；它满足了我们的虚荣，蜷缩在由钢铁和混凝土，硅以及塑料构筑的泡沫世界里，我们可以假装在驾驭这个星球。与之形成鲜明对照的是，自然世界的产生不是为了我们的舒适和方便。它在数十亿年前就存在了，而人类的诞生则是在数十亿年之后的事，但自然界的寿命却要比人类更长久。自然界嘲笑我们的虚荣，因为它超越了我们对它的理解和控制。【答案】【参考译文】Some people voiced these worries before the triumph of online shopping and befor

55、e the advent of air-conditioning, personal computers, video games, the Internet, cell phones, cloning technology, genetic engineering and a slew of other inventions that have made the artificial world ever more seductive. The artificial world is made for us. It feeds our bellies and minds with tasty

56、 pabulum; it shelters us from discomfort and sickness; it proclaims our ingenuity; it flatters our pride. Snug inside bubbles fashioned from concrete and steel, from silicon and plastic and words, we can pretend we are running the planet.By contrast, the natural world was not made for our comfort or

57、 convenience. It precedes us by some billions of years, and human being comes into being billions of years later, but the natural world will outlast us; it mocks our pride, because it surpasses our understanding and control.14. 单选题Flood,（ ）and famine are natural disasters often facing the people in

58、the peninsula.问题1选项A.warB.sanctionC.overpopulationD.drought【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项war“战争，斗争，军事，竞争”；B选项sanction“制裁，处罚，认可，支持”；C选项overpopulation“人口过剩”；D选项drought“干旱，久旱”。句意：洪水、（ ）和饥荒是半岛人民经常面临的自然灾害。题干中主要谈论natural disasters自然灾害，空格前后也都是自然因素。因此D选项正确。15. 单选题In the next few years, the term big data will come to s

59、eem naive, like when information superhighway gave way to the internet in 1995.Were entering an age of personal big data and its impact on our lives will surpass that of the internet. Data will answer questions we could never before answer with certainty-everyday questions like whether that dress ac

60、tually makes you look fat, or profound questions about precisely how long you will live.Every 20 years or so, a powerful technology moves from the realm of backroom expertise and into the hands of the masses. In the late 1970s, computing made that transition-from mainframes in glass-enclosed rooms t

61、o personal computer on desks. In the late 1990s, the first web browsers made networks, which had been for science labs and the military, accessible to any of us, giving birth to the modern internet.Each transition touched off an explosion of innovation and reshaped work and leisure. In 1975, 50,000 PCs were in use worldwide. Twenty years later, 225 million. The number of internet users in 1995 hit 16 million. Today its more than 3 billion. In much of the world, its hard to imagine life without cons