2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷48（附答案带详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题As they attempted to board the vessel, Israeli security guards on board opened fire with pistols, forcing the pirates to _.问题1选项A.revoltB.restoreC.retrieveD.retreat【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. revolt 叛逆，违抗 B. restore 恢复（某种情况或感受）C. retrieve 取回，索回 D. retreat 退却，撤退；离开【答

2、案】D【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】pirates和横线处构成主谓搭配关系，指的是以色列保安人员用手枪逼迫海盗_，retreat符合语境，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项不符合语境。【句意】当他们试图登船时，船上的以色列保安人员用手枪开火，迫使海盗撤退。2. 填空题Contraction of front and side parts of the brainas cells die offwas observed in some subjects in their thirty, but it was still not evident in some sixtyand sev

3、enty-year-olds. A B C D【答案】C thirty改为thirties【解析】【考查点】固定表达。【解题思路】in ones thirties意思为“在某人三十多岁时”，这里指的年龄是概数。【句意】有的人大脑前部和侧部的收缩随着细胞的死亡在三十多岁时就能被观察到了，但是也有些人直到六七十岁依然不明显。3. 单选题When nomadic peoples could not find enough food to eat in their rugged homelands, they raided the village peoples for their crops.问题1

4、选项A.attackedB.compelledC.deprivedD.pleaded【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. attacked 袭击，攻击 B. compelled 强迫，迫使，使必须C. deprived 剥夺，使丧失，使不能享有 D. pleaded 乞求，恳求【答案】A【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】raided的意思为“突然袭击；劫掠，打劫”，和the village peoples构成动宾搭配关系，指的是游牧民族没有东西吃的时候就会袭击村民，抢夺食物，attacked与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】当游牧民族在他们崎岖的家园里

5、找不到足够的食物吃的时候，他们就会袭击村民，抢夺农作物。4. 填空题All populations contain some _ in traits. In humans, for example, some people are tall, some are short, and some are of medium height. (vary)【答案】variation【解析】【考查点】名词。【解题思路】根据关键词some，可知横线处为名词。根据关键词for example，可知两个句子是例证关系，指的是同一个族群有不同特点，variation的意思为“变异的东西，变种”，符合语境。【句意

6、】所有族群在性状上都有一些变异。以人类为例，有些人高，有些人矮，有些人中等身高。5. 单选题The rule will no longer permit us to use as evidence statements that have been obtained using cruel, inhuman, or degrading interrogation methods.问题1选项A.punchingB.disturbingC.questioningD.rejecting【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. punching 拳打，以拳痛击 B. disturbing 打扰，干扰C. q

7、uestioning 正式提问，质询 D. rejecting 拒绝接受，不予考虑【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】interrogation的意思为“审问”，这里指不能用残忍、不人道或有辱人格的审讯方法，questioning与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】该规则不再允许我们使用通过残忍、不人道或有辱人格的审讯方法获得的证词作为证据。6. 单选题Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society

8、?问题1选项A.senselessB.unimportantC.indifferentD.uninteresting【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. senseless 无意义的，无目的的 B. unimportant 不重要的C. indifferent 漠不关心，不感兴趣 D. uninteresting 不吸引人的，无趣的【答案】B【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】of no account的意思为“不重要的”，这里在问在美国，知识分子是否被认为无足轻重，unimportant与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】美国知识分子在他所处的社会中被

9、排斥，被认为无足轻重，这是真的吗？7. 单选题At Buffalo Creek, West Virginia, a makeshift dam at a coal mine site collapsed with a loss of more than 100 lives.问题1选项A.fragileB.massiveC.crudeD.temporary【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. fragile 易碎的，易损的 B. massive 巨大的，大而重的C. crude 粗略的，简略的 D. temporary 暂时的，临时的【答案】D【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】makeshift的

10、意思为“临时替代的，权宜的”，用来形容dam，指的是煤矿工地的临时大坝，temporary与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】在西弗吉尼亚州的布法罗溪，某个煤矿工地的临时大坝倒塌，造成100多人死亡。8. 填空题The wide application of electronic computers in science and technology will freeman from the labor of complicated measurement and _. (compute)【答案】computation【解析】【考查点】名词。【解题

11、思路】and前后表示并列，横线处应该和measurement都是名词，结合关键词computers，可知横线处单词表示计算的意思，computation意思为“计算”，符合语境。【句意】电子计算机在科学技术方面的广泛应用将使人们从复杂的测量和计算中解放出来。9. 单选题Many products, including prescription drugs, are regulated by the federal government. However, the states have laws that allow injured consumers to sue a manufacture

12、r.问题1选项A.complainB.chargeC.executeD.punish【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. complain 埋怨，发牢骚 B. charge 控告，起诉C. execute （尤指依法）处决；实行，执行 D. punish 对判罪【答案】B【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】sue的意思为“控告，提起诉讼”，这里指各州的法律允许消费者起诉制造商，charge的词义与之相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】许多产品，包括处方药，都由联邦政府监管。然而，各州的法律允许权益受到侵害的消费者起诉制造商。10. 单选题Audio books o

13、ffer readers the option of listening to a book that has been narrated and recorded onto a cassette or compact disc.问题1选项A.retoldB.releasedC.relatedD.recalled【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. retold （通常以不同的方式）复述，重新讲述 B. released 释放，放出C. related 叙述，讲述，讲（故事） D. recalled 记起，回忆起【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】narrated的意思为“讲（故事），叙述

14、”，指的是把书中的内容叙述一遍，related与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】有声书为读者提供了一种选择，他们可以在磁带或光盘上听以讲述方式呈现的书。11. 单选题They denounce deficit spending, declaring that you cant solve debt problems with more debt.问题1选项A.condemnB.disputeC.contendD.neglect【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. condemn 谴责，指责 B. dispute 对提出质询，对表示异议（或怀疑）C.

15、contend （尤指在争论中）声称，主张 D. neglect 忽略，忽视【答案】A【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】denounce的意思为“谴责，指责”，指的是谴责财政赤字，condemn与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】他们谴责财政赤字，宣称增加债务并不能解决债务问题。12. 填空题Sedona, located in Arizonas high desert, is famous for its _ beautiful red-sandstone formations. (startle)【答案】startlingly【解析】【考查点】副词

16、。【解题思路】横线处修饰形容词beautiful，所以应该用副词，startlingly意思为“惊人地”，在这里强调美丽的程度，符合语境。【句意】塞多纳位于美国亚利桑那州的高沙漠地带，以美丽的红砂岩而闻名。13. 填空题There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school Ihave taught has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. A B

17、 C D【答案】C have taught改为have taught in【解析】【考查点】从句。【解题思路】I have taught是修饰school的定语从句，从句的完整句子为I have taught in school，当school作为先行词放于从句之前时，介词应该保留，因此C部分应为have taught in。【句意】家长们普遍认为学校不再重视拼写。我所任教的学校从来没有忽视过拼写，或认为拼写是一项基本技能，根本不重要。14. 填空题When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to

18、 be drawn are obvious. Men are very clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of clothes reflect basic qualities of A B C Dstability and reliability?【答案】C very clever改为too clever【解析】【考查点】固定句型。【解题思路】too.to是固定句型，意思为“太而不能”，指的是男性非常聪明，不会让自己被服装设计师欺骗，因此C部分应为too cl

19、ever。【句意】如果对比男性和女性对于时尚的看法，得出的结论显而易见。男性很聪明，不会让自己被时装设计师欺骗。他们不变的服装款式是否反映了稳定可靠的基本品质呢？15. 单选题Chemical bombs carry chemical agents such as nerve gas, or biological weapons such as the contagious disease anthrax.问题1选项A.infectiousB.destructiveC.mysteriousD.incurable【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. infectious 传染性的，感染的（尤指通过

20、呼吸） B. destructive 引起破坏（或毁灭）的，破坏（或毁灭）性的C. mysterious 神秘的，不易解释的 D. incurable 不能治愈的【答案】A【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】contagious的意思为“（疾病）接触传染的”，修饰disease，指的是传染病，infectious与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】化学炸弹含有神经毒气等化学物质，或炭疽热传染病等生物武器。16. 单选题CM Omar Abdullah today said his government has the authority to revo

21、ke the controversial law and sought a workable solution from the Army.问题1选项A.amendB.convertC.cancelD.adjust【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. amend 修正，修订（法律文件、声明等） B. convert （使）转变，转换C. cancel 撤销，取消，废除（具有法律效力的协议） D. adjust 调整，调节【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】revoke的意思为“废除，使无效”，和law构成动宾搭配关系，指的是废除有争议的法律，cancel与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰

22、项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】首席部长奥马尔阿卜杜拉今天表示，他的政府有权撤销这一有争议的法律，并且从军方寻求可行的解决方案。17. 单选题According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granite like bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theo

23、ry is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the origi

24、nal gold rushes were exposed at the Earths surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still lead to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they

25、 are buried and have no surface expression.The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview; geophysical techniques t

26、hat provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated; and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites t

27、o which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into accou

28、nt theoretical studies of relevant factors.These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralizat

29、ion being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.1. The author is primarily concerned with _.2. According to the passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such systems _.3. The passage impl

30、ies that which of the following steps would be the first performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?4. Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by information in the passage?问题1选项A.advocating a return to an older methodology

31、B.explaining the importance of a recent theoryC.enumerating differences between two widely used methodsD.describing events leading to a discovery问题2选项A.were formed from metamorphic fluidsB.originated in molten granite like bodiesC.were formed from alluvial depositsD.generally have surface expression

32、问题3选项A.Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two million years ago.B.Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed from metamorphic fluid.C.Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration.D.Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over

33、 a broad area.问题4选项A.It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as did those deposits discovered during the original gold rushes.B.Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simple prospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits

34、.C.Models based on the theory that gold originated from magmatic fluids have already led to new discoveries of gold deposits.D.New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of exploration techniques designed to locate buried mineralization.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The aut

35、hor is primarily concerned with _. 作者主要关注_。A. advocating a return to an older methodology A. 主张回归旧方法B. explaining the importance of a recent theory B. 解释一种新理论的重要性C. enumerating differences between two widely used methods C. 列举两种广泛使用的方法之间的差异D. describing events leading to a discovery D. 描述是什么事件导致的发现【

36、答案】B【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】文章第一段指出最近的一项理论（recent theory），并且点出这一理论具有相当大的实际意义（has considerable practical importance）；第二段点出这一理论帮助寻找地下矿物（take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors），从理论中衍生出目前的一些方法和模型；第三段具体讲勘探人员如何使用这些模型，和第二段是递进的关系。综上所述，这一文章讲的是这个新理论对于实际开采矿物的重要性，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“主张回归旧方法”：文章花了大量篇幅

37、在讲新理论和新方法，主张采用新方法，而不是旧方法，属于反向干扰；C选项“列举两种广泛使用的方法之间的差异”：这两种方法是以前广泛使用和现在广泛使用的差别，而且主要不是在比较这两种方法的差异，属于曲解原文；D选项“描述是什么事件导致的发现”：文章没有提到新理论是如何得出的，属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】According to the passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such systems _. 文章认为，人们认为太古代金石英脉系统_。A. were formed f

38、rom metamorphic fluids A. 由变质流体形成B. originated in molten granite like bodies B. 起源于熔融花岗岩状体C. were formed from alluvial deposits C. 由冲积物形成D. generally have surface expression D. 一般有地表表现【答案】A【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词widely held定位到第一段第二句，该处讲到“人们普遍持有的观点就是这些太古代金石英脉是由变质流体沉积的（deposited from metamorphic flu

39、ids）。”，结合选项，A选项符合文章内容，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“起源于熔融花岗岩状体”：对应第一段第一句“根据最近的一项理论（recent theory），太古代金石英脉系统是在20亿年前由岩浆流体形成的（formed over.from magmatic fluids）。”，可知这不是人们普遍认为的，而是最新理论认为的，属于偷换概念；C选项“由冲积物形成”：对应第一段第二句“这些系统是由变质流体沉积的，即由湿的沉积岩脱水过程（during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks）中形成的流体沉积（fluids that formed

40、）的。”，可知不是冲积物，而是沉积岩脱水形成的，属于偷换概念；D选项“一般有地表表现”：对应第一段最后一句“但大多数尚未发现的矿床都没有被发现，因为它们被埋在地下，没有地表表现（have no surface expression）。”，可知人们认为太古代金石英脉系统没有地表表现，属于反向干扰。第3题:【选项释义】The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the first performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discover

41、ing gold? 这篇文章暗示，想要最大限度地提高发现黄金的机会，勘探人员首先会采取下列哪一步？A. Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two million years ago. A. 调查几个已知形成于200万年前的遗址。B. Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed from metamorphic fluid. B. 将勘探限制在已知由变质流体形成的地点。C. Using an appropriate conceptual mod

42、el to select a site for further exploration. C. 使用合适的概念模型选择场地进行进一步勘探。D. Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area. D. 使用地球物理方法分析大面积的岩石。【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词maximize their chances of discovering gold定位到第二段倒数一、二句，该处讲到“为了最大限度地增加发现金子的机会（to maximize the chances of discovery），勘

43、探人员必须特别注意选择最有可能矿化的地层（selecting the ground formations）。这种地面选择在不同程度上依赖于概念模型（relies to varying degrees on conceptual models），这些模型考虑了相关因素的理论研究。”，可知勘探人员需要依赖于概念模型，选择合适的场地进行勘探，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“调查几个已知形成于200万年前的遗址”：文中没有提到形成于200万年前的遗址，属于无中生有；B选项“将勘探限制在已知由变质流体形成的地点”和D选项“使用地球物理方法分析大面积的岩石”：对应第二段第二、三句“目前广泛使用的方法

44、包括分析航空图像以获得广泛的地质概况（geological overview），使用地球物理技术（geophysical techniques）得出所调查岩石的磁性、电性和矿物学性质数据但是，如果应用这些高技术方法的地点从未矿化，这些方法就没有任何价值（none of these high-technology methods are of any value）。”，可知这两种方法适用于已经矿化的地方，不适用于未经矿化的地方，不能最大程度地发现金子，属于本末倒置。第4题:【选项释义】Which of the following statements about discoveries of g

45、old deposits is supported by information in the passage? 关于发现金矿的陈述，下列哪项文中有信息支持？A. It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as did those deposits discovered during the original gold rushes. A. 新发现的金矿产量不太可能达到最初淘金热时期的水平。B. Modern explorers are divided on the question o

46、f the utility of simple prospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits. B. 在简单找矿方法作为新发现金矿来源的应用问题上，现代探索者们存在分歧。C. Models based on the theory that gold originated from magmatic fluids have already led to new discoveries of gold deposits. C. 基于金起源于岩浆流体理论的模型，人们发现了新的金矿。D. New discover

47、ies of gold deposits are likely to be the result of exploration techniques designed to locate buried mineralization. D. 新发现的金矿很可能是定位埋藏矿物的勘探技术的结果。【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第二段，该处讲到“勘探的挑战是了解某地区的地下地质状况，并且查明埋藏矿物的位置（pinpoint the position of buried minerals）。”，紧接着提到各项勘探技术，可知找到金矿需要定位埋藏矿物的地方，并且需要勘探技术，因此D选项

48、正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“新发现的金矿产量不太可能达到最初淘金热时期的水平”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项“在简单找矿方法作为新发现金矿来源的应用问题上，现代探索者们存在分歧”：对应第二段倒数第二句“但是，如果应用这些高技术方法的地点从未矿化，这些方法就没有任何价值，因此，为了最大限度地增加发现金子的机会（to maximize the chances of discovery），勘探人员必须特别注意选择最有可能矿化的地层。”，这里的两种方法不是相互对立，可以同时使用，属于偷换概念；C选项“基于金起源于岩浆流体理论的模型，人们发现了新的金矿”：文章没有提到这个模型让人们新发现了金矿，属

49、于无中生有。18. 单选题Dr. Goebbels wrote that “we do not belong to those dreamers and illusionists who prophesy the collapse of the British Empire tomorrow”.问题1选项A.swearB.condemnC.predictD.crave【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. swear 咒骂，诅咒 B. condemn 谴责，指责C. predict 预言 D. crave 渴望，热望【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】prophesy的意思为“预告，预言”，

50、指的是我们不是空想家和魔术师，对大英帝国的未来进行预言，predict与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】戈培尔博士写道，我们不是那种预言大英帝国明天就要瓦解的空想家和魔术师。19. 填空题The 18th-century Geneva-born philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau promoted a(n) _ view of education that emphasized the importance of individual self-expression. (influence)【答案】influenti

51、al【解析】【考查点】形容词。【解题思路】根据横线前的a(n)和横线后的view，可知横线处为形容词，用来形容view。influential的意思为“有很大影响的”，符合语境，指的是卢梭的教育观对世界影响很大。【句意】18世纪日内瓦出生的哲学家卢梭提出了一种有影响力的教育观，即强调个人自我表达的重要性。20. 翻译题For those playing the game of science, the method by which they ascertain what they believe is crucial. They have to evaluate data and argum

52、ents and decide for themselves on their validity. Scientists communicating to others have the task of convincing the hearers of the validity of their statements in terms of the data and their explanations of the data. They are not playing the game correctly if they win support by the strength of the

53、ir personality or prestige. In the short run scientists may follow another on the basis of prestige, but this cannot continue indefinitely. It is up to the hearers to evaluate what the scientists say rather than accept it because they say it. And the culmination of this enterprise is the determinati

54、on of whether the explanations account for the data observed. The relationship between scientific explanations and data helps to ensure the integrity of scientists. If their findings are important, they can be sure that their theories and data will be examined critically and new evidence attained.It

55、 is the system of data-based explanation that distinguishes science from dogma. Scientists have both the right and the responsibility to decide for themselves, on the basis of evidence at hand, the best explanation of a set of phenomena. On the other hand, dogma (religious, economic, political or so

56、cial) depends on pronouncements by established authorities.【答案】【参考译文】对于那些玩科学游戏的人来说，用什么方法来确定相信什么至关重要。他们必须评估数据和论点，并自己判断其正确性。科学家在与他人交流时，需要让听者相信他们的数据陈述及其对数据解释的正确性。如果他们以自己的个性或威望赢得支持，就没有遵循正确的游戏之道。在短期内，科学家们可能会基于声望而追随另一个科学家，但这种情况不可能无限期地持续下去。听者应该评估科学家所说的，而不是因为他们说了就接受。而这一事业的顶级目标是确定解释到了观测到的数据。科学解释与数据之间的关系有助于确保科学家的完整性。如果他们的发现是重要的，就可以确信他们的理论和数据会得到严格的检验，并获得新的证据。正是基于数据的解释，系统将科学与教条区分开来。科学家有权利也有责任根据手头的证据，自行做出对一系列现象的最佳解释。另一方面，教条（宗教的、经济的、政治的或社会的）取决于权威的观点。