2022年考博英语-云南大学考前模拟强化练习题8（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-云南大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 翻译题Translate the following sentences into English.他曾在许多著名的美术家门下学习。这些美术家中的一些渴望描述社会下层居民的生活。只有通过这些科目考试的人才能担任政府官员。有证据证明黑猩猩(chimpanzee)过着一种复杂的社会生活，但具体的细节尚不清楚。人们抱着一夜暴富的心理借钱赌牌。肥沃的土地和丰富的植物提供了丰富的粮食，维护了社会的稳定。【答案】He was once learned from many famous artists, some of whom desire

2、d to describe lives of people from the lower class.Only people who pass these exams can become government officials.Evidence shows that chimpanzees live a complex social life, but some specific details are still not clear.People borrow money to gamble with the thought of becoming rich overnight.Fert

3、ile soil and abundant plants provide us enough food and sustain the societys stability.2. 单选题Alcoholism and drug addiction has already reached epidemic proportions in the 21st Century. One of the biggest misconceptions about addiction is that it only affects certain groups within society: for exampl

4、e that poor people from poor neighborhoods and ethnic minorities are more likely to be addicted to alcohol and drugs. The truth is however that addiction is blind to race, color and socio-economic background. Another fact is that drug and alcohol related crimes are increasing all over the world.Ther

5、e are many reasons why a person might first try drugs. Some of these might include peer pressure from friends, stress and personality characteristics. People take drugs and alcohol because of the elevating or relaxing effects they have on the body otherwise people wouldnt take them in the first plac

6、e.But as the person develops a habit, the chemistry of the brain starts to change and adapt, demanding more and more of the drug as it resists the discomfort of withdrawal. The person becomes an addict and the initial masons for taking the drug soon pale in significance as the need for drugs and or

7、alcohol begins to dominate every aspect of the addicts life. Addictions are lifelong illnesses that are very hard to treat. The disturbing fact is that 1/3rd of patients who do receive treatment usually relapse within one year.Many scientists believe that addiction is related to our most basic insti

8、nct, survival. Since the beginning of time our brain has evolved to ensure the survival of our species. The brain controls behavior by rewarding actions that will ensure survival of the species. For example, the intake of nutrients such as sugars and fats activate taste receptors that in turn activa

9、te brain reward mechanisms. The activation of these mechanisms produces certain changes in the individual ranging from being in a much better mood to intense pleasure and euphoria. We are far more likely to continue to seek out and eat these nutrients because the brain rewards us for taking the nutr

10、ients into the body by releasing chemicals that make us feel good.The problem lies in the fact that these reward systems do not only reward the intake of harmless substances such as sugars and fats. Some chemicals activate brain reward systems directly, bypassing the sensory receptors mediating natu

11、ral rewards. Caffeine, alcohol and nicotine all activate brain reward mechanisms directly.But other far more harmful drugs such as heroine, crack and cocaine are better at activating brain reward systems, producing a far more powerful effect compared to a feeling of calmness or relaxation after eati

12、ng a good nutritious meal. The activation is much more intense causing the individual to crave the drug and to focus their activities around taking the drug. The ability of addictive drugs to strongly activate brain reward mechanisms and their ability to chemically alter the normal functioning of th

13、ese systems can produce an addiction. However some people become addicted while others do not.Many people drink alcohol or smoke cannabis or even cocaine and other illegal drugs but this does not necessarily make them addicts and not all addicts have the same intensity of addiction. It has been esti

14、mated that approximately 10% of any population of any country will tend to have an addictive nature and become addicts of some kind. It is true that though that some races, notably Native American Indians and Eskimos, do tend to have higher rates of addiction than others for reasons that are not ful

15、ly understood. It is also true that people who become addicts may be highly intelligent and be extremely motivated but are unable to control their addiction. Addiction is by no means dependent on intelligence. Some of the most skilled and intelligent people might become addicts even though they are

16、fully aware of the detrimental nature of continuing to take drugs or alcohol.The fact is that still we do not know why some people become addicts and others do not although there are many theories that reason that some people simply have an “addictive personality type”being far more susceptible to t

17、he reward mechanism that produces addictionwhile others still believe that it is the addicts lack of will power to refrain from taking drugs or alcohol. The biggest killer though is a persons denial of his or her condition, that they believe that they do not have a problem, do not seek help but inst

18、ead continue the abuse until they have either lost everything or die as the body cannot cope and eventually shuts down.1.In paragraph1, the word misconceptions is closest in meaning to（ ）.2.According to the passage, who is most likely to become addicted to drugs and/or alcohol?3.According to the aut

19、hor, most people first try drugs, and alcohol because（ ）.4.According to the passage, why might there be a problem in the brains natural reward system?5.In paragraph 7, the word intensity is closest in meaning to（ ）.问题1选项A.unproved statisticsB.wrong ideasC.truthD.apprehension问题2选项A.Only people who ha

20、ve the financial means to buy drugs and alcohol.B.Usually only criminals.C.Addiction does not have a preference.D.Anyone who tries drugs and alcohol is immediately addicted.问题3选项A.there is no real reason, it just happensB.they need to forget about stressC.everyone does itD.people have different reas

21、ons问题4选项A.Because caffeine is dangerous and stimulates our metabolism.B.People will become instantly addicted to nicotine.C.Some harmful substances can fool the brain into thinking they are good.D.Some people are naturally more addictive to drugs alcohol than others.问题5选项A.euphoriaB.levelC.resultD.d

22、esire【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.语义推测题。定位到文章第一段，One of the biggest misconceptions about addiction is that it only affects certain groups within society（关于成瘾最大的误解之一是，它只影响社会中的某些群体），wrong ideas（错误的想法）与misconception（误解）意思最为接近，unproved statistics未经证实的统计，真相事实，apprehension赞赏，因此选项B正确。2.判断推理题。定位到文章第一段

23、The truth is however that addiction is blind to race, color and socio-economic background（然而，事实是，上瘾是无视种族，肤色和社会经济背景的），意思就是上瘾和经济、犯罪等是没有直接关系的，而Addiction does not have a preference（上瘾是没有偏好的）与原文表达意义相近，因此C选项符合题意。3.判断推理题。定位到文章第二段，Some of these might include peer pressure from friends, stress and personalit

24、y characteristics.（其中一些可能包括来自朋友的同辈压力，压力和个性特征）表明每个人都是有不同原因的，因此选项D符合题意。4.判断推理题。定位到文章第五段，The problem lies in the fact that these reward systems do not only reward the intake of harmless substances such as sugars and fats. Some chemicals activate brain reward systems directly, bypassing the sensory rece

25、ptors mediating natural rewards. Caffeine, alcohol and nicotine all activate brain reward mechanisms directly.（问题在于，这些奖励系统不仅奖励摄入无害的物质，如糖和脂肪。一些化学物质直接激活大脑的奖励系统，绕过调节自然奖励的感觉感受器。咖啡因，酒精和尼古丁都能直接激活大脑的奖励机制）表明人类的大脑奖励系统不能够准确地识别摄入物质是否有害，因此选项C符合题意。5.定位到文章第七段，have the same intensity of addiction有相同上瘾的程度，intensity

26、意为程度，与level意义最为相近，因此选项B符合题意。3. 单选题When photographing an object from different viewpoints, the photographers perspective of（ ）changes.问题1选项A.of what is seeingB.seeing whatC.it sees whatD.what it sees【答案】D【解析】语法题。根据句子结构可知，空格部分为介词of的宾语，所以填入一个宾语从句。特殊疑问词可引导宾语从句，并且要用陈述语序。句意：当从不同的角度拍摄一个物体时，摄影师对它所看到的东西的视觉会发

27、生变化。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题The human criterion for perfect vision is 20/20 for reading the standard lines on a Snellen eye chart without a hitch. The score is determined by how well you read lines of letters of different sizes from 20 feet away. But being able to read the bottom line on the eye chart does no

28、t approximate perfection as far as other species are concerned. Most birds would consider us very visually handicapped. The hawk, for instance, has such sharp eyes that it can spot a dime ea the side walk while perched on the top of the Empire State Building. It can make fine visual distinctions bec

29、ause it is blessed with one million cones per square millimeter in its retina. And in water, humans are far-sighted, while the kingfisher, swooping down to spear fish, can see well in both air and water because it is endowed with two foveae -areas of the eye, consisting mostly of cones, that provide

30、 visual distinctions. One foveae permits the bird, while in the air to scan the water below with one eye at a time. This is called monocular vision. Once it hits the water, the other fovea joins in, allowing the kingfisher to focus bath eye, like binoculars, on it prey at the same time. A frogs visi

31、on is distinguished by its ability to perceive things as a constant motion picture. Known as bug detectors, a highly developed set of cells in a frogs eyes responds mainly to moving objects. So, it is said that a frog sitting in a field of dead bugs wouldnt see them as food and would starve.The bee

32、has a “compound eye, which is used for navigation. It has 15,000 facet, that divide what it seen into a pattern of dots, or mosaic. With this kind of vision, the bee sees the sun only as constantly measures the angle of its line of fight in relation to the sun. A bees eye also gauges flight speed. A

33、nd if that is not enough to leave our 20/20 “perfect vision, paling into insignificance, the bee is capable of seeing something we cant-ultraviolet light. Thus, what humans consider to be perfect vision is in fact rather limited when we look at other species. However, there is still much to be said

34、for the human eye. Of all the mammals, only humans and some primates can enjoy the pleasure of color vision.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.According to the passage, why might birds and animals consider humans very visually handicapped?3.According to the passage, which of the following is N

35、OT true?4.The word that” in line 10 refer to （ ）.5.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?问题1选项A.Eye variation among different speciesB.Limits of the human eyeC.Perfect visionD.Different eyes for different uses问题2选项A.Humans cant see very well in either air or water.B.Humans eyes are

36、 not as well suited to our needs.C.The main outstanding feature of human eyes is color vision.D.Human eyes cant do what their eyes can.问题3选项A.Kingfishers have monocular vision.B.Hawks eyes consist mostly of cones that can allow it to scan with one eye at a time.C.Humans are farsighted in water.D.Bee

37、s see patterns of dots.问题4选项A.FoveaeB.Areas of the eyeC.ConesD.Visual distinction问题5选项A.Eyes have developed differently in each speciesB.Bees have the most complex eyesC.Humans should not envy what they dont needD.Perfect vision is not perfect.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.试题解析：主旨大意题。文章第一段提到人类的

38、视力与其他物种相比，并不是完美的，紧接着列举了几种不同动物的眼睛及其视力特征；第二段主要介绍了动物“蜜蜂”的眼睛特征，简要提到了只有人类和一些灵长类动物才能享受彩色视觉的乐趣。因此本文主要是介绍不同的眼睛有不同的用途，选D。2.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的But being able to read the bottom line on the eye chart does not approximate perfection as far as other species are concerned. Most birds would consider us very visually ha

39、ndicapped.（但是，对其他物种来说，能够读懂眼图上的底线并不能接近完美。大多数鸟类会认为我们视力很差）可知人类的视力比其他动物的视力要差，具有局限性，因此选D。3.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的while the kingfisher. One foveae permits the bird, while in the air to scan the water below with one eye at a time.（然而翠鸟其中一个凹窝允许飞翔在空中的翠鸟不吋用一只眼瞳扫视水面的情况）可知B选项不是鹰眼的特征，而是翠鸟眼睛的特征，题干中问的是“NOT true”，因此选B。4.词义

40、题。根据题干信息“that” in line 10”定位至文章第一段中，由And in water, humans are far-sighted, while the kingfisher, swooping down to spear fish, can see well in both air and water because it is endowed with two foveae -areas of the eye, consisting mostly of cones, that provide visual distinctions.（在水里，人类是远视的，而俯冲到水里捉鱼的

41、翠鸟在水上和水下都能看清景物，因为它的眼睛里有两凹窝区域，这两个凹窝主要由具有视觉分辨能力的圆锥细胞组成）可知句中的“that”为关系代词，修饰前面的先行词“cones”，引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，因此选C。5.推理判断题。本文主要介绍了人类眼睛的特点以及鹰、翠鸟、青蛙、蜜蜂这几种不同动物的眼睛特征与视力，因此A选项“每一物种的眼睛都有不同的发育”符合题意。5. 单选题My heart（ ）when I heard that I had been eliminated during the first round interview.问题1选项A.droppedB.fellC.plunge

42、dD.sank【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项drop“下降”，表示从高处往下掉；B选项fall“落下、下垂”，通常指，在重力的作用下落下，或者失去平衡而跌落；C选项plunge“突然的下落”；D选项sink“下沉、消沉”，句意为：当我听说自己在第一轮面试中被淘汰时，我的心沉了下来。因此选项D符合题意。6. 单选题It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a

43、journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeki

44、ng knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it is making access to scientific results a reality.

45、The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made hand

46、some profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the

47、 core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles ea

48、ch year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the reports authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay f

49、or access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or

50、 international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All thi

51、s could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.1.In the first paragraph, the author discusses（ ）.2.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?3.According to the text, online publication is significant in that（ ）.4.With the open-access pu

52、blishing model, the author of a paper is required to（ ）.5.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?问题1选项A.the background information of journal editing.B.the publication routine of laboratory reports.C.the relations of authors with journal publishers.D.the traditional process

53、 of journal publication.问题2选项A.It criticizes government-funded research.B.It introduces an effective means of publication.C.It upsets profit-making journal publishers.D.It benefits scientific research considerably.问题3选项A.it provides an easier access to scientific results.B.it brings huge profits to

54、scientific researchers.C.it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.D.it facilitates public investment in scientific research.问题4选项A.cover the cost of its publication.B.subscribe to the journal publishing it.C.allow other online journals to use it freely.D.complete the peer-review before

55、 submission.问题5选项A.The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.B.A new mode of publication is emerging.C.Authors welcome the new channel for publication.D.Publication is rendered easier by online service.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。定位到文章第一段，“在实验室里一起工作的一组研究人员将把他们的研究结果提交给一家杂志。然后，期刊编辑会从论

56、文中删除作者的姓名和所属机构，并将其发送给他们的同行进行审阅。根据收到的评论，编辑可以接受或拒绝发表。版权归期刊出版商所有，而想要了解研究结果的研究人员必须订阅该期刊”。由此可知作者说明的是传统的出版常规流程，因此选项D正确。2.事实细节题。定位到文章第二段，But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor. 但它还不止于此。它标志着迄今出版一直是科学努力的一个关键因素的改变。OECD说明了一系列有限的方式方法，

57、包括后文提到的在线期刊的方式，因此选项B正确。3.推理判断题。定位到文章最后一段，介绍的是线上出版的几个方式，相对于传统形式的同行评论过程更加的简便。因此选项A正确。4.事实细节题。定位到文章最后一段，There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. 一种是开放存取出版，典型的支持方式是要求作者(或其雇主)为发表的论文付费。因此选项A符合题意。5.主旨大意题。整篇文章都是在以客观的角度来

58、介绍新的出版方式，没有表露作者的观点，因此选项C排除；文章没有从传统出版商的角度来表示互联网是一种威胁，排除选项A；文章并没有深入展示在线服务会使出版更容易这个话题，排除选项D。7. 单选题The importance of protecting rainforests from human invasion is increasingly realized by developing and developed countries（ ）.问题1选项A.bothB.eitherC.alikeD.apart【答案】C【解析】副词词义辨析。空格所填词语为副词，修饰空格前的realized,排除 选

59、项B;其余三个选项做副词的意思分别为A选项both “两者皆，又”，但做副词时一般不在句末；B选项either做副词表示“也，而且”，C选项alike “同样地，两者都”；D选项apart “相距，分离”，本句句意应是发达国家和发展中国家同样都越来越意识到保护热带雨林不受人类行为影响的重要性。强调两种类型的国家都，C选项正确。8. 翻译题1.书籍引导我们进入优秀的社会群体，将我们带到伟大的思想家面前。2.这些不同文化背景的年轻人都具有共同的爱好，喜欢同样的服饰、音乐和娱乐。3.名声、财富和权利都是身外之物，人人可求而得之，但没有人能代替你感受人生。4.中国坚持以人为本的科学发展观，着力构建和谐

60、社会。5.一个时代展现在我们面前；政治更加民主，社会全面进步，人们生活进一步提高。【答案】1.Books guide us into good social groups and bring us to great thinkers.2.These young people from different cultural backgrounds all have common hobbies and like the same clothes, music and entertainment.3.Fame, wealth and power are worldly possessions th

61、at can be acquired by all, but no one can feel life for you.4.China adheres to the people-oriented scientific concept of development and strives to build a harmonious society.5. An era is unfolding before us; politics is more democratic, society is progressing in an all-round way, and peoples lives

62、are further improved.9. 单选题When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicat

63、ing the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant

64、reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historic