2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考试名师点拨押题密卷8（含答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考试名师点拨押题密卷（含答案详解）1. 单选题One of industrial agricultures biggest GMO crops may have just backfired (产生事与愿违的后果). Scientists have confirmed that corn-destroying rootworms have evolved to be resistant to the Bt corn engineered to kill them.Bt stands for Bacillus thuringiensis (苏云金芽孢杆菌), th

2、e name of the genetically modified corns “donor” organism. Bacillus thuringiensis is a naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces protein crystals that bind to certain receptors in the rootworms intestine (肠), killing it. For years, farmers have planted Bt corn as an alternative to spraying in

3、secticides. Bt corn accounted for three-quarters of all corn planting in 2013. That may have to change.After finding a cornfield in Iowa in 2011 that was decimated (大幅度下降)by rootworm despite being planted with the Bt corn, Iowa State University entomologist Aaron Gassmann and his team began to study

4、 the pests interactions with the genetically modified organism (or GMO) corn in a lab. Their study, published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, describes the western corn rootworms rapid evolution after feeding on the engineered crop.But Bt corn is still capable of wardi

5、ng off other pests, so farmers will likely keep planting it. Except now theyll need to use pesticides to protect their crop from rootworms. As entomologists warned the Environmental Protection Agency in 2012, rootworm resistance means that the environmental advantage of Bt corn that it could be rais

6、ed pesticide-free may disappear.“Unless management practices change, its only going to get worse,” Gassmann told Wired. “There needs to be a fundamental change in how the technology is used.”Scientists have predicted for years that this could happen, but warnings were repeatedly ignored by regulator

7、s and farmers. It takes millions of dollars to develop seeds like Bt, so engineering an alternative is not an attractive option. Instead, the authors of another study on rootworm Bt resistance, which focuses on Nebraska, take a biodiversity approach.“Crop rotation is the best tool,” University of Ne

8、braska-Lincoln entomologist Lance Meinke told Farm & Ranch Guide. “Generally, one year of soybeans in a field with resistant western corn rootworms wipes out that population. The beetles will lay eggs that hatch, but when larvae (幼虫)try to feed on soybean plants, they dont find the nutrients they ne

9、ed and they die.”Crop rotation can suppress rootworm populations over time, reducing the threat posed by their new Bt resistance.But as entomologist Elson Shields of Cornell University told Wired, rootworm is just one symptom of an engineered seed trait “will fall under the same pressure,” said Shie

10、lds, “and the insect will win.”1. What can we know about Bacillus thuringiensis?2. What inspired Aaron Gassmann to start his study?3. Which of the following is true, according to the passage?4. Lance Meinke thinks the best approach to the problem of rootworm Bt resistance is_.5. What is the problem

11、with the GMO seed industry, according to Elson Shields?问题1选项A.It is a genetically modified organism.B.It is an alternative to spraying insecticides.C.It is a natural bacterium that kills rootworm.D.It protects rootworm from being killed by bacterium.问题2选项A.The great reduction of output of a cornfiel

12、d in Iowa.B.The aim of boosting corn yield by 75% by 2011.C.The significance of corn rootworms rapid evolution.D.Aaron Gassmanns finding of a large number of rootworm.问题3选项A.People have not expected rootworm Bt resistance before.B.Bt resistance has a fundamental change in modern technology.C.It is e

13、conomically impractical to entirely abandon Bt corn.D.Farmers prefer to use pesticides rather than plant Bt corn.问题4选项A.planting soybeansB.raising beetlesC.adding fertilizerD.rotating crop问题5选项A.Most of the entomologists failed to predict its future destiny.B.The GMO seed industry lacks long-term co

14、nsiderations.C.People mistakenly consider rootworm as the biggest trouble.D.It is very difficult for the GMO seed industry to win insects.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第二段第三句For years, farmers have planted Bt corn as an alternative to spraying insecticides（多年来，农民们一直种植Bt玉米作为喷洒杀

15、虫剂的替代品），第二步，综合理解，这里是B选项的同意替换，B选项“是一种替代喷洒杀虫剂的方法”正确。A选项“是一种转基因生物”，定位到第二段第二句Bacillus thuringiensis is a naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces protein crystals that bind to certain receptors in the rootworms intestine, killing it（苏云金杆菌是一种天然存在的土壤细菌，它能产生蛋白质晶体，与根虫肠道中的某些受体结合，杀死根虫），由此可知苏云金杆菌不是转基因物

16、体而是一种能够和害虫肠道里面的受体结合产生蛋白质结晶从而达到杀死害虫的天然细菌，是细菌的一种，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“是一种杀死根虫的天然细菌”，见A选项解析，是苏云金杆菌与害虫肠道的受体产生的蛋白质使虫子死亡，不是苏云金杆菌直接杀死虫子，这里属于曲意理解；D选项“它保护根虫不被细菌杀死”，见A选项，是侵害不是保护，这里属于反向干扰。2.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第一句After finding a cornfield in Iowa in 2011 that was decimated by rootworm despite being planted with the B

17、t corn（2011年在爱荷华州发现一片玉米田，尽管种植了Bt玉米，但却被根虫摧毁）。第二步，综合理解，从这句可以知道是亚伦因为发现爱荷华州的玉米产量即使在种了转基因玉米的情况下也出现了大幅度减产的情况才想要去调查的，由此可知A选项“爱荷华州玉米田产量的大幅减少”正确。B选项“到2011年提高玉米产量75%的目标”，见正确选项分析，2011年的情况是减产了所以才会开展这项调查，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“玉米根虫快速进化的意义”，定位到第三段最后一句话Their studydescribes the western corn rootworms rapid evolution after fe

18、eding on the engineered crop.（他们的研究描述了西方玉米根虫在食用转基因作物后的快速进化。），由此可知C选项是调查结果不是调查原因，这里属于偷换概念；D选项“Aaron Gassmann发现大量根虫”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。3.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第六段第一二句but warnings were repeatedly ignored by regulators and farmers. It takes millions of dollars to develop seeds like Bt, so engineering an alterna

19、tive is not an attractive option（但监管机构和农民一再忽视警告。开发像Bt这样的种子需要数百万美元，所以通过工程来替代并不是一个有吸引力的选择）， 从这里可知，因为转基因种子花了很多财力研发，种子公司不会那么轻易放弃，所以在经济方面转基因玉米不会那么轻易放弃，所以C选项“完全放弃Bt玉米在经济上是不切实际的”正确。A选项“人们以前没有预料到根虫抗Bt”，定位到第二段第三句For years, farmers have planted Bt corn as an alternative to spraying insecticides（多年来，农民们一直种植Bt玉

20、米作为喷洒杀虫剂的替代品），从这里可知人们一开始就是为了治虫才种转基因玉米的，所以A选项错误，属于反向干扰；B选项“Bt抗性在现代技术中有根本性的变化”，定位到第五段第二句There needs to be a fundamental change in how the technology is used（在如何使用这项技术方面需要有根本性的改变），这里是根据句子的时态可知是将来时，这表明说话人的主观愿望而B选项用的是一般现在时表现在的一种动作，所以不能选，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“农民更喜欢使用杀虫剂而不是种植Bt玉米”定位到第三段第三句But Bt corn is still capab

21、le of warding off other pests, so farmers will likely keep planting it（但Bt玉米仍有抵挡其他害虫的能力，所以农民可能会继续种植它），从这里可知农民还是更愿意种转基因玉米，所以D选项属于反向干扰。4.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到倒数第三段第一句Crop rotation is the best tool（轮作是最好的工具）， 从这里可知答案选D“轮耕”；A选项“种黄豆”，定位到倒数第三段第二句Generally, one year of soybeans in a field with resistant weste

22、rn corn rootworms wipes out that population（一般来说，在具有抗性的西部玉米根虫的土地上种植一年的大豆就可以消灭这一种群），种植黄豆只是轮耕的具体方法之一，这里只是举个例子，不能概括整体，这里属于以偏概全；B选项“养甲虫”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；C选项“加肥料”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选。5.判断推理题，第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到最后一段第一句话，But as entomologist Elson Shields of Cornell University told Wired, rootworm is just one

23、symptom of an engineered seed trait “will fall under the same pressure,” said Shields, “and the insect will win”.（但正如康奈尔大学的昆虫学家Elson Shields告诉连线杂志的，根虫只是一种转基因种子性状之一，“在同样的压力下，”Shields说，“昆虫将获胜。），从这里可知Elson Shields对转基因产业是持否定态度，觉得昆虫最终会战胜转基因植物，从这里的only可以看出来Shields认为根虫只是其中一个症状，其实问题还不仅仅只在根虫，所以可以推断答案选C选项“人们错

24、误地认为根虫是最大的麻烦”。A选项“大多数昆虫学家都没有预测到它（转基因种子产业）的未来命运”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；B选项“转基因种子行业缺乏长期考虑”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；D选项“转基因种子产业很难赢得昆虫”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选。2. 单选题The number of speakers of English in Shakespeares time is estimated to have been about five million. Today it is estimated that some 260 million people spea

25、k it as a native language, mainly in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In addition to the standard varieties of English found in these areas, there are a great many regional and social varieties of the language, as well as various levels of u

26、sage that are employed both in its spoken and written forms.It is virtually impossible to estimate the number of people in the world who have acquired an adequate working knowledge of English in addition to their own language. The purposes for which English is learned and the situations in which suc

27、h learning takes place are so varied that it is difficult to define and still more difficult to assess what constitutes an adequate working knowledge for each situation.The main reason for the widespread demand for English is its present-day importance as a world language. Besides serving the infini

28、te needs of its native speakers, English is a language in which some of the most important works in science, technology, and other fields are being produced, and not always by native speakers. It is widely used for such purposes as meteorological and airport communications, international conferences

29、, and the dissemination（传播）of information over the radio and television networks of many nations. It is a language of wider communication for a number of developing countries, especially former British colonies. Many of these countries have multilingual populations and need a language for internal c

30、ommunication in such matters as government, commerce industry, law and education as well as for international communication and for access to the scientific and technological development in the West.26. There are about 260 million people who can speak_.27. According to this passage, the English lang

31、uage might be used_.28. The author seems to be wondering_.29. “these countries” （Para.3）most probably refers to_.30. A common language is necessary for some multi-lingual countries_.问题1选项A.English in its regional varietyB.English in its standard varietyC.English as a second languageD.English as a wo

32、rking language问题2选项A.for only one reason that English is becoming an international languageB.mainly by people from the American continent and the European continentC.as an official language in an international conference on the American cultureD.in science and technology as well as in cultural and h

33、istorical studies of all countries问题3选项A.what makes up ones adequate working knowledge of EnglishB.why English can serve so many needs of various peopleC.how to relate the technological problems in airport communicationsD.when English became so widely used问题4选项A.the developing countries which used t

34、o be coloniesB.the former British colonies which now are developingC.the colonized countries which become as strong as BritainD.the developing countries which are still colonized by Britain问题5选项A.for both internal and international communicationsB.for access to the development in other countriesC.fo

35、r higher efficiency of the government and better life of the publicD.for wider communications among colonial nations【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A【解析】26.事实细节题。定位到第一段第二三句，Today it is estimated that some 260 million people speak it as a native language, mainly in the United States, Canada, Great Britai

36、n, Ireland, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In addition to the standard varieties of English found in these areas, there are a great many regional and social varieties of the language“今天，据估计大约有2.6亿人把英语作为母语使用，主要分布在美国、加拿大、英国、爱尔兰、南非、澳大利亚和新西兰。除了在这些地区发现的标准英语变体外，还有许多地区和社会的英语变体”，由此可知答案选B选项“标准英语”。A

37、选项“具有地域多样性的英语”，见正确选项，由此可知这里错误，属于反向干扰。C选项“英语作为第二语言”，文章没有提及属于无中生有，所以不选。D选项“作为工作语言的英语”，文章没有提及属于无中生有，所以不选。27.事实细节题。定位到第三段第二句话Besides serving the infinite needs of its native speakers, English is a language in which some of the most important works in science, technology, and other fields are being produ

38、ced, and not always by native speakers.“除了满足以英语为母语的人无穷无尽的需求外，在科学、技术和其他领域，一些最重要的著作也是用英语写成的，而且这些著作并不总是由以英语为母语的人写成的”，从这里可知D选项“（被用）在科学和技术以及所有国家的文化和历史研究中”正确；A选项“英语成为国际语言只有一个原因”，定位到第二段最后一句The purposes for which English is learned and the situations in which such learning takes place are so varied that it

39、is difficult to define and still more difficult to assess what constitutes an adequate working knowledge for each situation.“学习英语的目的和学习英语的环境是如此不同，很难定义，更难以评估什么构成了每一种情况下的充分的工作知识。”从这里可知人们学习英语的目的不同，也就导致英语成为国际语言的原因是多种因素综合起来的，所以A选项错误，这里属于以偏概全；B选项“主要是来自美洲大陆和欧洲大陆的人”，定位到第一段第二句话mainly in the United States, Ca

40、nada, Great Britain, Ireland, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.“主要分布在美国、加拿大、英国、爱尔兰、南非、澳大利亚和新西兰”从这里可知B选项错误，非洲大陆也有很多国家讲英语，这里属于以偏概全；C选项“作为美国文化国际会议的官方语言”，定位到第三段第三句It is widely used for such purposes as meteorological and airport communications, international conferences, and the dissemination of

41、information over the radio and television networks of many nations.“它被广泛用于气象和机场通信、国际会议以及通过许多国家的无线电和电视网络传播信息等目的”，从这里可以看出不止是美国，很多国家在开国际会议时都用的是英语，这里属于以偏概全。28.主旨大意题。关注首末两段中心句，第一段中心句是第二句there are a great many regional and social varieties of the language, as well as various levels of usage that are emplo

42、yed both in its spoken and written forms. “这种语言有许多地区和社会变体，在口语和书面形式中也有不同程度的用法”，这是文章的中心句，这段说明英语的广泛使用；第三段中心句是The main reason for the widespread demand for English is its present-day importance as a world language“对英语的广泛需求的主要原因是它作为一种世界语言在当今的重要性”，这段讲的是为什么很多人会学英语的原因。结合两者可知作者主要是弄清楚B选项“为什么英语能满足不同人的需求”。A选项“是

43、什么构成了一个人足够的英语工作知识”，作者已经在第二段最后一句说明了it is difficult to define and still more difficult to assess what constitutes an adequate working knowledge for each situation. “定义每种情况下的充分工作知识是困难的，更困难的是评估”，所以这里不能选，属于反向干扰。C选项“如何联系机场通讯中的技术问题”，文章没有提及属于无中生有。D选项“当英语变得如此广泛使用时”，见正确选项，文章的主要内容是为什么英语被广泛使用的原因，不是时间，这里属于反向干扰。2

44、9.事实细节题，定位到第三段倒数第二句It is a language of wider communication for a number of developing countries, especially former British colonies.从这里可以看出“这些国家”指的是以前被英国殖民过的发展中国家，B选项“现在正在发展的前英国殖民地”是其同义替代选项，所以答案选B选项；A选项“曾经是殖民地的发展中国家”，见正确选项，以前是殖民地但不一定是英国的殖民地，属于偷换概念。C选项“成为和英国一样强大的殖民地国家”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。D选项“仍然被英国殖民的发展中国家

45、”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。30.事实细节题。定位到第三段最后一句话 Many of these countries have multilingual populations and need a language for internal communication in such matters as government, commerce industry, law and education as well as for international communication and for access to the scientific and technological

46、development in the West.“这些国家中有许多人口使用多种语言，在政府、商业、工业、法律和教育等方面的内部交流以及国际交流和了解西方的科学和技术发展都需要一种语言。”从这里可以知道答案选A选项“用于国内和国际交流”。B选项“为了和其他国家的发展接轨”文章没有提及，属于无中生有。C选项“为了更高的效率和更好的公众生活”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。D选项“殖民国家之间更广泛的交流”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。3. 单选题Virtually unknown a decade ago, big online teacher education programs now dwar

47、f their traditional competitors, outstripping (超过)even the largest state university teachers colleges.A USA TODAY analysis of newly released U.S. Department of Education data finds that four big universities, operating mostly online, have quickly become the largest education schools in the USA. Last

48、 year the four three of which are for profit awarded one in 16 bachelors degrees and post-graduate awards and nearly one in 11 advanced education awards, including masters degrees and doctorates.A decade ago, the for-profit University of Phoenix awarded 72 education degrees to teachers, administrato

49、rs and other school personnel through its online program, according to federal data. Last year, it awarded nearly 6,000 degrees, more than any other university.Traditional colleges still produce most of the bachelors degrees in teaching ASU topped the list with 979 bachelors degrees in 2011. But onl

50、ine schools such as Phoenix and Walden University awarded thousands more masters degrees than even the top traditional schools, all of which are pushing to offer online coursework.“We shouldnt be surprised because the whole industry is moving in that direction,” said Robert Pianta, dean of the Unive

51、rsity of Virginias Curry School of Education. “The thing I would be interested in knowing is the degree to which they are simply pushing these things out in order to generate dollars or whether theres some real innovations in there.”For-profit universities have been the subject of intense scrutiny i

52、n Congress. Tom Harkin, D-Iowa, who chairs the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee, last week released findings from a two-year investigation showing that they cost more than comparable not-for-profit schools and have higher dropout rates. For-profits, the investigation found, enr

53、oll about 10% of U.S. college students but account for nearly 50% of student loan defaults.Online education schools, many of which have open-enrollment policies similar to community colleges, say their offerings are high quality.Janet Williams, interim associate dean for educator licensure programs

54、at Waldens Richard W. Riley College of Education & Leadership, said her student-teachers must undergo a full semester in a real-live K-12 school as a “demonstration teacher,” paired with a master teacher and supervisor in the school district.Meredith Curley, dean of the University of Phoenix College

55、 of Education, said many students are returning to complete their education after starting families and changing careers. Their average age is 33, she said, and many work while they attend classes. Becky Lodewyck, Phoenixs associate dean, said teaching candidates must complete at least 100 hours of

56、field experience. She said online classes are “incredibly dynamic” and have the potential to hold students more accountable than face-to-face classes. “You cant hide,” she said. “Everyone participates everyone has to be fully engaged in the work.”6. What can we know about the four big universities t

57、hat mainly operate online?7. The for-profit University of Phoenix_.8. What was Robert Pianta interested in?9. What was showed in the findings released by Tom Harkin?10. According to Becky Lodewyck, students in online classes_.问题1选项A.They have an important position in education in the US.B.They have

58、become the largest for-profit schools in America.C.They focus on developing advanced education in the US.D.They award most of the bachelors degrees in teaching.问题2选项A.became the largest online education universityB.made great profit from its online programC.enlarged the scale of its online education

59、D.surpassed the traditional universities in scale问题3选项A.Whether the expanded online schools have some real innovation.B.Whether students can learn something new from those online schools.C.Whether those online schools can get a big profit from expansion.D.Whether the online schools will move in the

60、same direction.问题4选项A.Students in not-for-profit schools are much more likely to drop out.B.Many students in for-profits schools can not pay for student loan.C.It takes two years to investigate the dropout rates in for-profits schools.D.For-profits schools have higher enrollment rate than not-for-pr

61、ofit schools.问题5选项A.have changed careers before their educationB.complete at least 100 hours of field experienceC.have a stronger sense of responsibilityD.have to devote themselves into their studies【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B【解析】6.判断推理，第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第二段最后一句awarded one in 16 bachelors degrees and

62、post-graduate awards and nearly one in 11 advanced education awards, including masters degrees and doctorates.（在16个学士学位和研究生学位奖项中有1个被授予，在11个高等教育奖项中有近1个被授予，包括硕士学位和博士学位），十一份高等教育学历就有一张是四大机构颁发的，第二步，寻找上下文线索，上下文都是在说四大机构所集中的领域都是大学教育范围，所以C选项“他们专注于发展美国的高等教育”正确。A选项“他们在美国的教育中占有重要地位”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；B选项“他们已经成为美国最大

63、的盈利性学校”，见正确选项，虽然有三家机构是盈利性质但是还有一家不是，所以B选项不能选，属于以偏概全；D选项“他们授予大多数的教学学士学位。”，定位到第四段第一句Traditional colleges still produce most of the bachelors degrees in teaching ASU topped the list with 979 bachelors degrees in 2011.（传统大学仍然提供大部分的教学学士学位2011年，亚利桑那州立大学以979个学士学位高居榜首）从这里可知是传统大学提供的教学学士学位比较多，而不是线上教育，所以D选项错误，这

64、里属于反向干扰。7.事实细节题，第一步精准定位，定位到第三段第一二句话A decade ago, the for-profit University of Phoenix awarded 72 education degrees to teachers, administrators and other school personnel through its online program, according to federal data. Last year, it awarded nearly 6,000 degrees, more than any other university.（联邦数据显示，十年前，以盈利为目的的菲尼克斯大学（University of Phoenix）通过其在线项目向教师、管理人员和其他学校工作人员颁发了72个教育学位。去年，它颁发了近600