2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考前模拟强化练习题10（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources- and labor supply-all these were important （1）in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. But they were not enough. Something（2） was needed to start the industrial process. T

2、hatsomething special was men（3） individuals who could invent machines, find new sources of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society.The men who（4） the machines of the Industrial-Revolution came from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were（5） inventors than scie

3、ntist. A man who is a（6） scientist is primarily interested in doing his research accurately. He is not necessarily working so that his findings can be used.An inventor or one interested in applied science is（7） trying to make something that has a concrete use. He may try to solve a problem by using

4、the theories of science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a（8） result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of many other objectives.Most of the people who（9） the machines of the Industrial Revoluti

5、on were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had little or no training in science might not have made their inventions（10） a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years before.问题1选项A.reasonsB.factorsC.situationsD.cases问题2选项A.similarB.elseC.

6、nearD.extra问题3选项A.generatingB.effectiveC.motivatingD.creative问题4选项A.employedB.createdC.operatedD.controlled问题5选项A.lessB.betterC.moreD.worse问题6选项A.genuineB.practicalC.pureD.clever问题7选项A.seldomB.usuallyC.sometimesD.never问题8选项A.singleB.specializedC.specificD.sole问题9选项A.proposedB.developedC.suppliedD.of

7、fered问题10选项A.becauseB.whileC.ifD.as【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C第6题:C第7题:B第8题:C第9题:B第10题:C【解析】第1题:考查固定搭配。reason 和factor 放在这里都符合逻辑，由空格后面的介词in，可知应选factor 。reason一般接 for或者why引导的从句。故答案B第2题:考查形容词辨析。此句句意为还需要一些其他的东西，something else其他的东西，答案B第3题:考查形容词辨析。根据空后的“invent machines”可知此空应填“具有创造力的”，generating 产生的；effe

8、ctive 有效的； motivating 激发的；creative 创造性的。第4题:考查动词辨析。句意：在工业革命中发明这些机器的人。故答案B第5题:考查固定搭配。句意：发明机器的人大部分是发明家，而不是科学家。 morethan是而不是 答案C第6题:考查形容词辨析。根据“primarily interested in doing his research accurately. He is not necessarily working so that his findings can be used.主要对自己的研究感兴趣。他不一定是为了利用他的研究成果而工作。”可推知这种科学家是纯

9、粹的科学家。genuine 真正的，真实的； practical 实际的；pure纯粹的；clever 聪明的。答案C第7题:考查副词辨析。根据下文意思可知，usually符合句意。答案B第8题:考查形容词辨析。句意：“不管什么方法，他工作目的是获得特定的某种结果。”由空格后的举例可知他是为了获得某种特定的结果而工作。答案C第9题:考查动词辨析。 句意：工业革命时发明了这些机器的人大都是发明家而非科学家。答案B第10题:考查连词辨析。 句意：即使是那些没有受过科学专业训练的人，如果没有之前科学家们做出的基础工作，他们也不可能发明这些东西。所以应填if。答案C2. 翻译题A philosophy

10、 of culture begins with the assumption that the world of human culture is not a mere aggregate of loose and detached facts. It seeks to understand these facts as a system as an organic whole. For an empirical or historical view it would seem to be enough to collect the data of human culture. Here we

11、 are interested in the breadth of human life. We are engrossed in a study of the particular phenomena in their richness and variety.But a philosophical analysis sets itself a different task. Its starting point and its hypothesis are embodied in the conviction that the varied and seemingly dispersed

12、rays may be gathered together and brought into a common focus.The idea that people can behave naturally, without resorting to an artificial code tacitly agreed upon by their society, is as silly as the idea that they can communicate by a spoken language without commonly accepted semantic and grammat

13、ical rules. Like language, a code of manners can be used with more or with less skill for laudable or for evil purposes, to express a great variety of ideas and emotions. In itself, it carries no moral value, but ignorance in use of this tool is not a sign of virtue. Inarticulateness should not be m

14、istaken for guiltlessness.【答案】译文：哲学文化始于这样一种假设上，即人类文明并不仅仅是松散而孤立的事实的累积。哲学试图把现象作为系统的有机整体来解释。译文：但是哲学分析给自己设定了不同的任务。它的研究起点和假设体现在这样一种论断中：即不同的和分散的光线会被聚焦在一起，成为共同的焦点。译文：那种认为人们可以我行我素，无需借助一种全社会都默认的人为制定的规范的想法，就像认为人们可以用一种没有被普遍认可的语法规则的语言来进行交流的想法一样愚昧。译文：就像语言一样，一种行为准则可以用或多或少的技巧来表达各种各样的想法和情感，或用于值得称赞的目的，或用于邪恶的目的。3. 单选

15、题The service operates 36 libraries throughout the country, while six （ ）librariesspecially serve the countryside.问题1选项A.mobileB.driftingC.shiftingD.rotating【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。mobile library “流动图书馆”； drifting “漂流的”； shifting “不断移动的”； rotating “旋转的”。句意：这项服务在全国36个图书馆运行，而6个移动图书馆专门服务农村。由固定搭配可知A项正确。4. 单选题My

16、neighbors on either side of me have painted their houses, （ ）of course makes my house look shabbier than it really is.问题1选项A.thatB.asC.whoD.which【答案】D【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。空格处所填单词指代前面句子的内容，即我两边邻居都给他们的房子刷了漆，也就是指这件事，故排除BC两项。再由空格前的逗号可知，次从句为非限制性定从，故用which引导。句意：我两边的邻居都给他们的房子刷了漆，这让我的房子比实际上更显得破旧。答案D5. 单选题The（ ）in

17、 Janets character has hindered her from advancement in her career.问题1选项A.weaknessB.meritC.defectD.shortcoming【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。weakness“弱点，嗜好”；defect“不足，缺陷”；shortcoming“缺点，短处”； merit“优点”。句意：詹妮特的性格缺陷阻碍了她事业的进步。由hinder “阻碍”可知性格方面的不足阻碍了她的进步。只有C符合题意。答案C6. 单选题Whereas sudden great disasters are instantaneous

18、, others, such as droughts, are（ ）.问题1选项A.cumulativeB.formidableC.eternalD.prospective【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。cumulative累积的，渐增的； formidable可怕的，强大的； eternal永恒的，不朽的； prospective预期的，未来的。句意：尽管突发的大灾难是瞬间的，然而其他灾难，比如干旱却是_。 由whereas表示对比关系可知此空应选与“instantaneous即刻的，即时的”意思相反的词，故A项“累积的”符合题意，答案A7. 单选题Though he views hims

19、elf as a realist, Cetron says his findings make him very（ ）about future.问题1选项A.optimisticB.sympatheticC.objectiveD.precautious【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。 optimistic “乐观的”； sympathetic“有同情心的”； objective“客观的”；precautious“警惕的，谨慎的” 。句意：尽管认为自己是一个现实主义者，Cetron称他的发现让自己对未来非常乐观。由转折词Though 及realist “现实主义者”可知空格处所填单词意思应与re

20、alist相反，现实主义者一般对未来不持乐观态度，故选项中“乐观的”正确，答案A8. 单选题The importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to, journalism and

21、 broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the how to aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the how to material is based on personal experiences and general impressions. As we know, in journalism, as

22、in other fields, much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed.There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little

23、 significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself. On the other hand, many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written. Many of these books and articles present the theoretical and empirical aspects

24、of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview. The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising

25、 for two reasons. First, it seems likely that most people in modern Western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conduct

26、ed by physicians and psychologists. In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis （诊断）and treatment of the person seeking help.Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been int

27、erviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so, true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews, requires th

28、oughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.1.The main idea of the first paragraph is that（ ）.2.Much has been done on interviews in general（ ）.3.Westerners are familiar with the journalistic interview,（ ）.4.The passage is most likely a part of（ ）.问题1选项A.generalized principles for journa

29、listic interviews are the chief concern for writers of journalismB.importance should be attached to the systematic study of journalistic interviewingC.concepts and contextual implications are of secondary importance in journalistic interviewingD.personal experiences and general impressions should be

30、 excluded from journalistic interviews问题2选项A.so the training of journalistic interviewers has likewise been strengthenedB.though the study of the interviewing techniques hasnt received much attentionC.but journalistic interviewing as a specific field has unfortunately been neglectedD.and there has a

31、lso been a dramatic growth in the study of journalistic interviewing问题3选项A.but most of them wish to stay away from itB.and many of them hope to be interviewed some dayC.and many of them would like to acquire a true understanding of itD.but most of them may not have been interviewed in person问题4选项A.a

32、 news articleB.a research reportC.a journalistic interviewD.a preface【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。由第一段“As we know, in journalism, as in other fields, much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized prin

33、ciples can be developed. 正如我们所知，在新闻业和其他领域一样，我们可以从专业实践的系统研究中学到很多东西。这样的研究收集了一些证据，从中可以发展出广泛而普遍的原则。”可知第一段主要说明应该将重点放在专业实践的研究上。答案B第2题:细节事实题。由第二段中“Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview. 遗憾的是，关于采访的大量文献很少关注新闻采访”可知C项“新闻采访作为一个特殊的领域被忽

34、视了”正确。第3题:细节事实题。由最后一段中“However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. 然而，实际上很少有人已当面被大众媒体，特别是被电视采访”。可知D项正确。第4题:推理判断题。由最后一句as this book indicates可知文章有可能是一本书的序言。答案D9. 单选题What, besides children, connects mothers around the world and acros

35、s the seas of time? Its chicken soup, one prominent American food, expert says.From Russian villages to Africa and Asia chicken soup has been the remedy for those weak in body and spirit Mothers passed their knowledge on to ancient writers of Greece. China and Rome, and even the 12th century philoso

36、pher and physician Moses Maimonides extolled its virtues.Among the ancients, Aristotle thought poultry should stand in higher estimation than four-legged animals because the air is less dense than the earth Chickens got another boost in the Book of Genesis, where it is written that birds and fish we

37、re created on the fifth day, a day before four-legged animals.But according to Mimi Sheraton, who has spent much of the past three years exploring the world of chicken soup, much of the reason for chickens real or imagined curative powers comes from its color.Her book The Whole World Loves Chicken S

38、oup looks at the beloved and mysterious brew, with dozens of recipes from around the world. Throughout the ages, she said, “there has been a lot of feeling that white-colored foods are easier to eat for the weak women and the ill.”In addition, “soups, or anything for that matter eaten with a spoon,”

39、 are considered comfort foods Sheraton said, “I love soup and I love making soup and as I was collecting recipes I began to see this as an international dish.It has a universal mystique as something curative, a strength builder,” Sheraton said from her New York home.Her book treats the oldest remedy

40、 as if it was brand new.The National Broiler Council, the trade group representing the chicken industry, reported that 51% of the people it surveyed said they bought chicken because it was healthier, 50% said it was versatile, 41% said it was economical and 46% said it was low in fat.1. Which of the

41、 following can be the best title of the passage?2.Since ancient times, the value of chicken soup has been （ ）.3.Which of the following statements is NOT true?4.It can be said from the survey that chicken is（ ）.问题1选项A.Prominent American FoodsB.Chicken Soup, a Universal Cure-allC.Chicken Soup RecipesD

42、.History of the Chicken Soup问题2选项A.widely acknowledgedB.over-estimatedC.appreciated only by philosophersD.known only to mothers问题3选项A.Chicken soup has a very long history.B.Since ancient times, chicken soup has been a home remedy.C.Poultry usually stands higher than four-legged animals.D.Four-legged

43、 animals were said to be created on the sixth day.问题4选项A.a popular foodB.a main dishC.cheaper than any other foodD.all of the above【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。由第二段 “From Russian villages to Africa and Asia chicken soup has been the remedy for those weak in body and spirit. Mothers passed t

44、heir knowledge on to ancient writers of Greece, China and Rome, and even the 12th century philosopher and physician Moses Maimonides extolled its virtues. 从俄罗斯的村庄到非洲和亚洲，鸡汤一直是那些身体和精神虚弱的人的良药。母亲们把她们的知识传给了古希腊，中国和罗马的作家，甚至12世纪的哲学家和医生摩西迈蒙尼德都赞美它的优点。”全文都在赞颂鸡汤的治愈力。答案B。其他选项不能体现文章主旨。第2题:推理判断题。由第一段以及第二段“From Rus

45、sian villages to Africa and Asia chicken soup has been the remedy for those weak in body and spiritMoses Maimonides extolled its virtues. 从俄罗斯的村庄到非洲和亚洲，鸡汤一直是那些身体和精神虚弱的人的良药。母亲们把她们的知识传给了古希腊，中国和罗马的作家，甚至12世纪的哲学家和医生摩西迈蒙尼德都赞美它的优点。”可知鸡汤的价值流传已久，广为人知。故A项正确。第3题:细节事实题。从文章第三段“Aristotle thought poultry should st

46、and in higher estimation than four-legged animals because the air is less dense than the earth. 亚里士多德认为家禽应该比四条腿的动物站得更高，因为空气的密度比地球小。”这只是亚里士多德的猜想，并非事实，故C项内容错误。答案C第4题:细节事实题。从最后一段可知，调查表明虽然人们购买鸡肉的原因不同，但却侧面说明鸡肉是一种受欢迎的食物。C和D不符合常识，B项文中未提及。答案A10. 单选题The thieves （ ）the waste paper all over the room while they

47、 were searching for the ring.问题1选项A.spreadB.scratchedC.scatteredD.burned【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。spread传播，散布；scratch搔，抓；scatter all over the floor 满地皆是；burn燃烧 。句意：小偷找钻戒的时候，把废纸弄得满屋都是。由“searching for the ring”可知小偷为了找到戒指会满屋子翻箱倒柜，把废纸弄得到处都是。答案C11. 单选题There is no beer left and the pubs are shut so youll have to （

48、）it.问题1选项A.go forB.go throughC.go offD.go without【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。go for “主张，拥护”； go through“仔细检查”； go off “离开，进行”； go without “没有”。句意：这里没有啤酒了，且酒吧也关门，所以你没有啤酒喝了。由上下文语义可知D项正确。答案D12. 翻译题Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong，have governed my lifethe longing for love，the search for knowledge, a

49、nd the unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair. I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasyecstasy so great that I would often h

50、ave sacrificed all the rest of living for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves lonelinessthat terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss.I have sought it finally，because in the uni

51、on of love I have seen the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, at last. I have found.One fairly common reason is that parents overindulge their children out of a sense of guilt. Parents who bot

52、h hold down full-time jobs may feel guilty about the amount of time they spend away from their children and may attempt to compensate by showering them with material possessions. Other parents overindulge because they want their children to have everything they had while growing up, along with those

53、 things the parents yearned for but didnt get. Still others are afraid to say no to their childrens endless requests for toys for fear that their children will feel unloved or will be ridiculed if they dont have the same playthings their friends have.The British are the most voracious newspaper read

54、ers in the world. They read newspapers at breakfast: they walk to the bus reading a newspaper: they read newspaper on the bus, as they go to work: and on the way back home, after work, they are engrossed in an evening newspaper. There are many morning papers, both national and provincial. The most f

55、amous is The Times. Contrary to what many foreigners believe, this is not a government newspaper. The various newspapers usually have their own views on politics, but they are not organs of the political parties. Bold headlines and a variety of photographs are features of British press. Some newspap

56、ers, such as the sober Daily Telegraph and the Times, use photographs sparingly. The more “popular” newspapers, such as the Daily Mail, and the Sun, use pictures extensively.【答案】（1）对爱的渴望，对知识的追求，对人类苦难的难以承受的同情，是支配我一生的单纯而强烈的三种感情。（2）我最终找到了爱，因为在爱的结合中，我看到了古今圣贤以及诗人们所梦想的天堂，这正是我所追寻的人生境界。虽然它对一般的人类生活也许太美好了，但这正

57、是我透过爱情所得到的最终发现。（3）全职工作的父母可能会为自己许多时间不在孩子的身边而感到内疚，从而可能通过给孩子买大量东西来补偿。（4）英国人是世界上最如饥似渴的读者。在吃早饭时，在去赶公交车的路上，在去上班的公交车上他们都读报，而在下班回家的路上，他们会全神贯注地读晚报。（5）不同的报纸通常有自己的政治观点，但他们不是政治党派的人。醒目的标题和各种各样的照片是英国新闻界的特色。13. 单选题The Chinese Red Cross （ ）a generous sum to the relief of the physically disabled.问题1选项A.assignedB.con

58、tributedC.furnishedD.administered【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。assign “分配，分派”；contribute “捐助，捐献”；furnish“提供、供应”；administer“管理”。句意：中国红十字会捐出了一大笔钱来减轻残疾人的痛苦。B项符合题意，答案B14. 单选题Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e. worked for som

59、ebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago being employed meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or mana

60、gement job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population, growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest

61、 child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. Yo

62、u can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist, trade or bookkeeping. Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employee-ship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employee-ship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employe