2022年考博英语-同济大学考前模拟强化练习题22（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-同济大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题The field of sociology in the United States developed as a result of a social experience which had very little to do with the political and ideological controversies that stimulated sociology in France and Germany. Rather, the discipline evolved as a result of the

2、 experiences associated with the problems of an immigrant society caught in the turmoil of rapid industrialization and urban growth. Indeed, it must be emphasized that from its beginning, sociology has had a very practical interest, which was characterized less by political divisiveness than by soci

3、al reform and social work. This practical emphasis in the discipline has continued to persist to the present. It has only been since World War，however, that there has existed something in American higher education that could be properly termed a “sociological establishment” or a highly respected aca

4、demic field of study. Its major strength as an academic discipline resulted from its empirical and sophisticated approach to the identification and solution of practical but highly significant social problems.Today，what does the academic sociologist do? Professional sociologists are individuals who

5、study and teach about societies，social institutions，and the patterns of human interaction and human behavior. As a scientific discipline，sociology may be divided into three broad, analytical fields: the study of groups; institutions analysis; and the study of the social structure in general. Thus, t

6、he content of the rapidly expanding discipline of sociology is based upon culture and society，with emphasis placed upon the study of the various types of interaction and relationships which exist among individuals and human groups. In the study of such areas as social organization and disorganizatio

7、n, sociologists attempted to explain the evolution and change of social institutions and the changing nature of human attitudinal and value systems. Among the selected topics of investigation included within the study of sociology are the changing nature of family life，institutional life, sexual att

8、itudes, crime and violence，religious values, and the entire gamut of interpersonal relationships in politics and government. Indeed，many of the areas which professional sociologists study are, by their very nature, relatively familiar to many of us even though they are not clearly understood. The ba

9、sic hypotheses of the disciplinethat social life (both group and individual behavior) is patterned； that value and attitudes are learned, reinforced, and shared; that we as individuals are, in many respects，what others consider us to beare ideas which most people now instinctively accept in order to

10、 live and function as members of society. These topics, which emphasize individual and group behavior processes, then, comprise areas of concern for sociology as one of the behavior science disciplines.During these last decades of the twentieth century advanced Western society will continue to be co

11、nfronted with crucial social issues in the context of both individual and group behavior patterns resulting from continued rapid technological expansion. The solution to the problem plaguing our complex society will become，to a much greater extent, the primary responsibility of sociology, social psy

12、chology, and cultural anthropology, the three major academic disciplines comprising the behavioral sciences. This trend is being witnessed currently by the increasing numbers of behavioral scientists that are being employed by government, by business and industry, by hospitals and other agencies dev

13、oted to problems of health care, by welfare agencies, by public educational systems, and by many other types of organizations in which some systematic knowledge of human behavior is required.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to _.2.Which of the following statements about sociology would the au

14、thor be most likely to disagree with?3.It can be inferred from the passage that social psychology and cultural anthropology_.4.Which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?5.The word “empirical” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_.问题1选项A.distinguish sociology in the

15、 United States from sociology in France and GermanyB.compare sociology with social psychology and cultural anthropologyC.provide a general discussion of modern Western sociology and its significanceD.show that sociology is the study of social institutions问题2选项A.Most sociologists are interested in th

16、eoretical rather than practical questions.B.There is a discernable structure to everyone s behavior.C.Human behavior can be systematically studied.D.Ones self-image is not encoded genetically.问题3选项A.are subareas of sociologyB.are other names for sociologyC.will achieve the academic respectability of

17、 sociologyD.may be consulted for solutions to sociology problems问题4选项A.Sociology theory is rarely based on empirical evidence.B.The problems facing sociologists do not change as times change.C.The problems of immigrants in a new culture stimulate sociological research.D.There are factors in interper

18、sonal relationships that are not of interests to the sociologist.问题5选项A.“relating to experience and observation”B.“relating to behavior and manner”C.“concerning academy”D.“relying on education”【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨题。根据全文可知，第一段讲到了说美国社会学发展的重要性，第二段讲到了社会学的领域和内容，最后讲到了社会学在解决复杂的社会问题中的重要性。选项

19、C符合题意。 2.推断题。根据文章第一段，“This practical emphasis in the discipline has continued to persist to the present.”，这门学科强调实践的特点一直延续至今。所以社会学是注重实践的。选项A符合题意。 3.推断题。根据文章最后一段，“to a much greater extent, the primary responsibility of sociology, social psychology, and cultural anthropology, the three major academic d

20、isciplines comprising the behavioral sciences.”，可知在更大程度上，解决我们的复杂社会更多麻烦的问题，将成为社会学、社会心理学和文化人类学的主要责任。可推断出社会心理学和文化人类学是可以用于解决社会问题的。选项D符合题意。 4.推断题。根据文章第一段，“the discipline evolved as a result of the experiences associated with the problems of an immigrant society caught in the turmoil of rapid industrializ

21、ation and urban growth.”，可知，社会学学科的发展是社会经历发展的结果，这种经历伴随着移民社会的诸多问题：快速工业化和城市扩张引起的骚乱。可推断出新文化中的移民问题激发了社会学研究。选项C符合题意。 5.词义题。根据文章第一段最后一句， “Its major strength as an academic discipline resulted from its empirical and sophisticated approach to the identification and solution of practical but highly significan

22、t social problems.”，可知作为一个学科，它的主要优势来源于对于识别和解决实际的且相当重要的社会问题的完全依据经验的和老练的方法。所以是用富有经验和老练的方法解决社会问题。选项A符合题意。2. 单选题It is advisable to _ an electric wire with rubber in order to secure safety.问题1选项A.desolateB.resoluteC.insolateD.insulate【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。desolate “使荒凉，使孤寂”；resolute “坚决的，刚毅的”；insolate “使暴晒”，in

23、sulate “隔离，使绝缘”。句意：为了安全起见，最好在电线涂上橡胶以绝缘。选项D符合题意。3. 单选题In his 1976 study of slavery in the United States, Herbert Gutman, like Fogel，Engerman, and Genovese, has rightly stressed the slaves，achievements. But unlike these historians, Gutman gives plantation owners little credit for these achievements. R

24、ather, Gutman argues that one must look to the Black family and the slaves extended kinship system to understand how crucial achievements, such as the maintenance of a cultural heritage and the development of a communal consciousness, were possible. His findings compel attention.Gutman recreates the

25、 family and extended kinship structure mainly through an ingenious use of what any historian should draw upon, quantifiable data, derived in this case mostly from plantation birth registers. He also uses accounts of ex-slaves to probe the human reality behind his statistics. These sources indicate t

26、hat the two-parent household predominated in slave quarters just as it did among freed slaves after emancipation. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for

27、 stable monogamy. In less conclusive fashion Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese had already indicated the predominance of two-parent households; however, only Gutman emphasizes the preference for stable monogamy and points out what stable monogamy meant for the slaves cultural heritage. Gutman argues con

28、vincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission ofand so was crucial in sustainingthe Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experien

29、ces.Gutmans examination of other facets of kinship also produces important findings. Gutman discovers that cousins rarely married, an exogamous tendency that contrasted sharply with the endogamy practiced by the plantation owners. This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from W

30、est African rules governing marriage, which，though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. This taboo against cousins marrying is important, argues Gutman, because it is one of many indications of a strong awareness among s

31、laves of an extended kinship network. The fact that distantly related kin would care for children separated from their families also suggests this awareness. When blood relationships were few, as in newly created plantations in the Southwest, “fictive” kinship arrangements took their place until a n

32、ew pattern of consanguinity developed. Gutman presents convincing evidence that this extended kinship structurewhich he believes developed by the mid-to-late eighteenth centuryprovided the foundations for the strong communal consciousness that existed among slaves.In sum, Gutmans study is significan

33、t because it offers a closely reasoned and original explanation of some of the slaves achievements，one that correctly emphasizes the resources that slaves themselves possessed.1.With which of the following statements regarding the resources that historians ought to use would the author of the passag

34、e be most likely to agree?2.Which of the following statements about the formation of the Black heritage of folklore, music，and religious expression is best supported by the information presented in the passage?3.Which of the following statements concerning the marriage practices of plantation owners

35、 during the period of Black slave in the United States can most logically be inferred from the information in the passage?4.Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?5.Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage based on its content?问题1选项A.Histori

36、ans ought to make use of written rather than oral accounts.B.Historians should rely primarily on birth registers.C.Historians should rely exclusively on data that can be quantified.D.Historians ought to make use of data that can be quantified.问题2选项A.The heritage was formed primarily out of the exper

37、iences of those slaves who attempted to preserve the stability of their families.B.The heritage was not formed out of the experience of those slaves who married their cousins.C.The heritage was formed more out of the African than out of the American experiences of slaves.D.The heritage was not forme

38、d out of the experiences of only a single generation of slaves.问题3选项A.These practices began to alter sometime around the mid-eighteenth century.B.These practices varied markedly from one region of the country to another.C.Plantation owners usually based their choice of marriage partners on economic

39、considerations.D.Plantation owners often married their cousins.问题4选项A.The author compares and contrasts the work of several historians and then discussed areas for possible new research.B.The author presents his thesis，draws on work of several historians for evidence to support his thesis, and concl

40、udes by reiterating his thesis.C.The author describes some features of a historical study and then uses those features to put forth his own argument.D.The author presents the general argument of a historical study，describes the study in more detail, and concludes with a brief judgment of the studys

41、value.问题5选项A.The influence of Herbert Gutman on Historians of Slavery in the United States.B.Gutmans Explanation of How Slaves Could Maintain a Cultural Heritage and Develop a Communal Consciousness.C.Slavery in the United States: New Controversy About an Old Subject.D.The Black Heritage of Folklore

42、, Music, and Religious Expression: Its Growing Influence.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:D第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句, “through an ingenious use of what any historian should draw upon, quantifiable data”，可知Gutman主要通过灵活使用任何历史学家都应该利用的可量化数据重现黑人家庭和扩展的亲属结构。选项D符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句，“the Black heritage of folklo

43、re, music, and religious expression from one generation to another”，可知黑人遗产代代相传，如民俗、音乐和宗教，所以这些遗产不是由一代奴隶的经历形成的，是代代相传的。选项D符合题意。 3.推断题。根据文章第三段第二句，“Gutman discovers that cousins rarely married, an exogamous tendency that contrasted sharply with the endogamy practiced by the plantation owners.”，可知Gutman发现

44、，表亲之间很少通婚，这是一种异族通婚的倾向，与种植园主实行的同族通婚形成了鲜明的对比。可推断出农场主是主张同族通婚的。选项D符合题意。选项D符合题意。 4.主旨题。纵观全文，第一段主要介绍了Gutman的主要观点和发现，第二段和第三段详细介绍了他在黑人家庭和扩展以及亲属关系等各方面的研究方法和过程，最后一段作了总结，指出Gutman的研究是意义重大的，因为它对其中一些奴隶的成就提供了一个最严格的推理和原始的解释。选项D符合题意。 5.主旨题。纵观全文，本文主要提到了Gutman提出黑人家族和奴隶的长期血统对维护文化遗产和公共意识的发展带来了成就和贡献。所以本文的话题是黑人奴隶，并且总结表明，他

45、的研究它对其中一些奴隶的成就提供了一个最严格的推理和原始的解释。他的研究解释了奴隶是如何保持文化遗产和发展集体意识的。选项B符合题意。4. 单选题Tom was accused of _ against black persons, that is to say, he looks down upon them.问题1选项A.discriminatingB.distinguishingC.distressingD.disguising【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。discriminating “歧视”；distinguishing “辨别，区分”; distressing “使痛苦，迫使”；

46、disguising “掩饰，伪装”。句意：汤姆被指控歧视黑人，也就是说，他瞧不起他们。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题Having a few too many drinks can mean more than just a blackout or a bad hangover. People who engage in binge drinking are courting danger, experts warn.Binge drinking is most common at colleges and universities, where many adults treat drink

47、ing to excess as a rite of passage. A 1997 study from the Harvard School of Public Health reports that 42. 7 % of all college students engage in binge drinking. The well-publicized deaths of several college students from binge drinking in 1997 highlights the risks.An 18-year-old freshman at the Mass

48、achusetts Institute of Technology drank himself into a coma and died. A 20-year-old fraternity pledge at Louisiana State University died from alcohol poisoning.“Alcohol is always toxic. Its really a poison，”said Steven Schandler，professor of psychology at Chapman University and chief of addiction re

49、search at the Long Beach Veterans Affairs Health Care System, who added that binge drinking can lead to alcohol poisoning. “Because its a poison, like any other poison, if you take in a little bit, you might tolerate it, but if you take in a lot, you might die.Administrators and doctors say that col

50、lege freshmen are especially at risk for alcohol poisoning, in part because they often lack the maturity to refrain or stop. And for some who may be new to drinking, their bodies have a relatively low tolerance for alcohol.But problems with alcohol arent limited to teenagers and young adults. A 39-y

51、ear-old Buena Park man recently recalled that two days of steady imbibing on a trip to Las Vegas several years ago left him in bad shape.Doctors say blood alcohol levels of about 4 %five times the legal intoxication limit of 0. 8%can induce potentially lethal side effects in most people. Alcoholics

52、have higher limits. Although not well understood，enzymes that break down and expel alcohol in the liver and kidneys do so more effectively in seasoned drinkers, allowing them to tolerate more, Schandler said.Regardless of a persons tolerance, alcohol exerts its influence when the amount of alcohol t

53、aken in exceeds the amount that the body can digest. At that point, alcohol passes from the bloodstream into the brain and begins its attack. Alcohol first affects the brain s cortex，which controls more sophisticated thought processes. That s why people generally become less inhibited under the infl

54、uence of alcohol，and some are more willing to try things that could be dangerous to themselves or others.Coordination, mainly controlled by the cerebellum, is the next to go, leading to slurred speech and difficulty walking in a straight line. As excessive drinking continues, alcohol moves deeper in

55、to the brain until “it gets to the very basic structure of the brain stem that affects things like respiration and heart beat,” said Dr. Bret Ginther, an assistant clinical professor of emergency medicine at UC Irvine.At that point, people may pass out or fall into a coma. Their vital signs may weak

56、en. “The most common cause of death from alcohol poisoning is respiratory arrest，” said Ginther. Eventually, the heart simply stops. Getting to that point is fairly unusual. But Ginther said that at least once or twice a month, patients are brought into the emergency room at UCI Medical Center in Or

57、ange suffering from alcohol poisoning.College officials say they are always on the lookout for alcohol abuse but say there is no fail-safe method to keep students from drinking. Many colleges try to educate students, especially those caught drinking illegally or causing disruptions. The Higher Educa

58、tion Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention in Newton, Mass，advocates a community-based approach that includes administrators, faculty, police and businesses in the fight to curb binge drinking, in part by being on alert for people abusing alcohol. The center also stresses the importance of pa

59、rental guidance and urges parents to have frank discussions with their children about excessive drinking.1.From the passage，we can learn that “binge drinking” is _.2.Why are college freshmen especially at risk for alcohol poisoning according to administrators and doctors?3.What can enzymes do when o

60、ne is drunk?4.Which of the following is TRUE?5.Binge drinking may most seriously lead to_.问题1选项A.an excessive consumption of alcoholB.drinking oneself into a comaC.drinking poisonous alcoholD.a kind of illegal drinking问题2选项A.Their bodies are not used to alcohol.B.They cannot refrain themselves.C.The

61、y are under greater pressure.D.Both A and B问题3选项A.They help drunken people survive when they take in more alcohol than tolerable.B.They help people in coma regain consciousness.C.They expel alcohol in the liver and kidneys.D.They can make people stay conscious.问题4选项A.College officials are aware of t

62、he seriousness of students binge drinking but cannot do anything.B.College officials are taking measures to prevent binge drinking though without much success.C.College officials think that they do not have any methods to stop students from drinking.D.College officials just stand by without doing an

63、ything to the problem.问题5选项A.deathB.crazinessC.disabilityD.unconsciousness【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.词义题。根据文章第一段，“Binge drinking is most common at colleges and universities, where many adults treat drinking to excess as a rite of passage.”，可知Binge drinking在大学是很常见的，许多成年人把饮酒过量看作是人生的一种仪式，所以bing

64、e drinking应该是过度饮酒的意思。选项A符合题意。 2.细节理解题。根据文章第五段，“in part because they often lack the maturity to refrain or stop. And for some who may be new to drinking, their bodies have a relatively low tolerance for alcohol.”，可知一方面原因是缺乏克制，另一方面是刚开始喝酒对酒精耐受度较低。选项D符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第七段，“enzymes that break down and expel alcohol in the liv