2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前模拟强化练习题88（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Navigation computers, now sold by most car-makers, cost $2,000 and up. No surprise, then, that they are most often found in luxury cars like Lexus, BMW and Audi. But it is a developing technologymeaning prices should eventually dropand the market does seem to b

2、e growing.Even at current prices, a navigation computer is impressive. It can guide you from point to point in most major cities with precise turn-by-turn directionsspoken by a clear human sounding voice, and written on a screen in front of the driver.The computer works with an antenna that takes si

3、gnals from no fewer than three of the 24 global positioning system (GPS) satellites. By measuring the time required for a signal to travel between the satellites and the antenna, the cars location can be pinned down within 100 meters.The satellite signals, along with inputs on speed from a wheel-spe

4、ed sensor and direction from a meter, determine the cars position even as it moves. This information is combined with a map database. Streets, landmarks and points of interest are included.Most systems are basically identical. The differences come in hardwarethe way the computer accepts the drivers

5、request for directions and the way it presents the driving instructions. On most systems, a driver enters a desired address, motorway junction or point of interest via a touch screen or disc. But the Lexus screen goes a step further: you can point to any spot on the map screen and get directions to

6、it. BMWS system offers a set of cross hairs that can be moved across the map (you have several choices of map scale) to pick a point youd like to get to. Audis screen can be switched to TV reception.Even the voices that recite the directions can differ, with better systems like BMWS and Lexuss havin

7、g a wider vocabulary. The instructions are available in French, German, Spanish, Dutch and Italian as well as English. The driver can also choose parameters for determining the route: fastest, shortest or no freeways, for example.21. We learn from the passage that navigation computers _.22. With a n

8、avigation computer, a driver will easily find the best route to his destination _.23. Despite their varied designs, navigation computers used in cars _.24. The navigation computer functions _.25. The navigation systems in Lexus, BMW and Audi are mentioned to show _.问题1选项A.will greatly promote sales

9、of automobilesB.may help solve potential traffic problemsC.are likely to be accepted by more driversD.will soon be viewed as a symbol of luxury问题2选项A.by inputting the exact addressB.by indicating the location of his carC.by checking his computer databaseD.by giving vocal orders to the computer问题3选项A

10、.are more or less the same priceB.provide directions in much the same wayC.work on more or less the same principlesD.receive instructions from the same satellites问题4选项A.by means of a direction finder and a speed detectorB.basically on satellite signals and a map data baseC.mainly through the recepti

11、on of turn-by-turn directionsD.by using a screen to display satellite signals问题5选项A.the immaturity of the new technologyB.the superiority of the global positioning systemC.the cause of price fluctuations in car equipmentD.the different ways of providing guidance to the driver【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B

12、第5题:D【解析】21.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。文章开头说到Navigation computers, now sold by most car-makers, cost $2,000 and up But it is a developing technologymeaning prices should eventually dropand the market does seem to be growing.（目前大多数汽车制造商都在销售的导航电脑，售价在2000美元以上但这是一项发展中的技术这意味着价格最终应该会下降而且市场似乎确实在增长。），接下来介绍了导航电脑的各种功

13、能和优势，说明导航电脑可能会被越来越多的司机使用。因此C选项“有可能被更多的司机接受”正确。A选项“将极大地促进汽车的销售”，B选项“可能有助于解决潜在的交通问题”，D选项“很快就会被视为奢侈品的象征”在文中均没有提及，所以A，B，D错误。22.【试题答案】A【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第五段第三句On most systems, a driver enters a desired address, motorway junction or point of interest via a touch screen or disc.（在大多数系统中，驾驶员通过触摸屏或磁盘输入一个

14、想要的地址、高速公路交叉点或兴趣点。），说明有了导航电脑，司机可以通过输入准确的地址从而很容易地找到通往目的地的最佳路线。因此A选项“通过输入准确的地址”正确。B选项“通过表明自己的车的位置”，C选项“通过检查他的电脑数据库”，D选项“通过向电脑发出声音指令”均不符合题意，所以B，C，D错误。23【试题答案】C【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第五段第一句Most systems are basically identical. The differences come in hardwarethe way the computer accepts the drivers reque

15、st for directions and the way it presents the driving instructions.（大多数系统基本上是相同的。不同之处在于硬件电脑接受司机的方向请求的方式，以及显示驾驶指令的方式。），说明尽管汽车上使用的导航电脑设计各异，但它们的工作系统基本相同。因此C选项“工作原理大致相同”正确。A选项“价格大同小异”，原文没有介绍它们价格上的异同，所以A错误。B选项“以同样的方式提供导航”，由原文可知，不同品牌的汽车提供导航的方式不同，所以B错误。D选项“接收来自同一卫星的指令”，由原文可知，汽车导航接收的信号来自很多颗卫星，所以D错误。24.【试题答案

16、】B【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段The satellite signals, along with inputs on speed from a wheel-speed sensor and direction from a meter, determine the cars position even as it moves. This information is combined with a map database. Streets, landmarks and points of interest are included.（卫星信号，连同来自轮速传感器的速度

17、输入和来自仪表的方向输入，可以在汽车移动时确定汽车的位置。这一信息与地图数据库相结合，包括街道、地标和景点。），说明汽车导航电脑的功能依靠卫星信号和地图数据库来实现。因此B选项“基本上依靠卫星信号和地图数据库”正确。A选项“通过方向探测仪和速度探测仪来实现”，C选项“主要是通过接收转弯方向的指示”，D选项“通过使用屏幕显示卫星信号”均不符合题意，所以A，C，D错误。25.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第五段But the Lexus screen goes a step further: you can point to any spot on the map sc

18、reen and get directions to it. BMWS system offers a set of cross hairs that can be moved across the map (you have several choices of map scale) to pick a point youd like to get to. Audis screen can be switched to TV reception.（但雷克萨斯的屏幕更进了一步：你可以指向地图屏幕上的任何一个点，并获得去那里的方向。宝马系统提供了一组十字准线，可以在地图上移动，你有几个地图比例的

19、选择，以选择一个你想去的点。奥迪的屏幕可以切换到电视接收。），举雷克萨斯、宝马、奥迪导航系统的例子是为了说明前文提到的The differences come in hardwarethe way the computer accepts the drivers request for directions and the way it presents the driving instructions.（不同之处在于硬件电脑接受司机的方向请求的方式，以及显示驾驶指令的方式。），说明不同品牌的汽车提供导航的方式不同。因此D选项“对驾驶员进行指导的不同方式”正确。A选项“新技术的不成熟性”，B选

20、项“全球定位系统的优越性”，C选项“汽车设备价格波动的原因”在文中均没有提及，所以A，B，C错误。2. 单选题Childrens literature traces its beginnings to preliterate times, when ancient storytellers passage tales and legends from generation to generation in the oral tradition. William Caxton, who established Englands first printing press, published bo

21、oks of etiquette, fables and legends. However, these didnt constitute a body of work that could be considered literature for children. Because children at that time were considered “miniature adults”, books were didactic in nature. The content for young readers consisted mainly of religious instruct

22、ion, rules of behavior, ethical messages, and moral platitudes. In 1744 Englishman John Newberry changed childrens publishing when he began to create books with attractive formats, quality illustrations, and sturdy bindings, which were designed primarily for children to enjoy. The oldest, and most p

23、restigious award given for childrens books published in America, is the Newberry Medal.In the following century, childrens literature began to bloom. Hans Christian Andersen wrote wonderful stories like “ The Ugly Duckling”, and “ The Little Mermaid”, and Grimm brothers collected two volumes of Germ

24、an folktales that included stories such as “ Snow White” and “ Rumpelstiltskin Childhood came to be recognized as a joyful and carefree period of life, and books celebrating it began to be published, Charles Dodgson ( Lewis Carrol) wrote the fantast “ Alice in Wonderland”, the first book that was in

25、tended purely for childrens enjoyment without any pretense of instruction. Edwards Lears books of nonsense poetry delighted both young and old readers. In North America, books for a young audience were becoming popular as well. Kate Douglas Wiggin wrote “Rebecca of Sunny brook Fram”, Louisa May Alco

26、tt wrote “Little Women, and Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) created Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. By the end of the century, the pious and moralistic books of earlier times had been replaced by writing designed to amuse and entertain a young audience. In the 1800s color printing was introduced, and b

27、y the middle of the 19th century, the rough illustrations that characterized earlier childrens books had been replaced by works of art that captured the word and some of the story.1.According to the passage, the early books of etiquette, fables, and legends could not really be considered childrens l

28、iterature because（ ）.2.According to the passage, what changed childrens publishing in 1744?3.The word “sturdy” in line 11 is closest in meaning to（ ）.4.What does the author mean by the statement “childrens literature began to bloom” in line 15?5.According to the passage “Alice in Wonderland” was an

29、example of （ ）.6.The word “characterized” in line 32 is closest in meaning to（ ） .7.What impact did color printing have on childrens books?问题1选项A.the children couldnt read themB.the early books were too heavy for children to useC.the stories were too difficult for children to appreciateD.the stories

30、 were for education rather than enjoyment问题2选项A.the Newberry MedalB.some books began to be produced mainly for children to enjoyC.some books had attractive format, quality illustrations , and sturdy bindingsD.some books no longer contained religious instruction, rules of behavior, ethical messages,问

31、题3选项A.robustB.ornateC.softD.hard问题4选项A.quality illustrations and attractive formats made books more appealing.B.illustrations often included flowers.C.Childrens literature became more varied and attractive.D.Childrens literature became more numerous and popular.问题5选项A.a fantasy storyB.a German folkt

32、aleC.a book celebrating childhoodD.a book of instruction问题6选项A.rejectedB.describedC.devaluedD.amused问题7选项A.sales increased by the middle of the 19th centuryB.rough illustrations were now more appealingC.illustrations told more of the story and were more appealingD.books became more amusing【答案】第1题:D第

33、2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A第6题:B第7题:C【解析】1.细节判断题。文章第一段提到“.these didnt constitute a body of work that could be considered literature for children. ” 后面由 because 引导的句子解释原因，当时孩子被看作“小大人”，因此书籍本质上以说教为主。直到1744年英国人John Newbeny 才出版了以娱乐为目的的儿童书籍。D选项正确。2.细节判断题。A “Newberry Medal”并不是1744年发生的改变，排除。C 符合文章意义，但是C项是B项的具体措施，目的

34、是为了实现B的改变。所以答案为B。 D项在文章没有提及，排除3.词义推测题。此处“bindings”意为装订。后文提及书籍主要用于让孩 子享受阅读，因此必须是很稳固的装订，可以让孩子们一读再读。B “华丽的”、C “柔 软”以及D “坚硬”明显与上下文不符。所以B选项稳固正确。4.语义理解题。文章第二段开头“.children s literature began to bloom., 紧接着下文中描述了众多作家开始开创多种新的儿童文学体裁，并且广受好评。因此判断D选项儿童文学越来越多，越来越受欢迎符合文意。5.细节判断题。“Alice in Wonderland”作为前文“the fanta

35、st”的定语。此 处the fantasy意为“n.幻想小说”。所以A选项正确。B “德国民间故事”的作者是格林兄 弟，代表作是白雪公主。C和D与文章意思不符。6.词义推测题。文章中“.the rough illustrations”后接由that引导的定语 从句，修饰“the rough illustrations”。由前文可以得知，简单粗糙的插画是早期儿童书籍的特色。因此，A “拒绝”、C “低估的”和D “使发笑的”不符合文意，排除，B选项“描述的”符合题意。7.语义推理题。文章并没有提19世纪儿童书籍的销量，A选项排除。19世纪中期，儿童书籍用文字讲述故事取代了早期粗糙插画的形式，与B

36、 项内容意思相反， B选项排除。18世纪末，儿童书籍以取悦年轻读者为主要目的，因此这并不是彩印出现的影响， D选项排除。所以为C选项插图讲述了更多的故事，也更吸引人正确。3. 翻译题计算机病毒系一小撮存心不良的黑客所为，这些人纯属为了搞恶作剧而编造有毒软件。病毒是短行的软件代码，具有以下三个特征：第一，病毒把自己隐藏在合法的文件或程序之中；第二，病毒像细菌那样进行复制以在计算机之间传播；第三，病毒对计算机的所作所为可令你气得发疯。【答案】Computer viruses are created by a small group of evil hackers who write harmful

37、 software just for the sake of fun. The viruses are short-line software codes, witch have the following three features, first, they hide themselves among legal documents or programs; second, they can copy themselves like bacteria to be transferred among computers; third, their effect on your compute

38、rs will drive you crazy and make you mad.4. 单选题The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photographys fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the ninete

39、enth century, the defense of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art. Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality; photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and n

40、o less worthy an art than painting.Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring the

41、mselves anything but making works of art. In the nineteenth century, photographys association with the real world placed it in an ambivalent relation to art: late in the twentieth century an ambivalent relation exists because of the modernist heritage in art. That important photographers are no long

42、er willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art, except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art, shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the tradi

43、tional aims of art.Photographers disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or is not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they are getting away from the pr

44、etensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentration on the physical act of painting. Much of photographys prestige today derives from the co

45、nvergence of its aims with those of recent art, particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon of Pop during the 1960s. Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities tired of the mental exertions demanded by abstract art. Classical modernist painting - that is abs

46、tract art as developed in different ways by Picasso, Candinsky and Matisse -presupposes highly developed skills of looking and a familiarity with other paintings and the history of art, photography, like Pop painting, and reassures viewers that art is not hard: photography seems to be more about its

47、 subjects than about art.Photography, however, has developed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photograph as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the

48、 public will forget that photograph is a distinctive and exalted activity -in short, an art.1.In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with（ ） .2.Which of the following adjectives best describes the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism” as the author represents it in the secon

49、d paragraph？ (The sentence in italics.)3.The author introduces Abstract Expressionist painters (in the third paragraph) in order to（ ）.4.According to the author, the nineteenthcentury defenders of photography mentioned in the passage stressed that photography was（ ）.5.According to the passage, which

50、 of the following best explains the reaction of serious contemporary photographers to the question of whether photography is an art?6.According to the passage, certain serious contemporary photographers expressly make which of the following claims about their photographs?7.It can be inferred from th

51、e passage that the author most probably considers serious contemporary photography to be a（ ）问题1选项A.defining the Modernist attitude toward artB.explaining how photography emerged as a fine art after the controversies of the nineteenth centuryC.explaining the attitudes of serious contemporary photogr

52、aphers toward photography as art and placing those attitudes in their historical contextD.defining the various approaches that serious contemporary photographers take toward their art and assessing the value of each of those approaches问题2选项A.paradoxicalB.mechanicalC.superficialD.dramatic问题3选项A.provi

53、de an example of artists who, like serious contemporary photographers, disavowed traditionally accepted aims of modem artB.call attention to artists whose works often bear a physical resemblance to the works of serious contemporary photographersC.set forth an analogy between the Abstract Expressioni

54、st painters and classical Modernist paintersD.provide a contrast to Pop artists and others who created works that exemplify the Modernist heritage in art问题4选项A.a means of making people familiar with remote locales and unfamiliar thingsB.a technologically advanced activityC.a device for observing the

55、 world impartiallyD.an art comparable to painting问题5选项A.The photographers belief that their reliance on an impersonal machine to produce their art requires the surrenders of the authority of their personal visionB.The photographers fear that serious photography may not be accepted as an art by the c

56、ontemporary art publicC.The influence of Abstract Expressionist painting and Pop Art on the subject matter of the modem photographD.The photographers belief that the best art is subversive of art as it has previously been defined问题6选项A.Their photographs could be created by almost anyone who had a ca

57、mera and the time to devote to the activity.B.Their photographs are not examples of art but are examples of the photographers impartial observation of the world.C.Their photographs are important because of their subjects but not because of the responses they evoke in viewers.D.Their photographs exhi

58、bit the same ageless principles of form and shading that have been used in painting问题7选项A.contemporary art that is struggling to be accepted as fine artB.craft requiring sensitivity but no means an artC.mechanical copying of realityD.modem art that displays the Modernist tendency to try to subvert t

59、he prevailing alms of art【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D第6题:B第7题:A【解析】1.文章主旨题。A选项界定现代主义者对艺术的态度、B选项解释摄影是如何作为美术出现的和D 选项界定当代严肃摄影家对待他们艺术所具有的各种观点，并评定每种观点的价值这三项只是文内提到的某些方面，不是主要的。C选项说明当代严肃的摄影家对摄影作为艺术的态度，并把他们这些态度放在历史的进程来观察符合题意。2.作者观点题。根据文章第二段 shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept

60、of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art. 显示出他们对现代主义胜利强加给他们的艺术概念的想当然程度:艺术越好，它对传统艺术目标的颠覆性就越大。所以该题作者表达的观点是矛盾的， A选项“矛盾的”符合题意。B “机械的”，C “肤 浅的”和D “戏剧性的”与文章不符，排除。3.语义理解题。作者列举这样艺术家的例子，他们像当代严肃的摄影家一样抛弃了传统的被接受的现代艺术目的。文章第三段第二句提到“例如

61、,那些假设的摄影师,通过拍照,他们越来越远离以绘画艺术的自命不凡提醒我们的抽象表现主义画家想象他们摆脱古典现代主义绘画的知识紧缩浓度的身体行为绘画。”所以A选项提供一个艺术家的例子，他们像严肃的当代摄影师一样，否认传统上接受的现代艺术目标正确。B、C、D选项与题意不相符，排除。4.细节判断题。根据文中 第一段最后一句Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged wa

62、y of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting. 有人指责摄影是没有灵魂的、机械地复制现实，摄影师们反驳说，摄影是一种特殊的观看方式，是对普通视觉的反抗，和绘画一样有艺术价值。确定D选项符合题意。5.细节判断题。根据文章第二段末尾提到That important photographers are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art, except to p

63、roclaim that their own work is not involved with art, shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art. 那些重要摄影师不再愿意辩论是否或不是艺术摄影,除了宣称自己的工作不涉及艺术,显示在多大程度上他们只是理所当然的概念

64、艺术由现代主义的胜利:艺术、越好越颠覆传统的艺术目标。确定D 选项符合题意。6.细节判断题。文章第二段第二句提到“Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselves -anything but making works of art. 严肃的摄影师们声称自己在寻找、记录、公正地观察、见证事件、探索自我但绝不是在创作艺术作品。” 所以B选项他们的照片不是艺术的例子，而是摄影师公正地观察世界的例子。最符合。A，B，C 项文