2022年考博英语-中南大学考前模拟强化练习题100（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-中南大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题A major goal of law, to deter potential criminals by punishing wrongdoers, is not served when the penalty is so seldom invoked that it ceases to be a （ ）threat.问题1选项A.seriousB.coerciveC.credibleD.deceptive【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。serious “严肃的；认真的”；coercive “强制的”；credibl

2、e “可靠的；可信的”；deceptive “欺诈的；虚伪的”。句意：通过惩罚违法犯罪者来阻止潜在的罪犯是法律的一个主要目的，当法律惩罚很少被实行以至于它不再是一种可信的震慑时，该主要目的就没有达到。由“A major goal is not served目标没达到”可知C项符合语境。2. 单选题Prehistoric people made paints by grinding colored materials （ ）into powder and adding water.问题1选项A.if vegetation and clayB.how vegetation and clayC.th

3、at vegetation and clay areD.such as vegetation and clay【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。分析选项可知 vegetation and clay（植物和泥土）属于colored materials，所以空格处所填单词应该是对有色材料的举例，故D项正确。句意：史前的人们通过将彩色材料诸如植被和黏土研成粉末再加水的方式来制作绘画颜料。3. 单选题The maglev will actually race along a guideway at almost 500 kilometers per hour, （ ）on the magnetic fi

4、eld.问题1选项A.acceleratingB.duplicatingC.floatingD.roaring【答案】C【解析】考查现在分词。accelerating 加速的，催化的；duplicating 复制，拷贝；floating 漂浮，浮动；roaring 吼，叫喊 。句意：磁悬浮列车将在磁场中以每小时500公里的速度沿着导轨运行。由磁悬浮列车的特点可知“它是漂浮在磁场中”，故C项符合句意。4. 单选题Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of（ ）, i

5、s the first step in learning to be creative.问题1选项A.eleganceB.resolutionC.sympathyD.originality【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项elegance“典雅；高雅”；B选项resolution“分辨率；解决；决心”；C选项sympathy“同情；赞同”；D选项originality“创意；独创性；原始”。句意：许多艺术家认为，成功的模仿远不是缺乏 的表现，而是学会创造的第一步。句中出现的“模仿”、“学会创造”表明，此处应表示“模仿成功不是缺乏创造力的表现”。D选项正确。5. 单选题Despite a t

6、endency to be overtly （ ），the poetry of the Middle Ages often sparks the imagination and provides lively entertainment, as well as pious sentiments.问题1选项A.divertingB.didacticC.whimsicalD.romantic【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。diverting “有趣的；令人快乐的”；didactic “说教的；教诲的”；whimsical “古怪的；异想天开的”；romantic “浪漫的；多情的；空想 的”

7、。句意：尽管中世纪的诗歌有说教的明显倾向，但是它却经常激发想象力，提供充满生气的娱乐和虔诚的心情。由the poetry of the Middle Ages中世纪的诗歌可知其特点，另外由despite表让步也可知前后两句句意相反， B项 符合语意。6. 单选题Whereas historians once maintained that science is （ ）other enterprises, they have come to realize that science is actually intertwined with the values, social assumptio

8、ns, and intellectual traditions of a particular historical period.问题1选项A.dependent onB.tantamount toC.ancillary toD.distinct from【答案】D【解析】考查动词词组辨析。dependent on依赖于；ancillary to从属的，附属的。tantamount to等的，相当于。distinct from与 不同。句意：历史学家曾经坚持科学是不同于其他事业的，然而，他们开始认识到科学是和价值观、社会假设，以及一个特定历史时期的智慧传统联系在一起的。由后文中的is act

9、ually intertwined with可知空格处与这个意思相反，故答案D。7. 单选题In most developed countries, men have higher salaries, on average, than women. Much of the salary differential results from the tendency of women to be in lower-paying occupations. The question of whether this occupational employment pattern can be attri

10、buted to sex discrimination is a complex one. In fact, wage differentials among occupations are the norm rather than the exception. Successful athletes commonly earn more than Noble Prize-winning academics; gifted artists often cannot earn enough to survive, while mediocre investment bankers prosper

11、. Given such differences, the question naturally arises: talent and ability being equal, why does anyoneman or womanenter a low-paying occupation? One obvious answer is personal choice. An individual may prefer, for example, to teach math at a modest salary rather than to become a more highly paid e

12、lectrical engineer.Some people argue that personal choice also explains sex-related wage differentials. According to this explanation, many women, because they place a high priority on parenting and performing household services, choose certain careers in which they are free to enter and leave the w

13、ork force with minimum penalty. They may choose to acquire skills, such as typing and salesclerking, that do not depreciate rapidly with temporary absences from the work force. They may avoid occupational specialties that require extensive training periods, long and unpredictable hours, and willingn

14、ess to relocate, all of which make specialization in domestic activities problematic. By choosing to invest less in developing their career potential and to expend less effort outside the home, women must, according to this explanation, pay a price in the form of lower salaries. But women cannot be

15、considered the victims of discrimination because they prefer the lower-paying occupations to higher-paying ones.An alternative explanation for sex-related wage differentials is that women do not voluntarily choose lower-paying occupations but are forced into them by employers and social prejudices.

16、According to proponents of this view, employers who discriminate may refuse to hire qualified women for relatively high-paying occupations. More generally, subtle society-wide prejudices may induce women to avoid certain occupations in favor of others that are considered more suitable. Indeed, the “

17、choice” of women to specialize in parenting and performing household services may itself result from these subtle prejudices. Whether the discrimination is by employers in a particular occupation or by society as a whole is irrelevant; the effect will be the same. Further, if such discrimination doe

18、s occur, women excluded from certain occupations will flood others, and this increase in supply will have a depressing effect on wages in occupations dominated by women.1.In stating that “successful athletes commonly earn more than Nobel Prize-winning academics”,the authors primary purpose is to （ ）

19、.2.Which one of the following cases is least likely to involve sex discrimination, as it is described in the passage?3.Which one of the following statements is the best completion of the last paragraph of the passage?4.The authors attitude toward sex discrimination as an explanation for wage differe

20、ntials can best be characterized as （ ）.5.Which one of the following is the best title for the passage?问题1选项A.Demonstrate that education has little to do with making moneyB.Suggest that people with talent and ability should not enter low-paying occupationsC.Show that highly paid occupations generall

21、y require long hours and extensive trainingD.Give an example of how certain occupations are better paid than others regardless of inherent worth or talent required问题2选项A.An employer hires a man rather than an equally qualified woman.B.A woman chooses to enter a high-paying occupation that uses her t

22、alent and ability.C.A woman chooses an occupation that is already dominated by women.D.A woman chooses a low-paying job that allows her to devote more time to her family.问题3选项A.Wage differentials will become more exaggerated and economic parity between men and women less and less possible.B.Unless s

23、ociety changes its views, women may never escape the confines of the few occupations designated “For Women Only”.C.The question is: how long will women allow themselves to be excluded from male- dominated occupations?D.In the last analysis, women may need to ask themselves if they can really afford

24、to allow sex discrimination to continue.问题4选项A.skeptical that discrimination is a factorB.critical of societys acceptance of discriminationC.convinced that the problem will get worseD.neutral with respect to its validity问题5选项A.Wage Differentials Between Men and WomenB.Women in Low-Paying Occupations

25、: Do They Have a Choice?C.Home vs. Office: How Does the Modem Women Choose?D.The Role of Social Prejudice in Womens Careers【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。“In fact, wage differentials among occupations are the norm rather than the exception.事实上，职业之间的工资差距是常态，而不是例外” 与D项“举例说明某些职业的薪水如何比其他职业高，而不

26、考虑其内在价值或所需的才能。”相符。2.细节事实题。定位到最后一段开头“employers who discriminate may refuse to hire qualified women for relatively high-paying occupations. 歧视女性的雇主可能会拒绝为薪酬相对较高的女性安排工作”以及“By choosing to invest less in developing their career potential and to expend less effort outside the home, women must, according to

27、 this explanation, pay a price in the form of lower salaries. But women cannot be considered the victims of discrimination because they prefer the lower-paying occupations to higher-paying ones. 根据这一解释，妇女选择减少对发展其职业潜力的投资，减少在家庭以外的努力，就必须付出工资较低的代价。但是妇女不能被认为是歧视的受害者，因为她们更喜欢低收入的职业而不是高收入的职业。”可知D项“女人选择一份薪水低的

28、工作，这样她就能有更多的时间来陪伴家人。”是自愿的行为。3.推理判断题。“if such discrimination does occur, women excluded from certain occupations will flood others, and this increase in supply will have a depressing effect on wages in occupations dominated by women.如果这种歧视真的发生了，那么女性之间的竞争会扩大，这样以女性为主的公司就会有工资方面的问题。”由全文可知性别差异导致工资差异不断扩大，女

29、性和男女经济平等是越来越不可能的事情。A项“工资差距将变得越来越大，男女经济平等的可能性越来越小。”符合题意。4.观点态度题。纵观全文，都是不同的人对性别差异这个问题在进行探讨“some people argue” 或者 “an alternative explanation for sex-related wage”,作者对该问题的态度并没有清晰地表现出来。5.主旨大意题。由By choosing to invest less in developing their career potential and to expend less effort outside the home, wo

30、men must, according to this explanation, pay a price in the form of lower salaries. But women cannot be considered the victims of discrimination because they prefer the lower-paying occupations to higher-paying ones. 根据这一解释，妇女选择减少对发展其职业潜力的投资，减少在家庭以外的努力，就必须付出工资较低的代价。但是妇女不能被认为是歧视的受害者，因为她们更喜欢低收入的职业而不是高

31、收入的职业。”可知本文主要是围绕女性对于低收入的问题探讨，女性自愿选择低收入工作，是因为要教育小孩和做家务活。B项“从事低收入职业的女性：她们有选择的余地吗?”符合题意。8. 单选题The Marines attacked the south beach at daybreak; （ ）as a diversionary maneuver, a company landed on the north side of the island.问题1选项A.previouslyB.laterC.simultaneouslyD.subsequently【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项previo

32、usly“以前；预先”；B选项later“后来；稍后”；C选项simultaneously“同时地”；D选项subsequently“随后；后来”。句意：海军陆战队在黎明时袭击了南海滩； 作为转移注意力的策略，一个连在岛的北侧登陆。上一句说的“开始攻击南边”与空格处的“在北边登陆”应同时进行，否则失去了转移注意力的意义。因此C选项符合题意。9. 单选题The new biological psychiatry does not deny the contributing role of psychological factors may act as a catalyst on existin

33、g physiological conditions and （ ）such illnesses.问题1选项A.disguiseB.impedeC.consummateD.precipitate【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。disguise 掩饰；隐瞒；impede 阻碍；阻止；consummate 完成；作成；使达到极点；precipitate 使沉淀；促成；猛抛；使陷入。句意：新生物精神病学没有否定心理因素的帮助作用可能充当现存生理状况的一种催化剂，从而加速这样的疾病。由 may act as a catalyst on existing physiological conditio

34、ns可推断D符合题意。10. 单选题The First World War began in a context of jargon and verbal delicacy and continued in a cloud of euphemism as （ ）as language and literature, skillfully used, could make it.问题1选项A.enthrallingB.impenetrableC.lucidD.deliberate【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。 enthralling 迷人的；impenetrable 不能通过的；费解的；

35、lucid 明晰的；透明的；易懂的； deliberate 故意的；深思熟虑的；从容的。句意：第一次世界大战开始于行话和精致言语的环境中，然后像语言和文学在巧妙地使用的情况下可以做到的那样继续于费解的委婉语的阴云中。从continued in a cloud of euphemism（委婉语的阴云中）可知B项“费解的”符合题意。11. 单选题As befits a nation made up of immigrants from all over the Christian world, Americans have no distinctive Christmas symbols; but

36、 we have taken the symbols of all the nations and made them our own. The Christmas tree, the holly and the ivy, the mistletoe, the exchange of gifts, the myth of Santa Claus, and the carols of all nations, the plum pudding and the wassail bowl are all elements in the American Christmas of the mid-tw

37、entieth century. Though we have no Christmas symbols of our own, the American Christmas still has a distinctive aura by virtue of two characteristic elements.The first of these is that, as might be expected in a nation as dedicated to the carrying on of business as the American nation, the dominant

38、role of the Christmas festivities has become to serve as a stimulus to retail business. The themes of Christmas advertising begin to appear as early as September, and the open season on Christmas shopping begins in November. Fifty years ago, Thanksgiving Day was regarded as the opening day of the se

39、ason for Christmas shopping; today, the season opens immediately after Halloween. Thus, virtually a whole month has been added to the Christmas season-for shopping purposes.Second, the Christmas season of festivities has insensibly combined with the New Yearscelebration into one lengthened period of

40、 Saturnalia. This starts with the “office parties” a few days before Christmas, continues on Christmas Eve, now the occasion in America of one of two large-scale revels that mark the season-save that the Christmas Eve revels are often punctuated by a visit to one of the larger churches for midnight

41、Mass, which has increasingly tended to become blended into a part of the entertainment aspect of the season-and continues in spirited euphoria until New Years Eve, the second of the large- scale revels. New Years Day is spent resting, possibly regretting ones excesses, watching a football“bowl”game,

42、 and indulging in the lenitive of ones choice. January 2 marks, for most, the return to temperance and decorum and business as usual.1.The authors attitude toward the manner in which Christmas is celebrated in the United States is one of （ ）.2.Which of the following would be most in accord with the

43、main ideas of the passage?3.What would the author of the passage likely say by way of analysis of the use of Christmas cards by Americans to celebrate Christmas?4.Which of the following can best be inferred from the passage?问题1选项A.great disapprovalB.humorous confusionC.laudatory acclaimD.objective a

44、nalysis问题2选项A.In Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony, it was a crime, punishable by the stocks, to fail to observe Christmas.B.Christmas customs in Europe and America that are associated with the Feast of the Nativity were not originally Christian.C.Rudolph the Red-nosed Reindeer has become a tradition

45、al aspect of Christmas, yet was created only a few years ago by commercial interests.D.In widely separated areas of the world, religious observances tend to cluster around striking natural phenomena.问题3选项A.The sending of large numbers of expensive cards is largely an extension of the business aspect

46、 of the American Christmas celebration.B.The reaching out to many friends, both close and far, through the cards, is an extension of the festive spirit of the American Christmas celebration.C.The multiplicity of cards and forms is a reflection of the very heterogeneous views of Americans on the cele

47、bration of Christmas.D.The extension of the Christmas season has permitted more cards to be sent and handled by the overworked postal system.问题4选项A.The great waves of immigrants from many countries in the late 1800s and early 1900s had a significant effect on the American celebration of Christmas.B.

48、Only the earliest settlers brought traditions on which the American Christmas celebra-tion is based.C.Every year sees the start of a new Christmas “tradition.”D.The Saturnalia of Christmas week is a, release from the hard work of the Christmas shopping season.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。由第一段

49、“As befits a nation made up of immigrants from all over the Christian world, Americans have no distinctive Christmas symbols. 以及Though we have no Christmas symbols of our own, the American Christmas still has a distinctive aura by virtue of two characteristic elements. 作为一个由来自基督教世界各地的移民组成的国家，美国人没有独特

50、的圣诞符号。以及虽然我们自己没有圣诞节的象征，美国圣诞节仍然有独特的气场的两个特征元素。”由此可知作者对于美国庆祝圣诞节的方式的态度是客观的，没有掺杂主观情绪在其中。故D项正确。A项“不同意”；B项“幽默的混乱”；C项“赞美的赞誉”；D项“客观分析”。2.判断推理题。A项“在马萨诸塞湾的殖民地，某清教徒犯罪，被处罚金，不能庆祝圣诞节”不符合题意。B项“在欧洲和美国，与耶稣诞生节相关的圣诞节习俗最初并不是基督教的。”不符合原文。C项“红鼻子驯鹿鲁道夫(Rudolph)已经成为圣诞节的传统元素，但它是几年前才由商业利益创造出来的。”圣诞老人的出现并不是由于商业原因。D项“在世界广泛的区域，宗教纪念

51、活动往往与惊人的 自然现象紧密相连。”由 Second, the Christmas season of festivities has insensibly combined with the New Yearscelebration into one lengthened period of Saturnalia. 其次，圣诞节的庆祝活动与新年的庆祝活动不知不觉地结合在一起，成为一个延长的农神节。”可知D项符合题意。3.判断推理题。这篇文章主要说明了美国圣诞节的两个特色：一方面促进零售业的大发展，另一方面整个节日时间变长了。根据第一个特色，可知寄送大量昂贵的贺卡是为了拓展圣诞节期间的生意。

52、A项“寄大量昂贵的贺卡在很大程度上是美国圣诞节庆祝活动商业方面的延伸。”B项“通过贺卡向许多远近的朋友伸出援手，是美国圣诞节庆祝活动节日精神的延伸。”C项“卡片和形式的多样性反映了美国人对庆祝圣诞节的不同看法。”D项“圣诞假期的延长使得超负荷工作的邮政系统可以发送和处理更多的贺卡。”A项符合题意。4.判断推理题。由The Christmas tree, the holly and the ivy, the mistletoe, the exchange of gifts, the myth of Santa Claus, and the carols of all nations, the p

53、lum pudding and the wassail bowl are all elements in the American Christmas of the mid-twentieth century.可知20世纪中期以前，世界各地移民对美国的圣诞庆祝方式有很大的影响。A项“19世纪晚期和20世纪初，来自许多国家的移民浪潮对美国的圣诞节庆祝活动产生了重大影响。”符合题意。试题答案A。12. 单选题Often be before computer, the eye is a bit （ ）urticant a bit better with the sort of eye-drop, s

54、timulation is small.问题1选项A.acheB.feverC.acerbityD.sore【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。ache 疼痛； fever发烧；acerbity酸，涩；sore 溃疡，痛处。句意：经常在电脑前，眼睛有点痒，有点涩，用那种眼药水比较好，刺激小。C项符合句意。13. 单选题As serious as she is about the bullfight, she does not allow respect to （ ）her sense of whimsy when painting it.问题1选项A.suppressB.inspireC.sati

55、sfyD.provoke【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。suppress “抑制；废止”；inspire “激发；鼓舞”；satisfy“满足”；provoke“激怒”。句意：尽管她将斗牛视为严肃的事情，但在用绘画形式表现它时，她并没有让敬意遏制自己的奇思异想。由As serious as she is about the bullfight 及not allow respect可知 “抑制”符合语境。As在句中表让步关系。14. 单选题Take the time to （ ）with your child, to read with her, to play with her, to h

56、ave good conversations with her, to take walks with her.问题1选项A.cuddleB.cumberC.rrodeD.canvass【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。cuddle搂抱，拥抱；cumber拖累，妨害；corrode侵蚀，损害；canvass 细究。句意：花时间拥抱你的孩子，读书给她听，和她玩耍，语重心长地和她交谈，和她一起散步。根据句意可知A项符合题意。15. 写作题Write an essay of about 250 to 300 words on the topic “Qualities of Labor and Soci

57、ety Development” according to the idea given below in Chinese.人力资源是社会发展的前提保证，劳动者的素质要求是多元化的。在劳动技能和劳动方式上，社会对大家的要求可能不同，但是人的基本社会道德素养和文化修养对于社会而言是共同的一致需求。因此社会的发展要注意人的技能和知识水平提升的同时也要为人的道德和文化素养的培养提供氛围和支持。【答案】Qualities of Labor and Society DevelopmentHuman resource is the premise for social development, and t

58、he qualities of labor are diversified. It is vital for improving the overall quality of the workforce to pay attention to improve the qualities of these two kinds: skills and methods of labor; social morality and cultural cultivation.In terms of skills and methods of labor, people are required diffe

59、rently. To a qualified physician, one should have a great deal of professional knowledge on medical science and abundant in practical experiences. As we know, in order to be a certified doctor, a medical student always has to study in medical institute for several years and then work as an internshi

60、p for a long period before he can practice independently. A bus driver must have excellent driving skill and great knowledge of transportation. A fashion designer is supposed to be good at drawing and have good sense of beauty. Different kinds of work require different skills and knowledge.But peopl

61、e, regardless of their job, should comply with the basic requirement of social morality and cultural cultivation.Socail morality is a code of conduct about what we should do or not in order to safeguard the social interests and stability of our society. As normal people, no matter what kinds of job

62、we do, we all need to obey the basic social rules, such as fulfilling our filial duties, taking care of children, being kind to others, etc.In a word, the development of society not only need put emphasis on the improvement of peoples skills and knowledge but also ought to provide sound environment

63、for laborers moral and cultural development. Only in this way, can our society be progressive and harmonious.16. 单选题No one is （ ）about Stephens; he inspires either uncritical adulation or profound antipathy in those who work for him.问题1选项A.neutralB.infuriatedC.anxietyD.consternation【答案】A【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项neutral“中立的”；B选项infuriated“激怒的；狂怒的”；C选项anxiety“焦虑；挂念”；D选项consternation“惊恐；惊慌失措”。句意：没有人 斯蒂芬斯;在为他工作的人中间，他要么受到不加批判的奉承，要么引起深深的反感。“奉承”和