2022年考博英语-中国矿业大学考前模拟强化练习题56（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-中国矿业大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photographs fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth centu

2、ry, the defense of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art. Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less wor

3、thy an art than painting.Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselvesany

4、thing but making works of art. They are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art. except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art. It shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the bett

5、er the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art.Photographers disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or is not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by

6、taking pictures, they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting. Much

7、of photographys prestige today derives from the convergence of its aims with those of recent art, particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon or Pop painting during the 1960s. Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities tired of the mental exertions demanded

8、by abstract art. Classical Modernist paintingthat is, abstract art as developed in different ways by Picasso, Kandinsky, and Matissepresupposes highly developed skills of looking and a familiarity with other paintings and the history of art. Photography, like Pop painting, reassures viewers that art

9、 is not hard; photography seems to be more about its subjects than about art.Photography, however, has developed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the tr

10、aditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a distinctive and exalted activityin short, an art.1.In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.According to the author, the 19lb century defenders of photography stressed that photography w

11、as（ ）.3.According to the passage, some serious contemporary photographers make the claim that their photographs（ ）.4.It can be inferred from the passage that the author most probably considers serious contemporary photography to be a（ ）.问题1选项A.defining the Modernist attitude toward artB.explaining h

12、ow photography emerged as a fine artC.explaining the attitude of serious contemporary photographers toward photography as art and placing those attitudes in their historical contextD.defining the various approaches that serious contemporary photographers take toward their art and assessing the value

13、 of each of those approaches问题2选项A.a technologically advanced activityB.a device for observing the world impartiallyC.an art comparable to paintingD.an art that would eventually replace the traditional arts问题3选项A.are examples of the photographers impartial observation of the worldB.can be created by

14、 almost anyone who could devote to the activityC.are important because of the subject but not the responses of the viewersD.exhibit the same principles used in painting问题4选项A.contemporary art accepted as fine artB.craft requiring sensitivity but by no means as artC.mechanical copying of realityD.mod

15、ern art that displays the Modernist tendency to try to subvert the prevailing aims of art【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目提问在这篇文章中，作者主要关心的是？根据第一段中 “Throughout the nineteenth century，the defense of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art.整个19世纪，摄影的辩护都是力争将摄影确定为艺术

16、”和第二段中“Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. 具有讽刺意味的是，虽然已经确凿无疑被认为是一种艺术，但许多摄影家认为把摄影称之为美的艺术是矫揉造作或名不副实的。”以及全文在讲“在不同的历史背景下，当代严肃的摄影师对摄影是艺术的态度”确定C选项“说明当代严肃的摄影师对摄影作为艺术的态度，并把这些态度放在他们的历史的背景中”正确。2.细节事实题

17、。题目提问据作者说，19世纪摄影的捍卫者强调摄影是？根据第一段中“Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting.为了反驳摄影是对现实的没有灵魂的机械复制的指责，摄影家断言：恰恰相反，摄

18、影是观看事物的一种特有形式，是对普通视觉的一种背离，是一种与绘画有同样价值的艺术。”确定C选项“一种堪比绘画的艺术”正确。3.细节事实题。题目提问根据这篇文章，一些严肃的当代摄影师声称他们的照片？根据第二段中“Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselvesanything but making works of art. 严肃的摄影师们声称自己在寻找、记录、公正地观察、见证事件、探索自己但绝

19、不是在创作艺术作品。”确定A选项“是摄影师公正地观察世界的例子”正确。4.细节事实题。题目提问从文章中可以推断，作者最可能认为严肃的当代摄影是一个？根据第二段中 “It shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art. 它表明了他们对现代主义胜利强加给他们的艺术概念是多么

20、地想当然：艺术越好，它对传统艺术目标的颠覆性就越大。” 确定D选项“一种现代艺术，显示了试图颠覆艺术盛行的现代主义趋势”正确。2. 单选题Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measur

21、es that are meaningful for each of the cultural or ethnic minority groups being studied.In conducting research on culture and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or et

22、hnic group in terms that are meaningful and wit to the People in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an

23、 emic fashion, their concern is only that the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved.How might

24、the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the emic approach, there searchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regard for whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethic minority groups

25、. In a subsequent study there searchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class, White families, but also lower-income White families, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying in ethnic minority families, the research

26、ers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle-clas

27、s White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups.1.According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to（ ）.2.What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach?3.Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is a

28、pparently more（ ）.4.The etic approach is concerned with（ ）.5.Which of the following is true of the ethnic minority families in the U.S. according to the passage?问题1选项A.be overcautious in constructing meaningfi.il measuresB.view them from their own cultural perspectiveC.guard against interference fro

29、m their own cultureD.accept readily what is alien to their own culture问题2选项A.They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues.B.The former is biased while the latter is objective.C.The former concentrates on the study of culture while the latter on family issues.D.They are both hea

30、vily dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys.问题3选项A.culturally interactiveB.culture-orientedC.culturally biasedD.culture-specific问题4选项A.the general characteristics of minority familiesB.culture-related concepts of individual ethnic groupsC.features shared by various cultures or ethnic grou

31、psD.the economic conditions of different types of families问题5选项A.Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable.B.Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehend.C.They dont interact with each other so much as White families.D.They have closer family ties than White families.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3

32、题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。由题干关键信息定位到文章一段第一句“Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture.不熟悉他们所研究的文化和种族的研究人员必须采取额外的预防措施，以摆脱他们从自己的文化带来的任何偏见。”可知研究人员很容易带着文化偏见（从自己的文化角度）去研究其他

33、文化。B选项“从他们自己的文化角度来看待（其他文化）”符合题意。2.判断推理题。the emic approach and the etic approach“主位法和非位法”出现在第二段中，“In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and wit to the People in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures

34、or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. 在主位方法中，研究者的目标是描述一个文化或种族群体的行为，这个行为明确对那个文化或种族群体的人来说是有意义的或智慧的，而不考虑其他文化或种族群体。在非遗传方法中，研究者的目标是描述行为，以便对不同文化群里中的行为进行归纳。”也就是说，这两种方法的区别在于侧重点不同，因此，A选项“他们对民族问题的研究重点不同”正确。3.事实细节题。由上题分析可知，

35、the emic approach专注于对特定文化群体的行为进行描述，因此D选项“文化特异性”正确。A选项“文化互动性”；B选项“文化导向性”；C选项“文化偏见性”。4.事实细节题。由27题分析可知，the etic approach专注于比对不同文化群体的行为特征，因此C选项“不同文化或民族的共同特征”符合题意。5.判断推理题。由题干定位到文章最后一段中“In studying in ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequent

36、ly a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. 通过对少数民族家庭的研究，研究人员可能会发现，与美国白人家庭相比，少数民族家庭的大家庭更是一个支持系统。”因此，比起白人家庭，少数民族家庭成员间的联系应更为紧密。因此D选项“他们的家庭关系比白人家庭更紧密”符合题意。3. 单选题The artist of the Renaissance was an all-round man. From his studio one could order a painting for the ch

37、urch altar, a carved wedding chest, a silver ewer, or a crucifix. The master of the workshop might be sculpturing a Venus for the dukes garden while his apprentices were roughing statues for the new chapel. Many of the well-known painters of that golden period were goldsmiths, workers in glass, enam

38、el or iron. The engineer was artist and the artist was engineer. The great Leonardo, famous today as the painter of The Last Supper and Mona Lisa, was perhaps equally well known in the 16th century for his engineering projects and his scientific experiments. Our own Thomas A. Edison pronounced him t

39、he greatest inventive genius of his time.1.An important century in the Renaissance was（ ）.2.When we want to say that a man could do many things, we say he is（ ）.3.The word for helper in this passage is（ ）.4.The painter of the Last Supper was（ ）.5.A word for inventive is（ ）.问题1选项A.the twelfthB.the ei

40、ghteenthC.the fourteenthD.the sixteenth问题2选项A.an artist-engineerB.a painterC.equally well-knownD.an all-round man问题3选项A.masterB.workerC.apprenticeD.goldsmith问题4选项A.Mona LisaB.a dukeC.LeonardoD.Thomas Edison问题5选项A.creativeB.scientificC.engineerD.genius【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。文章中提到达芬奇

41、生活在16世纪，本段说的就是文艺复兴时期的艺术家。因此可推断16世纪就是文艺复兴时期的一个重要世纪。D选项正确。2.语义推断题。文章第一句就称文艺复兴时期的艺术家为“all-round man 全才”从第二句开始就描写了一个艺术家的多重身份，由此可知，具备多方面的才能的人就是“全才”，D选项正确。3.语义推断题。A选项master“主人；大师”；B选项worker“工人；劳动者”；C选项apprentice“学徒；生手”；D选项goldsmith“金匠”。这四个身份中，唯一与helper“助手”相关的词应是C选项学徒，第三句说到 “The master of the workshop migh

42、t be sculpturing a Venus for the dukes garden while his apprentices were roughing statues for the new chapel.作坊的大师可能正在为公爵的花园雕刻维纳斯雕像，而他的学徒们则在为新教堂雕刻雕像的毛坯。”说明学徒们只是助手角色，因此C选项正确。4.事实细节题。在倒数第二句中提到“the great Leonardo, famous today as the painter of The Last Supper and Mona Lisa”可知Leonardo是The Last Supper 的

43、画家。C选项正确。5.语义推断题。Incentive在文中是爱迪生用来形容Leonardo（达芬奇）的，后面的名词是genius“天才”。A选项creative“创造性的”；B选项scientific“科学的”；C选项engineer“工程师”；D选项genius“天才”。C和D词性不符合，B选项一般不用来形容天才，因此A选项正确的。incentive本义表示“发明的”。4. 单选题He lived in a（ ） house, and for this reason he was easily accepted into his money-worshiping society.问题1选项A

44、.shabbyB.raggedC.dingyD.decent【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他住在一栋很体面的房子里，也因为这样他很快就被金钱至上的社会所接纳。shabby “破旧的”；ragged “粗糙的”；dingy “昏暗的”；decent “体面的”。根据句意，选项D符合题意。5. 单选题Rumors are everywhere, spreading fear, damaging reputations, and turning calm situations into（ ）ones.问题1选项A.tragicB.vulnerableC.turbulentD.suspi

45、cious【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：谣言无处不在，传播恐惧，破坏声誉，把平静的状况变得混乱不堪。tragic “悲剧的”；vulnerable “脆弱的”；turbulent “骚乱的”；suspicious “可疑的”。根据句意，选项C符合题意。6. 单选题As the manager was away on a business trip, I was asked to（ ）the weekly staff meeting.问题1选项A.presideB.introduceC.chairD.dominate【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项preside“管理；主持（

46、常与over搭配）”；B选项introduce“介绍；引进；提出”；C选项chair“担任主席；主持；使入座”；D选项dominate“控制；支配；占优势”。句意：由于经理出差去了，我被邀请每周员工会议。此处应表示“主持会议”，A选项preside应与over搭配才表示“主持”，只有C选项符合题意。7. 单选题Taken together, income, occupation, and education are good measures of peoples social standing. Using a layered model of stratification, most so

47、ciologists describe the class system in the United States as divided into several classes: upper, upper middle, middle, lower middle, and lower class. Each class is defined by characteristics such as income, occupational prestige, and educational attainment. The different groups are arrayed along a

48、continuum with those with the most money, education, and prestige at the top and those with the least at the bottom.In the United States, the upper class owns the major share of corporate and personal wealth; it includes those who have held wealth for generations as well as those who have recently b

49、ecome rich. Only a very small proportion of people actually constitute the upper class, but they control vast amounts of wealth and power in the United States. They exercise enormous control throughout society. Most of their wealth is inherited.Despite social myths to the contrary, the best predicto

50、r of future wealth is the family into which you are born. Each year, the business magazine Forbes publishes a list of the Forbes 400the four hundred wealthiest families and individuals in the country. Of all the wealth represented on the Forbes 400 list, more than half is inherited, those on the lis

51、t who could be called self-made were not typically of modest origins; most inherited significant assets (Forbes, 1997; Sklar and Collins, 1997). Those in the upper class with newly acquired wealth are known as the nouveau riche. Although they may have vast amounts of money, they are often not accept

52、ed into old rich circles.The upper middle class includes those with high incomes and high social prestige. They tend to be well-educated professionals or business executives. Their earnings can be quite high indeedsuccessful business executives can earn millions of dollars a year. It is difficult to

53、 estimate exactly how many people fall into this group because of the difficulty of drawing lines between the upper, upper middle, and middle class. Indeed, the upper middle class is often thought of as middle class because their lifestyle sets the standard to which many aspire, but this lifestyle i

54、s simply beyond the means of a majority of people in the United States.The middle class is hard to define; in part, being middle class is more than just economic position. By far the majority of Americans identify themselves as middle class even though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources

55、at their disposal. But the idea that the United States is an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-class lifestyle because, in general, people tend not to want to recognize class distinctions in the United States. Thus, the middle class becomes the ubiquitous norm eve

56、n though many who call themselves middle class have a tenuous hold on this class position.In the hierarchy of social class, the lower middle class includes workers in the skilled trades and low-income bureaucratic workers, many of whom may actually define themselves as middle class. Examples are blu

57、e-collar workers (those in skilled trades who do manual labor) and many service workers such as secretaries, hairdressers, waitresses, police, and firefighters. Medium to low income, education, and occupational prestige define the lower middle class relative to the class groups above it. The term lo

58、wer in this class designation refers to the relative position of the group in the stratification system, but it has a pejorative sound to many people, especially to people who are members of this class.The lower class is composed primarily of the displaced and poor. People in this class have little

59、formal education and are often unemployed or working in minimum-wage jobs. Forty percent of the poor work; 10 percent work year-round and full timea proportion that has generally increased over time. Recently, the concept of the underclass has been added to the lower class. The underclass includes t

60、hose who have been left behind by contemporary economic developments. Rejected from the economic system, those in the underclass may become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities.1.Why does the author mention the Forbes 400” in paragraph 3?2.According to paragraph 5, why do most people

61、 identify themselves as middle class in the United States?3.What can be inferred about poor people in the United States?4.According to paragraph 7, why has the underclass emerged?问题1选项A.To explain the meaning of the listing that appears every yearB.To support the statement that most wealthy people i

62、nherit their moneyC.To cast doubt on the claim that family income predicts individual wealthD.To give examples of successful people who have modest family connections问题2选项A.They have about the same lifestyle as everyone else in the countryB.They dont really know how to define their status because it

63、 is unclearC.They prefer not to admit that there are class distinctions in the United StatesD.They identify themselves with the majorities who have normal lifestyles问题3选项A.They are not able to find entry-level jobsB.They do not try to find employmentC.They are service workers and manual laborers.D.They work in jobs that require little education问题4选项A.Changes in the economy have caused an entire class of people to survive by welfare or crimeB.The new term was necessary because the lower class enjoyed a higher lifestyle than it had previouslyC.The increase in crime has s