2022年考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考前模拟强化练习题54（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题We have planned an exciting publicity _ with our advertisers.问题1选项A.struggleB.conflictC.battleD.campaign【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项struggle“奋斗；抗争”；B选项conflict“冲突；争执”；C选项battle“战役；较量”；D选项campaign“战役；（有计划的）活动”。句意：我们和我们的广告商计划了一个令人兴奋的宣传_。根据语境，这里是指广告宣传活动，所以campaign“（有计划的）

2、活动”符合题意。因此D选项正确。2. 翻译题Section B Chinese to English (20 points)Translate the following text into English. Write your translation on your ANSWER SHEET.（40）土壤和土地资源支撑着全球可持续发展，它们还是我们与穷困、食品不安全和气候变化作斗争的关键元素。与其他自然资源复杂地交织在一起，土壤是水、能源和食品安全链条中（nexus）不可分割的组成部分。由于风沙和水的侵蚀，世界每年失去约240亿吨肥沃的土壤。（41）土壤和土地的恶化（degradation

3、）不仅是一个物理或生物化学问题，而且常常与社会经济各方面相联系。贫穷和被边缘化的人口通常最容易受土壤和土地恶化的影响，因为通常是他们拥有这些恶化的土地。（42）为了使贫困的小规模农业耕种社区达到食品安全要求，并且根除（eradicate）极端贫困，我们需要处理与土地恶化相关的一系列复杂问题。土壤和土地恶化既是技术问题，也是管理（governance）问题。【答案】40. Soils and land resources underpin global sustainable development, and they are key elements in our fight against

4、poverty, food insecurity and climate change. Intertwined with other natural resources complicatedly, soil is an integral part of the water, energy, and food security nexus. Due to the erosion of wind and dust as well as water, the world loses about 24 billion tons of fertile soil every year.41. Soil

5、 and land degradation not only involves physical or biochemical problems, but also often related to social and economic aspects. Poor and marginalized populations are usually the most vulnerable to soil and land degradation, as they are usually the ones who own the deteriorated land.42. In order for

6、 poor small-scale farming communities to meet food safety requirements and to eradicate extreme poverty, we need to address a set of complex issues associated with land degradation. Soil and land degradation is as much a matter of governance as of technology.3. 单选题The economic expansion prompted by

7、the Second World War triggered a spectacular population boom in the West. Of course, the region was no stranger to population booms. Throughout much of its history, western settlement had been characterized by spurts, rather than by a pattern of gradual and steady population growth, beginning with t

8、he gold and silver rushes of the 1850s and 1860s. The decade after the First World Warthe 1920switnessed another major surge of people pouring into the West, particularly into urban areas. But the economic depression of the 1930s brought this expansion to a halt; some of the more sparsely settled pa

9、rts of the region actually lost population as migrants sought work in more heavily industrialized areas. By 1941 when the United States entered the Second World War and began to mobilize, new job opportunities were created in the western part of the nation.If the expansion of industries, such as shi

10、pbuilding and aircraft manufacturing, was most striking on the pacific coast, it also affected interior cities like Denver. Phoenix, and Salt Lake City, Equally dramatic were the effects of the establishment of aluminum plants is Oregon and Washington and the burgeoning steel industry in Utah and Ca

11、lifornia. The flow of people into these areas provided an enormous impetus to the expansion of the service industriesbanks, health care services and schools. Although strained to the limit by the influx of newcomers, western communities welcomed the vast reservoir of new job opportunities. At the sa

12、me time, the unprecedented expansion of government installations in the West, such as military bases, created thousands of new civilian openings. As land had served as a magnet for western migrants in the late nineteenth century, so wartime mobilization set in motion.There is another major expansion

13、 of population. Indeed, it could be said that the entire western United States became a giant boomtown during the Second World War. This was especially true of California: Of more than eight million people who moved into the West in the decade after 1940, one-half went to the Pacific coast. In fact,

14、 between 1940 and 1950, Californias population surged by more than three million people.16. What is the main point of the passage?17. The word “triggered” is closet in meaning to _.18. Why does the author mention “the gold and silver rushes of the 1850s and 1860s” in the first paragraph?19. Accordin

15、g to the passage, the depression of the 1930s caused which of the following?20. Which of the following statements about the shipbuilding industry is suggested by the passage?问题1选项A.California dominated the economic growth of the West during the Second World War.B.Industrial growth during the 1940s a

16、ttracted large numbers of people to the West.C.The military drew people away from civilian jobs the 1940s.D.The West experienced gradual and steady economic growth from 1900 to 1940.问题2选项A.was connected toB.generatedC.interfered withD.illuminated问题3选项A.As causes of gradual population growth.B.As con

17、trasts to late patterns of population growth.C.As illustrations of a market economy.D.As examples of western population booms.问题4选项A.A lack of population growth in the West.B.The building of new suburbs.C.A creation of more job opportunities.D.A growth in immigration from abroad.问题5选项A.It came into

18、being during the First World War.B.Many new shipbuilding yards were established on the Pacific coast during the 1940s.C.Denver was considered to be a poor location for shipbuilding factories.D.Shipbuilding was the dominant industry in Oregon and Washington.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】16.主旨大意题。文

19、章第一段讲经济扩张使西部人口激增，第二段讲述工业发展吸引人到西方，又因为人口流动推动服务业发展创造许多工作机会，再次推动人口流向这里，第三段具体讲述人口的流动情况，所以B选项“20世纪40年代的工业发展吸引了大量的人到西方”正确。A选项“加州在第二次世界大战期间主导了西部的经济增长”：根据第二段第二句Phoenix, and Salt Lake City, Equally dramatic were the effects of the establishment of aluminum plants is Oregon and Washington and the burgeoning st

20、eel industry in Utah and California.（俄勒冈州和华盛顿州的铝厂的建立，以及犹他州和加利福尼亚州蓬勃发展的钢铁工业，都产生了同样引人注目的影响。），可知不只加州推动了经济增长，表述错误。C选项“20世纪40年代，军事工业把人们从文职工作中吸引过来”：根据第二段倒数第二句the unprecedented expansion of government installations in the West, such as military bases, created thousands of new civilian openings.（西部政府设施的空前扩张

21、，如军事基地，出现数千个新的平民的工作机会。），创造的新的工作机会大多被移民进来的平民消化，而不是把做文职工作的人转移到军事行业。D选项“从1900年到1940年，西方经历了缓慢而稳定的经济增长”文章没有提到。因此B选项正确。17.语义推测题。Trigger的意思为“触发，引发”。根据第一段第一句The economic expansion prompted by the Second World War triggered a spectacular population boom in the West.（第二次世界大战引起的经济扩张在西部引发了大规模的人口激增。），可推测这里在讲经济扩张

22、和人口激增的关系，结合第一段第三句western settlement had been characterized by spurts, rather than by a pattern of gradual and steady population growth, beginning with the gold and silver rushes of the 1850s and 1860s.（从19世纪50年代和19世纪60年代的淘金热开始，美国西部移民的特点是人口的快速增长，而不是逐渐稳定的增长模式。），可推测经济扩张导致人口激增，所以B选项“引发”正确；A选项“有联系”不具体，不是

23、最佳答案；C选项“妨碍”和D选项“照亮”不符合题意。因此B选项正确。18.推理判断题。根据第一段第一句The economic expansion prompted by the Second World War triggered a spectacular population boom in the West.（第二次世界大战引起的经济扩张在美国西部引发了大规模的人口激增。）和第二句Of course, the region was no stranger to population booms.（当然，该地区对人口激增并不陌生。），接着举出例子，可知这一段通过论点和例子表达西部人口激增

24、，所以D选项“作为西部人口激增的例子”正确。A选项“作为人口逐渐增长的原因”和B选项“与人口增长的后期模式形成对比”不是表达的重点。C选项“作为市场经济的例证”文章没有提到。因此D选项正确。19.事实细节题。根据第一段第四句和第五句witnessed another major surge of people pouring into the West, particularly into urban areas. But the economic depression of the 1930s brought this expansion to a halt（见证了另一场大规模的人口涌入美国

25、西部，尤其是涌入城市地区的浪潮。但是20世纪30年代的经济萧条使这种扩张停止了），这个扩张指的是人口涌入西方，所以经济萧条导致人口增长停滞，A选项“西部缺乏人口增长”正确，D选项“国外移民的增长”错误。B选项“新郊区的建设”和C选项“创造更多的就业机会”跟经济萧条无关。因此A选项正确。20.推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句和第二段第一句By 1941new job opportunities were created in the western part of the nation. If the expansion of industries, such as shipbuilding an

26、d aircraft manufacturing, was most striking on the pacific coast（到1941年美国西部地区创造了新的就业机会。如果说造船和飞机制造等工业的扩张在太平洋沿岸最为显著），可知B选项“20世纪40年代，太平洋沿岸建立了许多新的造船厂”正确，C选项“人们认为在丹佛办造船工厂的位置不好”没有提到。A选项“在第一次世界大战期间形成”：文章没有提到第一次世界大战期间的情况，而是在那之后美国西部的情况。D选项“造船是俄勒冈州和华盛顿州的主导产业”：根据第二段第二句Equally dramatic were the effects of the e

27、stablishment of aluminum plants is Oregon and Washington（俄勒冈州和华盛顿州建立铝厂所产生的影响也同样引人注目），不可得出造船是俄勒冈州和华盛顿州的主导产业，属于过度推断。因此B选项正确。4. 翻译题Section A English to Chinese (15 points)Directions: Translate the underlined part of the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on your ANSWER SHEET.56. In com

28、parison with military, political and economic security, ecological security has a wider influence on the common people living in a country. Once its ecological environment is destroyed, the future survival of the whole nation, especially the poor will be horribly undermined, and it will be extremely

29、 difficult for a generation, or even tens of generations to reclaim the environment once ecological deterioration goes beyond a certain threshold. Although protection of the environment has long been a matter of basic state policy for the Chinese government, it is a undeniable fact that, on the whol

30、e, efforts to improve the environment have largely failed to match destructive forces working against them.57. This book derivers from decades of teaching in various schools across the country. It is based on the belief that philosophy is a genuinely exciting subject, accessible not only to speciali

31、sts and a few gifted undergraduate majors but to everyone. Everyone is a philosopher whether enrolled in a philosophical course or not. The difference is that someone who has studied philosophy systematically has the advantage of having encountered stronger and more varied arguments than might have

32、been available otherwise. What is special about this book is that is offers introductory students the otherwise opportunity of having direct contact with substantial readings from significant books on philosophy, but without the unreasonable demand that they confront these books in full, which are o

33、ften incomprehensible.58. Whats strange about man is that he has yet to learn to settle disputes by some means other than war. Not only does war take a heavy toll of lives, but leads to increased tension. The use of sophisticated weapons is apt to bring about disasters to human health although the r

34、eluctance to eliminate weapons of mass destruction on the part of the big powers will not necessarily end up with conflicts. The chances are that man will have his own civilization destroyed if the notion of the survival of the fittest still applies to the international community. We cannot help won

35、dering how many years it will take for the world to eliminate war once for all.Section B Chinese to English (20 points)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English. Write your translation on your ANSWER SHEET.59. 扩大内需是我国经济发展的长期战略方针和基本立足点，也是促进经济均衡发展的根本途径和内在要求。(5 points)60. 近年来我国收入差距不断扩大

36、已成为不争的事实，收入分配的公平问题越来越受到公众的高度关注。(5 points)61. 实现义务教育均衡发展已经成为社会共识，但是，我国目前财政教育经费投入不足，教育资源分配结构也不合理，地区教育公共服务的提供依然存在较大的差异。(6 points)62. 文化是某一特定人群所有传统、习俗、信仰和各种生活方式的总和。(4 points)【答案】Section A English to Chinese56. 一旦生态环境遭到破坏，整个国家，尤其是穷人将来的生存将会受到极大的损害，而且一旦生态恶化超过一定限度，那么一代人，甚至几十代人要想重新修复环境都极为困难。尽管保护环境一直是中国政府制定的一

37、项基本国策，然而一个不可否认的事实是，总的来说，改善环境的种种努力很大程度上未能抵抗破坏环境的力量。57. 它基于以下观点：哲学的确是一门有趣的学科，不仅专家和有的具有天赋的本科生可以理解哲学，人人都可理解。不论是否上过哲学课，每个人都是哲学家。区别在于：系统学习过哲学的人具有这样的优势，他们遇到的论点要比以其他方式遇到的论点更有说服力、种类更多。该书的特点是：它使初学者有机会直接接触选自重要哲学著作并有实质内容的读物，但并不过分地要求学生必须通读这些很难读懂的书籍。58. 尽管大国不愿意销毁大规模杀伤性武器的心理不一定导致冲突，但尖端武器的使用会给人类健康带来灾难。如果适者生存（或优胜劣汰）

38、这观念仍使用于国际社会，那么人类的文明就很可能遭到毁灭。我们不禁要问世界需要多少年才能彻底消灭战争。Section B Chinese to English59. Expansion of domestic demand is a long-term strategic approach in our countrys economic development and basic standpoint, and also to promote balanced economic development within the fundamental approach and the requir

39、ed.60. In recent years, the widening of income gap has become an indisputable fact, and the fairness of income distribution has been paid more and more attention by the public.61. It has become a social consensus to realize the balanced development of compulsory education. However, because national

40、expenditure on education is insufficient, and the distribution structure of education resources is unreasonable, there are still great differences in the provision of educational public services in different regions.62. Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of li

41、fe of a given group of human beings.5. 单选题The devil, as the old saying goes, is in the details. Or, in the case of the new Estonian law setting up a national genetic data bank, there is reason for concern that the devil may get involved in the actual workings of that countrys Human Gene Research Act

42、.The authors of the 34-section act have made a serious effort to prevent misuse of the data and to protect gene donors rights and privacy. Participation in the project is strictly voluntary, on the basis of informed consent. It will be illegal to ask anyone if he or she is participating in the free

43、program. People wont be paid for providing a tissue sample, medical, and family history to the Estonian Gene Bank. That information is immediately given “a unique code consisting of at least 16 random characters”. Genetic and medical data become and remain the property of the Estonian Gene Bankexcep

44、t that individual donors have the right, “at any time,” to request “destruction of the data which enables decoding.”They can also have their sample materials destroyed if their identity has been unlawfully disclosed.Donors are entitled to their own genetic data, at no charge, as are their designated

45、 physicians. No one else has lawful access to this information. Indeed, it is unlawful to askand the act contains specific paragraphs that forbid employers and insurance companies to gather such information, or to treat “people with different genetic risks” differently as employees or insurance clie

46、nts. Genetic information may be released to researchers “only in coded form, as a set of data and on the condition that tissue samples or data concerning at least five gene donors are issued at a time.”Supporters of the project expect that the Estonian Gene Bank will become a favorite source of info

47、rmation for researchers associated with biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies that are expected to pay handsomely for access to the decoded (and anonymous) information. Some firms are expected to set up shop in Estonia, presumably in or near the University City of Tartu where most Estonian gene

48、ticists live and work. The project is expected to “put Estonia on the map” and lead to an economic bonanza for a newly independent country with few natural resources.Not everybody shares that view. Regardless of the favorable poll results, a number of objections have been published in Estonian-langu

49、age newspapers. These range from the simplistic “If its such a great idea, how come the French and Germans arent doing it already?” to arguments that the start-up money could be spent on better things. Some commentators are also concerned about privacy. Information in the data bank could be used for

50、 blackmail and is there a data bank in the world that is truly secure from hackers? And what about leaks? Allegations of corruption are a fact of public life in post-Soviet independent states. Estonias scandals have been less lurid than those of other states, but there have been enough to engender c

51、onsiderable cynicism, not just about leaked data, but also about payoffs where lucrative contracts are involved.16. The saying “The devil is in the details” is used to imply that_.17. Under Estonian law, donors may request to have their tissue samples destroyed_.18. The phrase “put Estonia on the ma

52、p” (para.5) most likely means _.19. From the last paragraph we can infer that, in regard to the new genetic data bank _.20. The authors attitude towards Estonias new laws governing the genetic data bank seems to be _.问题1选项A.Estonias new genetic data bank has immoral implicationsB.while the overall i

53、dea is good, the details of the genetic banks workings are flawedC.despite their efforts, the new laws may not prevent misuse of genetic dataD.it is inherently wrong to collect genetic data问题2选项A.at any timeB.if their secret code has been decodedC.if their identity has been revealed illegallyD.with

54、their physicians approval问题3选项A.gain international fame for the Estonian governmentB.confirm Estonias post-Soviet independenceC.gain respect for genetics research conducted in EstoniaD.bring global recognition to this little-known country问题4选项A.public polling was most likely corruptB.most Estonians

55、approve of itC.only less educated citizens are objecting to the new lawsD.Estonians are sharply divided on the issue问题5选项A.ambivalenceB.cautionC.approvalD.skepticism【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:B【解析】16.推理判断题。根据第一段The devil, as the old saying goes, is in the details. Or, in the case of the new Estonia

56、n law setting up a national genetic data bank, there is reason for concern that the devil may get involved in the actual workings of that countrys Human Gene Research Act.（正如一句老话所说，细节决定成败。或者，在爱沙尼亚建立国家基因数据库的新法律中，人们有理由担心魔鬼可能会参与该国人类基因研究法的实际运作。），第一句话的重点是细节，按照两句话的先后顺序，推理出作者想要表达基因数据库存在细节上的缺陷，B选项“虽然总体想法是好的

57、，但基因数据库的工作细节是有缺陷的”正确。A选项“爱沙尼亚新的基因数据库有不道德的成分”，C选项“尽管他们做出了努力，新的法律可能不会防止基因数据的滥用”和D选项“收集基因数据本身就是错误的”不是这里表达的重点，不符合题意。因此B选项正确。17.事实细节题。根据第三段They can also have their sample materials destroyed if their identity has been unlawfully disclosed.（如果他们的身份被非法泄露，他们的样本材料也可能被销毁。），可知组织样本被销毁的条件是C选项“如果他们的身份被非法揭露”。A选项“随

58、时”：根据第二段最后一句Genetic and medical data become and remain the property of the Estonian Gene Bankexcept that individual donors have the right, “at any time,” to request “destruction of the data which enables decoding.”（遗传和医疗数据成为并仍然是爱沙尼亚基因库的财产，但个人捐助者有权“在任何时候”要求“销毁可解码的数据”。），可知任何时候可以销毁的是可解码的数据，而非样本，故错误。B选项

59、“如果他们的密码被破译”和D选项“得到他们的医生的批准”文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。18.推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句The project is expected to “put Estonia on the map” and lead to an economic bonanza for a newly independent country with few natural resources.（这个项目有望“让爱沙尼亚在地图上崭露头角”，并为这个刚刚独立、自然资源贫乏的国家带来经济上的巨大财富。），可知爱沙尼亚独立不久，需要国际社会的认可，这是一个国家在国际社会上基础的需求，D选项

60、“为这个鲜为人知的国家带来全球认可”正确，A选项“为爱沙尼亚政府赢得国际声誉”是在被认可的基础上更进一步的需求，属于过度推断。B选项“确认爱沙尼亚在后苏联时代的独立”：爱沙尼亚已经独立了，不需要通过其他方式证明。C选项“在爱沙尼亚进行的遗传学研究获得了尊重”：不是表达的重点，不符合题意。因此D选项正确。19.事实细节题。根据第六段第二句Regardless of the favorable poll results, a number of objections have been published in Estonian-language newspapers.（不管民调结果如何，爱沙尼亚

61、语报纸上刊登了许多反对意见。），句子是转折关系，表明前面想要表达大多数人赞成，B选项“大多数爱沙尼亚人赞成”正确。A选项“公众投票很可能是堕落的”：根据第六段倒数第二句Allegations of corruption are a fact of public life in post-Soviet independent states.（对堕落的指控是后苏联独立国家公共生活的一个事实。），这里指的是公共生活堕落的大背景，而非投票这件事，故错误。C选项“只有教育程度较低的公民反对新法律”：文中没有提到教育程度不同的人对此的看法，故错误。D选项“爱沙尼亚人在这个问题上有尖锐的分歧”：不是表达的重

62、点，没有体现尖锐，故错误。因此B选项正确。20.观点态度题。作者首先客观地讲述这项立法的细则，再分别表达支持者和反对者的观点，而没有直接表达自己对此的看法，所以B选项“谨慎”正确，A选项“矛盾”，C选项“赞同”和D选项“怀疑”不符合题意。因此B选项正确。6. 单选题The Beat Generation is a label applied to a non-conformist social movement begun in New York City in the 1950s. Its message was carried by a group of writers who used

63、stream-of-consciousness forms to express the insights and longings of those who rejected the mainstream values of the times. Although the Beat writers produced few lasting works, their attitudes inspired rock music artists and social movements of the 1960s and beyond.The term beat was coined in 1964

64、 by Herbert Huncke. He meant it to be a synonym for tied or down and out. In 1948, the word was used by Jack Kerouac in his phrase Beat Generation, by which he changed the reference to mean upbeat and beatific. The phrase finally entered public consciousness in 1952 with John Clellon Holmess article in the New York Times Magazine called “This is the Beat Generation.”The original Beats were a group of friends from New York City who met in the mid-1940s. They included Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Neal