2022年考博英语-中央民族大学考前模拟强化练习题21（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-中央民族大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 不定项选择题Theres a great story about an old Finnish woman who, without quite realizing it, was using her cell-phone to access the Internet and track her citys public transit system. When asked why she used the wireless Internet so frequently, she replied, “What are you

2、 talking about? I dont know anything about this wireless Internet stuff, I just know the bus is here.”Regardless of whether you want to admit it, a lot of us are like that old Finnish woman. When it comes to new mobile applications, many of us do not realize the capability and power that we hold, li

3、terally, in our hands.What were looking at today is the mobile Internet in its infancy. Now that using the Internet from home or work has saturated much of society, the next logical step is to be able to use the Net when youre away from your desktop or laptop. Speech recognition is one way to do thi

4、s, and there are a number of services, collectively called the voice Web, that will make this possible. All you do is use a phone or wireless device to call a phone number, and speak commands to an intuitive system. It will then give you the information youre seeking, using either a synthesized voic

5、e or an audio file.In the United States and Europe, the hot technology for wireless devices is called WAP (Wireless Application Protocol), which is being considered as the world standard. WAP is supported by major phone companies including Nokia, Motorola and Ericsson, and is simply a means of trans

6、mitting information, much like HTML is a means of communicating on the Internet.Currently, wireless Internet connections may give you news, sports scores, stock quotes, and the weather if youre lucky. But if youve ever used this technology, you know its slow, costly and doesnt seem worth the time an

7、d effort, if it works at all. “The mobile Internet was never designed to take over surfing the Web from a computer,” explains Cherie Gary, spokes-woman at Nokia.All of this technology points to easier living. Perhaps youll need to find a restaurant for an occasional business meeting. Youll press a b

8、utton on your mobile phone, and access the Internet to pull up a list of great restaurants in your immediate area. Youll hit another button, say a few words into the handset and youve got a reservation for four.1. The author uses the story of an old Finnish woman to indicate that（ ）2. The word “satu

9、rate” (L.2, Para.3) most probably means（ ）3. According to the text, WAP is （ ）4. We can infer from the text that mobile Internet is different from the previous Internet in that（ ）5. What is the attitude of the author towards the future of mobile Internet?问题1选项A.she is ignorant of some common knowled

10、ge.B.public transit system contains the accessory to Internet.C.many people are unaware of the function of new appliance.D.Internet is experiencing rapid growth.问题2选项A.stale.B.utilize.C.despise.D.fill.问题3选项A.technology standard set by major phone companies.B.substitution of HTML which can be applied

11、 on the Internet.C.means of exchanging information.D.a software application for transmitting voice over telephone lines.问题4选项A.can be accessed by desktop.B.has no need of wire appliance.C.can be used to book the table for the user.D.has Speech recognition system.问题5选项A.Indifferent.B.Neutral.C.Optimi

12、stic.D.Pessimistic.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】第1题:例证题。文章开头讲述了一个芬兰老妇人并不知道她所使用的新技术到底有怎样的功能。这个例子是论据，旨在论述第二段提出的论点：“When it comes to new mobile applications, many of us do not realize the capability and power that we hold, literally, in our hands.（当遇到新型的移动手机时，很多人都不知道我们手上握着的物体到底有怎样的性能和功用）”。这正是C项的内容。

13、A项的内容文章没有提及；B和D项的内容并不是这个例子要论述的论点，所以这三项都是错误答案。第2题:词意解析题。该句意思是，既然因特网的使用已经渗透到（充满）社会的各个方面，不管用户是在家或在公司里，那么下一个合理的举措就是在离开台式电脑或笔记本电脑时还可以访问因特网。所以选D。第3题:文章细节题。根据第四段中“WAP is supported by major phone Companies”可见主要厂商是支持协议而不是制定协议，因此A不对。由“much like HTML is a means of communicating on the Intnet”得知，WAP和HTML是相似的关系，

14、而不是替代的关系，所以选项B不对。选项C为正确答案，因为第四段最后一句是说，它是一种传输信息的手段，是因特网上的一种交流的手段。而选项D错在WAP不仅能传递语音文件，也能传递其他音频文件。第4题:文意推断题。第三段指出，下一个合理的举措就是在离开台式电脑或笔记本电脑时还可以访问因特网；第四段开头又介绍说，无线设备的热门技术叫“无线应用协议”，由此可推mobile Internet 是指不需要有线设备就可以上网，这正是选项B的内容。第5题:作者态度题。尽管第五段提出了目前移动因特网的缺点，第六段开头作者就指出，这些技术的目的是使我们的生活变得更简单，然后讲述了将来这种技术如何使酒店预订变得十分简

15、单。由此可见，作者对于移动因特网的前途是十分乐观的。2. 不定项选择题“War is hell,” said General Sherman, a commander in the American Civil War. This statement accurately describes the bloody campaign that he waged. Yet it was this war which marked the beginning of the modern laws of warfare. At the end of the Civil War in 1865 Henr

16、y Wirz, a former confederate officer, was tried and convicted for ill-treating and murdering prisoners.There had been rules before, but this war saw the introduction of a formal and comprehensive code to guide troops in the field. These ideas have been progressively refined, first in The Hague Conve

17、ntions of 1899 and 1907, and then in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and 1977.Armies have often adopted procedures for the punishment of war criminals. Initially, they were designed to discipline soldiers and were mostly conducted by the authorities of the state to which the offenders belonged. Howev

18、er, towards the end of the Second World War, it became clear that the outrages committed by the Nazi regime in Germany such as the Holocaust, in which an estimated six million Jews were killed and by the Japanese were so great that those responsible should, in a sense, be tried by all mankind. Thus,

19、 in October 1943, two years before the end of the Second World War, representatives of the Allied nations, led by Britain and the United States, met in London and established a commission to investigate such outrages.Three categories of offence were established, which loosely, came to be defined as

20、“war crimes”. They were: crimes against peace, such as the plotting of war against non-aggressive countries; violations of the customs and laws of war, such as the murder of prisoners, hostages and civilians; and crimes against humanity, which include extermination, enslavement and other inhumane ac

21、ts committed against any civilian population. With the Germans defeated, the Allied leaders decided to try Nazi leaders for a series of war crimes. The first session of the hearing took place in Berlin in October 1945. Charges were lodged against 24 former Nazi leaders. They were charged with crimes

22、 against peace, war crimes, genocide, and the wanton destruction of towns and cities.In November 1945 the hearings were moved to the German town of Nuremberg. Three of the defendants were acquitted; twelve were sentenced to death; three were sentenced to life imprisonment; and four were sentenced to

23、 imprisonment for between ten and twenty years. The decision of the tribunal was unanimous. A similar trial was also held of Japanese war leaders and 25 of them were convicted for crimes committed in Asia.1. General Sherman（ ）.2. In 1943, （ ）.3. War crimes doesnt include （ ）.4. Which of the followin

24、g statement is true according to the passage?5. The best title for this passage is（ ）.问题1选项A.established the modern laws of warfareB.started the American Civil WarC.was sentenced for ill-treating prisonersD.became a war criminal问题2选项A.the Second World War endedB.the Nazi regime killed six million Je

25、wsC.the Allied nations decided to investigate the Nazi crimesD.formal laws were introduced to discipline the soldiers问题3选项A.neglecting cultural customs of the peopleB.destroying peace in a countryC.killing hostagesD.making the civilians slaves问题4选项A.Modern laws of warfare started with the American C

26、ivil War.B.Geneva Conventions were held to punish the German war criminals.C.All Second World War criminals were punished by the mankind.D.The laws of warfare were to protect civilians.问题5选项A.The Punishment of War CriminalsB.War Crimes TrialsC.War is BloodyD.The Power of Justice【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4

27、题:A第5题:A【解析】第1题:细节推断题。谢尔曼将军并没有建立起法律，而是美国内战，A错误；B项并未有提及；C项错误，这说的是另一个战犯Henry Wirz，而不是谢尔曼；而D选项可以通过全文推理得出，因此选D。第2题:细节题。根据题干定位到第三段，“representatives of the Allied nations, led by Britain and the United States, met in London and established a commission to investigate such outrages.（以英国和美国为首的同盟国代表在伦敦开会，成立了

28、一个委员会来调查这些暴行。）”可以得到答案为C，他们决定来调查纳粹的暴行。第3题:根据题干定位到第四段，第四段一共介绍了三种“战争犯”：1.危害和平罪行；2.违反战争习惯和法律；3.危害人类的罪行，其中只有A项没有对应的解释，因此A错误。第4题:细节题。A项在第一段中就有提及，“this war which marked the beginning of the modern laws of warfare”，有论据支持，A保留；B项错误，是无关项，全文未提及；C项错误，根据倒数第一段“Three of the defendants were acquitted”有三位是被判无罪的；D项文中并

29、未给出明确的解释。答案为A。第5题:文章标题题。本文的主旨是在围绕战争的种种进行阐述，之后讲到了处理战争犯，以及战争相关的法例的制定，因此惩罚战犯也是本文的主题，答案为A。3. 翻译题Directions: There are two passages in this part with 5 sentences underlined. You are required to translate those sentences from English into Chinese. Read the following short passages carefully and ONLY trans

30、late the 5 sentences that are underlined.(1) El Nino is an intermittent disruption of the climate system centered in the equatorial Pacific that has effects on short-term climate around the Pacific basin.To understand El Nino, it is necessary to understand the normal trade-wind system in the tropica

31、l Pacific. (2) The sun heats the equatorial regions more strongly than the rest of the globe, so air tends to rise from the surface there, replaced by inflow from the subtropics. The Coriolis Effect turns these inflows to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern, resultin

32、g in the great trade-wind belts that blow equator ward and westward over the width of the tropical Pacific. (3) In the ocean, these winds tend to push the surface water towards the west, so sea level at Indonesia is about 50cm higher than at the South American coast, which gives an idea of the power

33、 and steadiness of the trade winds. As surface water is pushed west, cooler subsurface water is drawn up to the surface in the eastern equatorial Pacific. This upwelled water is nutrient rich, and supports a large population of marine and bird life, as well as an important fishery off the coast of P

34、eru and Ecuador. (4) Then, during its journey west, surface water is heated by the sun to temperatures of about 29 over a huge area west of the dateline, known as the west Pacific warm pool, where the ocean is roughly 6 higher than when the water came to the surface in the east. This air is also ver

35、y humid due to its long passage over the tropical ocean, and when it rises in the west heavy precipitin is produced over Indonesia and Southeast Asia.The warm pool is one of the major driving forces of world climate. Its warmth strengthens the rising motion in the west and thereby reinforces the wes

36、tward winds of the trade wind system. (5) The rising, moisture-laden air pumps heat and water vapor into the upper atmosphere, where it can be carried great distances. The huge source of heat helps set the path of the jet streams that control temperate-zone weather, much as a large rock in a stream

37、determines the pattern of water flow, including wavery motions that extend well downstream of the rock. Therefore, when the warm pool changes shape or position, the effects ripple outward to affect much of the worlds weather.【答案】1.厄尔尼诺现象是一种以赤道太平洋为中心的气候系统的间歇性中断，对太平洋盆地周围的短期气候产生影响。2.太阳对赤道地区的加热要比地球上其他地区

38、强烈得多，所以那里的空气往往会从表面上升，取而代之的是来自亚热带的流入。3.在海洋中，这些风倾向于将表层海水推向西部，因此印度尼西亚的海平面比南美洲海岸高出约50厘米，这让我们了解了信风的力量和稳定性。4.然后，在它向西航行的过程中，地表水在一个巨大的国际日期变更线以西的区域被太阳加热到约29摄氏度，这片区域被称为西太平洋暖池，那里的海洋温度比海水到达东方表面时大约高出6摄氏度。5.上升的充满水分的空气将热量和水蒸气抽到高层大气中，在那里它们可以被带去很远的地方。4. 不定项选择题At first, the new business plan seemed counterintuitiveif

39、 not a quick route to bankruptcy. Koreans who ordered products from LG Home Shopping, a television shopping channel hawking everything from jewelry to cookware, could return them no questions asked and get a refund even before the items were collected from their home. All deliveries were free. And t

40、he new plan was launched in the depths of the Asian financial crisis in 1998.Little wonder that everyone including his staff thought LG Home Shopping Chief Executive Choi Yung Jae has a screw looses. Even as Choi offered one of the best bargains in Korea, he refused to sacrifice quality. One day, he

41、 appeared at a Seoul warehouse for a spot inspectionand canceled orders from nearly 70% of LGs suppliers. “Customer trust will make or break our business,” he declared. Not long after, Choi set up a fax line in his office to handle customer complaints directly. Complaints poured in. “But then,” says

42、 LG manager Shin Hyung Bum, “six months later he started getting complimentary faxes.” Executives are confident that sales will jump another 50% next year.Choi is still getting them. In 1998, LG Home Shopping earned its first profit as sales tripled to $169 million. The channel, which airs around th

43、e clock and prices items up to one-third cheaper than department stores, has thrived ever since. Despite the global slowdown, the company predicts sales of $ 779 million this year, up 68% from 2000.LG takes advantage of Korean demographics. Knowing that most middle-class women are homemakers, it has

44、 focused its marketing on females in their 30s and 40s. And delivery costs are minimal because nearly half of Koreas 14.3 million families reside in apartment blocks.The operation is also resolutely up-market, in contrast to similar U.S. channels. Because most cable-TV subscribers in Korea are well-

45、to-do, LG sells no item for less than $ 23, which it figures is the minimum it can charge and still make a 4% margin after covering delivery. On average, LG shoppers spend $110 per order, triple what U.S. TV shoppers spend.Rivals acknowledge Chois contribution to electronic shopping, which has accou

46、nted for 3% of Koreas $90 billion retail market. “The whole industry is indebted to Chois pioneering campaign,” says Samsung Vice-President Suh Kang Ho, who heads the chaebols Internet Shopping division. “The big question is if LG can keep its growth in the face of tougher competition.”1. Which of t

47、he following best defines the word “counterintuitive” (L. 1, Para. 1)?2. By saying that “Choi Yung Jae has a screw looses” (L. 2, Para.2), the author means that（ ）.3. In the views of Choi（ ）4. From the text, we can infer that（ ）5. What is the attitude of Suh Kang Ho towards the future growth of LG?问

48、题1选项A.Sensible.B.Irrational.C.Quick.D.Feasible.问题2选项A.the staff in the company are afraid of ChoiB.there is something wrong with the facility of the companyC.Choi is mad to some extentD.Chois bargains cannot be accepted by the staff问题3选项A.product quality is crucial to the success of the company.B.el

49、ectronic shopping has a bright future.C.the American way of e-commerce has more disadvantages.D.the rival company has already acknowledged his contribution.问题4选项A.the new electronic shopping plan starts in an unfavorable economic situation.B.the majority of the customers of LGs service are women and

50、 children.C.the American electronic shopping companies are the rivals of LG.D.the price of the same product sold by LG is higher than that of the American Company.问题5选项A.Positive.B.Negative.C.Suspicious.D.Indifferent.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:A第5题:C【解析】第1题:词义推断题。本题如果记过这个单词可以直接选择，如果不认识也没有关系，根据词根词缀法我们可以发

51、现，单词由counter-和intuitive两部分组成，词缀counter意为“反对”，intuitive意为“直觉的”，因此这个单词的意思大概为“违背直觉的”，B项正确，如果不知道这个方法也可以从后文的“if not a quick route to bankruptcy.”（如果你不想快速破产的话）可见当时普通人对新商业计划的认知都是它是不正常的，违背常理的，答案为B。第2题:作者意图题。首先定位到这个句子的前后文，后面是说到Choi拒绝牺牲商品的质量，也就是他必须要保证每一件商品的质量，在后面提到说他去视察一个工厂时，直接让那个工厂70%的商品都标为不合格并且直接取消，说明他对于商品的

52、质量是有着很疯狂的追求的，他绝对不会牺牲商品的质量来换取营业额，题干中的“screw looses”意为做事古怪的，也与C项相符。第3题:细节推断题。题干提问在Choi的观点中是怎么样的，A项说他认为产品的质量是公司成功的关键，这一点从第二段可以看出，他非常强调商品的质量，因此A 保留；B项全文并没有提及，电子购物现在已经发展得如火如荼，但是它的未来Choi并没有给出观点，要注意题干问的是Choi的观点，并不是考生的想法，不要代入自己的主观思想，要从题干中找信息；C项也没有提及；D项是Choi的对手三星总裁的观点，答案为A。第4题:文章推断题。A项在第一段的最后一句话“And the new

53、plan was launched in the depths of the Asian financial crisis in 1998.”可以得出，A项保留；B项错误，电视购物的主力就是家庭妇女，并没有儿童；C项错误，LG的对手主要是韩国国内的其他平台；D项也不对，只是说LG的顾客会在购买时花得更多，而不是它的单价高。答案为A。第5题:作者态度题。根据人名定位到最后一段，Suh说道“The big question is if LG can keep its growth in the face of tougher competition.”意思是不确定LG能不能在之后更加激烈的竞争中胜

54、出，说明他对于LG的未来是持怀疑态度的，答案为C。5. 不定项选择题Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time passes, however, the numbers are erased from the memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term memory (S

55、TM) does so via the sensory storage area. The brain has a filter which only allows stimulation that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working memory.There is much debate about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from Geor

56、ge A. Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of

57、the short term memory by chunking, or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can improve the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long term storage.When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many peo

58、ple engage in “rote rehearsal”. By repeating something over and over again, we are able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as a person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear. When a p

59、en and paper are not handy, you might attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before you get the opportunity to make your phone call, you will forget the number instantly. Therefore, rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass in

60、formation from the short term to long term memory. A better way is to practice “elaborate rehearsal”. This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre-existing long term memories.Encoding information semantically also makes it more retri

61、evable. Retrieving information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans can recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often. However, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the mor

62、e likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.1. According to the passage, how do memories get transferred to the STM?2. How do theorists believe a person can remember more information in a short time?3. Why does

63、the author mention a dogs bark?4. Which of the following is true about retrieving information?5. Which of the following is true according to the passage?问题1选项A.They revert from the long term memory.B.They are filtered from the sensory storage area.C.They get chunked when they enter the brain.D.They

64、enter via the nervous system.问题2选项A.By organizing it.B.By repeating it.C.By giving it a name.D.By writing it down on paper.问题3选项A.To exemplify poor memory.B.To analyze a type of interruption.C.To compare human memory with dogs memory.D.To illustrate the lack of efficiency of rote rehearsal.问题4选项A.Elaborate rehearsal contri