2022年考博英语-山西大学考前模拟强化练习题32（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-山西大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 翻译题Visit a museum these days and youll see people using their smartphones and cameras to take pictures of works of art, archeological finds, historical artifacts, and any other object that strikes their fancy. While taking a picture might seem like a good way to pres

2、erve the moment, new research suggests that museum-goers may want to put their cameras down. In a new study, psychological scientist Linda Henkel of Fairfield University presents data showing that participants had worse memory for objects, and for specific object details, when they took photos of th

3、em.“People so often whip out their cameras almost mindlessly to capture a moment, to the point that they are missing what is happening right in front of them,” says Henkel. She calls this the “photo-taking impairment effect”.【答案】如今参观博物馆，你会看到人们用智能手机和相机拍摄艺术作品、考古发现、历史文物和任何其他吸引他们眼球的物品。虽然拍照似乎是保存这一瞬间的好方法，

4、但新的研究表明，参观博物馆的人可能会想放下相机。在一项新的研究中，费尔菲尔德大学（Fairfield University）的心理学家琳达汉克尔（Linda Henkel）提供的数据显示，参与者在拍照时对物体和特定物体细节的记忆力较差。汉克尔说：“人们经常无意识地拿出相机来捕捉某个瞬间，以至于他们忽略了眼前正在发生的事情。”她称之为“拍照障碍效应”。2. 单选题Men and women of all ages can benefit from（ ）amounts of daily physical exercise.问题1选项A.desperateB.considerateC.literat

5、eD.moderate【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项desperate“绝望的；不顾一切的”；B选项considerate“体贴的；考虑周到的”；C选项literate“精通文学的；受过教育的”；D选项moderate“稳健的；适中的；有节制的”。句意：所有年龄段的男性和女性都可以通过（ ）的每日体育锻炼受益。根据语境，moderate“适中的；有节制的”搭配physical exercise“体育锻炼”比较合理。因此D选项正确。3. 单选题Many countries have made it illegal to talk into a hand-held mobile phon

6、e while driving. But the latest research provides further confirmation that the danger lies less in what a motorists hands do when he takes a call than in what the conversation does to his brain. Even using a “hands-free” device can impair a drivers attention to an alarming extent.Melina Kunar of th

7、e University of Warwick and Todd Horowitz of the Harvard Medical School ran a series of experiments in which two groups of volunteers had to pay attention and respond to a series of moving tasks on a computer screen that were reckoned equivalent in difficulty to driving. One group was left undistrac

8、ted while the other had to engage in a conversation about their hobbies using a speakerphone. As Dr. Kunar and Dr. Horowitz report in Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, those who were making the equivalent of a hands-free call had an average reaction time 212 milliseconds slower than those who were not.

9、 That, they calculate, would add 5.7 meters to the braking distance of a car traveling at 100kph. They found that the group using the hands-free kit made 83 percent more errors in their tasks than those who were not talking.Dr. Kunar and Dr. Horowitz also explored the effect of simply listening to s

10、omethingsuch as a radio programme. For this they played a recording of the first chapter of Bram Stokers “Dracula.” Even though the test subjects were told to pay attention because they would be asked questions about the story afterwards, it had little effect on their reaction time. The research led

11、 by Frank Drews of the University of Utah suggests the same thing is true of the idle chatter of a passenger. Dr. Kunar reckons that having to think about responses during a phone conversation competes for the brains resources in a way that listening to a monologue does not.Punishing people for usin

12、g hand-held gadgets while driving is difficult enough, even though they can be seen from outside the car. Stopping people making hands-free calls would probably be impossibleespecially because more and more vehicles are now being fitted with the necessary equipment as standard. Persuading people to

13、switch their phones off altogether when they get behind the wheel might be the only answer. Who knows, they might even come to enjoy not having to take calls. And theyll be more likely to arrive in one piece.1.In Kunar and Horowitzs experiments, the subjects who performed tasks while talking（ ）.2.Ac

14、cording to Frank Drews, listening to a passenger talking（ ）.3.According to the last paragraph, the law forbidding the use of hand-held phones when driving （ ）.4.The best hope of stopping people from using hands-free phones lies with（ ）.5.The purpose of the passage is to（ ）.问题1选项A.reacted more quickl

15、y, but made more mistakesB.reacted more quickly and made fewer mistakesC.reacted more slowly and made more mistakesD.reacted more slowly, but made fewer mistakes问题2选项A.affects drivers more than listening to a storyB.affects drivers more than a phone conversationC.has less effect on the drivers than

16、listening to a storyD.has less effect on the drivers than a phone conversation问题3选项A.has been frequently brokenB.is necessary and feasibleC.has been strictly enforcedD.will arouse heated debate问题4选项A.car manufacturersB.lawmakersC.new technologyD.drivers themselves问题5选项A.call on lawmakers to make str

17、ict laws on the use of cell phonesB.inform people of the danger of using cell phones while drivingC.weigh the benefits and harms of using cell phones when drivingD.offer suggestions for drivers who use cell phones while driving【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第二段第三句those who were making th

18、e equivalent of a hands-free call had an average reaction time 212 milliseconds slower than those who were not（做了相当于接听免提电话的人跟没有做这个任务的人相比，平均反应时间慢了212毫秒）和第五句group using the hands-free kit made 83 percent more errors in their tasks than those who were not talking（使用免提工具的那一组在任务中比那些没有说话的那一组多出83%的错），可知受干扰

19、的那一组反应更慢，错误更多，故C反应更慢，错误更多正确。其他选项不符合题意。因此C选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第三段第三句they would be asked questions about the story afterwards, it had little effect on their reaction time（他们之后会被问到关于这个故事的问题，但这对他们的反应时间几乎没有影响）和第四句The research led by Frank Drews of the University of Utah suggests the same thing is true of the

20、idle chatter of a passenger.（这项由犹他大学的弗兰克德鲁斯领导的研究表明，乘客的闲聊也是如此。），可知听故事和听顾客讲话一样对司机几乎没有影响，A选项“比听故事更影响司机”和C选项“对司机的影响小于听故事”错误。根据第一题，可知电话交谈让司机反应变慢，犯错更多，因此B选项“比电话交谈更影响司机”错误，D选项“对司机影响小于电话交谈”正确。因此D选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据第四段第一句Punishing people for using hand-held gadgets while driving is difficult（惩罚开车时手握小工具的行为很难），可知不

21、能严格禁止，C选项“被严格执行”错误。根据第二句Stopping people making hands-free calls would probably be impossible（不可能阻止人们使用免提电话），可知禁止开车时使用不可行，B选项“必要且可行”错误。根据第三句Persuading people to switch their phones off altogether when they get behind the wheel might be the only answer.（劝诫人们在开车时关机也许是唯一的解决之道。），结合全文内容，可知很多人在开车时打电话，法律限制不

22、了，只能劝诫，故A选项“经常被打破”正确。D选项“将引起激烈辩论”没有提到。因此A选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第四段第三句Persuading people to switch their phones off altogether when they get behind the wheel might be the only answer.（劝诫人们在开车时关机也许是唯一的解决之道。），可知最大希望是D选项“司机自己”，故D选项正确。A选项“汽车制造商”：根据第二句Stopping people making hands-free calls would probably be impo

23、ssibleespecially because more and more vehicles are now being fitted with the necessary equipment as standard（不可能阻止人们使用免提电话尤其是现在越来越多的车辆都配备了必要的标准设备。），可知汽车制造商甚至加剧了问题。B选项“立法者”：法律不能发挥作用。C选项“新技术”：文章没有提到。因此D选项正确。5.主旨大意题。文章通过各种实验说明不同活动对开车的影响，点出使用手机打电话影响最大，最后一段说唯一能够规避这种情况的就是司机自己，可知本文目的是D选项“为开车时使用手机的司机提供建议”，

24、故D选项正确。A选项“呼吁立法者对手机的使用制定严格的法律”不符合文章观点。B选项“告诉人们开车时使用手机的危险”没有特别提出；C选项“权衡开车时使用手机的好处和坏处”没有讲到好处。因此D选项正确。4. 单选题Each（ ）effort a baby makes at speech is a sign of intellectual development.问题1选项A.cordialB.compactC.clumsyD.chronic【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项cordial“热情的，真诚的”；B选项compact“体积小的，精制的”；C选项clumsy“笨拙的，不灵活的”；D选

25、项chronic“长期的，慢性的”。句意：婴儿在说话时的每一次（ ）努力都是智力发展的标志。“每一次热情的/体积小的/长期的努力”都没有“笨拙的”更合适，因此C选项正确。5. 单选题A driver can go through a red light（ ）a police officer signals him to do so.问题1选项A.whetherB.untilC.ifD.unless【答案】C【解析】考查连词辨析。A选项whether“是否，不论”；B选项until“直到为止”；C选项if“如果”；D选项unless“除非”。句意：（ ）警察示意司机可以闯红灯，他就可以这样做。根

26、据语境，if“如果”警察示意可以闯红灯比较合理。如果选D选项unless“除非”，应该换成the driver cant run the red light才合理。因此C选项正确。6. 单选题Many children often（ ）why airplanes can fly like birds while we humans cannot.问题1选项A.expectB.wonderC.assumeD.anticipate【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项expect“猜想；认为；料想”；B选项wonder“想知道，琢磨”；C选项assume“设想；承担；采取”；D选项anticipa

27、te“预期；期盼”。句意：许多孩子经常（ ）为什么飞机能像鸟一样飞，而我们人类不能。根据语境，wonder“想知道，琢磨”和why搭配比较合理。因此B选项正确。7. 单选题Gratitude is defined as the art of showing（ ）for every kindness, great and small.问题1选项A.motivationB.appreciationC.affectionD.opposition【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项motivation的意思是“动机”；B选项appreciation的意思是“感激，欣赏”；C选项affection的意

28、思是“喜爱，爱慕”；D选项opposition的意思是“反对，敌对”。题干的意思是“感恩就是一种对大大小小的善意表达（ ）的艺术。”根据首单词Gratitude（感谢；感激）我们可知空格处应填与该单词联系度最高的单词，因此B选项正确。8. 单选题Despite the suspects（ ）to be innocent, there is compelling evidence that he was involved.问题1选项A.assertionB.convictionC.speculationD.accusation【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项assertion“断言；主张；

29、认定”；B选项conviction“定罪；确信；坚定的信仰”；C选项speculation“投机；推测；思索”；D选项accusation“控告；谴责”。句意：尽管嫌疑犯（ ）自己无辜，但他参与了此事证据确凿。根据语境，嫌疑犯assertion“断言；主张；认定”自己无辜比较合理。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题Cardinal MEZZOFANTI of Bologna was a secular saint who was said to speak 72 languages. Or 50. No one was certain of the true figure, but it was a

30、 lot. Visitors flocked from all comers of Europe to test him and came away stunned. Two condemned prisoners were due to be executed, but no one knew their language to hear their confession. Mezzofanti learned it in a night, heard their sins the next morning and saved them from hell.Or so the legend

31、goes. In “Babel No More”, Michael Erard has written the first serious book about the people who master vast numbers of languagesor claim to. A journalist with some linguistics training, Mr. Erard is not a hyperpolyglot himself (he speaks some Spanish and Chinese), but he approaches his topic with bo

32、th wonder and a healthy dash of scepticism.To find out whether anyone could really learn so many languages, Mr. Erard set out to find Modern Mezzofantis. The people he meets are certainly interesting. One man with a mental age of nine has a vast memory for foreign words and the use of grammatical en

33、dings, but he cannot seem to break free of English word order. Ken Hals, who was a linguist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and died in 2001, was said to have learned 50 languages. Professional linguists sill swear by his talent. But he insisted he spoke only three (English, Spanish and

34、 Warlpirifrom Australias Northern Territory) and could merely “talk” in others. Mr. Erard says that true hyperpolyglottery begins at about 11 languages, and that while legends abound, tried and tested exemplars are few.At the end of his story, however, Erard finds a surprise in Mezzofantis archive:

35、flashcards. Stacks of them, in Georgian, Hungarian, Arabic, Algonquin and nine other tongues. The worlds most celebrated hyperpolyglot relied on the same tools given to first-year language learners today. The conclusion? Hyperpolyglots may begin with talent but they arent geniuses. They simply enjoy

36、 tasks that are drudgery to normal people. The talent and enjoyment drive a virtuous cycle that pushes them to feats others simply shake their heads at.1.The word “hyperpolyglot” (para. 2) refers to the one who（ ）.2.By “a healthy dash of skepticism”, the author demonstrates Mr. Erards（ ）.3.Mr. Erard

37、s efforts to find the Modern Mezzofantis（ ）.4.What is the emphasis in the last paragraph?5.The passage is most likely a part of（ ）.问题1选项A.enjoys learning languagesB.receives strict language trainingC.speaks many languagesD.excels in language tests问题2选项A.biased opinionB.objective attitudeC.strong mot

38、ivationD.extreme curiosity问题3选项A.are not very fruitfulB.will not end in vainC.seem to pay offD.are highly appreciated问题4选项A.There is no shortcut in language learning.B.We all have the potential to be a good language learner.C.Some people are more gifted to learn languages.D.Good language learners ha

39、ve special learning techniques.问题5选项A.a research paperB.a science fictionC.a news reportD.a book review【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第二段第三句A journalist with some linguistics training, Mr. Erard is not a hyperpolyglot himself (he speaks some Spanish and Chinese)，（埃拉尔是一名记者，接受过一些语言学训练，但他自己

40、并不是（ ），他会说一点西班牙语和汉语），会说一点西班牙语和汉语用来补充解释前面的 hyperpolyglot，和C选项“会说多种语言”对应，hyperpolyglot是“语言狂人”，故C选项正确。A选项“喜欢学语言”文章没有提到。B选项“接受严格的语言训练”：Erard学过一些，说不上严格。D选项“擅长语言测试”，文章没有讲语言测试。因此C选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第三段最后一句Mr. Erard says that true hyperpolyglottery begins at about 11 languages, and that while legends abound, tr

41、ied and tested exemplars are few.（埃拉尔说，真正的语言狂人大约从会11种语言开始，虽然传说比比皆是，但经过验证的例子却很少。），可知实际上语言狂人没有大家所知的那么多，所以Erard的怀疑是客观的，故B选项“客观的态度”正确，A选项“有偏见的观点”错误。C选项“强烈的动机”和D选项“极度的好奇心”和事例无关。因此B选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据第三段第一句To find out whether anyone could really learn so many languages, Mr. Erard set out to find Modern Mezzof

42、antis. （为了弄清楚是否真的有人能学会这么多语言，埃拉尔开始寻找现代的Mezzofantis。），和第三段最后一句tried and tested exemplars are few（通过验证的例子很少），表明Erard的调查目的起码有些成效，故C选项“似乎有回报”正确。A选项“都不是很有成效”：在这过程中Erard遇到很多有趣的人，做了一些测试，得到一些结果。B选项“不会徒然结束”：没有提到后续相关事情。D选项“高度赞赏”：文中没有对调查结果的评价。因此C选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第四段最后两句They simply enjoy tasks that are drudgery to

43、 normal people. The talent and enjoyment drive a virtuous cycle that pushes them to feats others simply shake their heads at.（他们只是喜欢那些对普通人来说是苦差事的工作。天赋和乐趣驱动着一个良性循环，推动他们去完成别人根本不屑的壮举。），天赋和乐趣推动掌握多种语言的人持续不断的学习，也就是对普通人来说是苦差事又不屑的壮举，故A选项“语言学习没有捷径”正确。B选项“我们都有潜力成为一个好的语言学习者”和C选项“有些人在学习语言方面更有天赋”：有的人一开始或许是有天赋，但有

44、天赋还不够，而持续学习不是普通人会做的。D选项“好的语言学习者有特殊的学习技巧”：根据最后一段第三句The worlds most celebrated hyperpolyglot relied on the same tools given to first-year language learners today.（世界上最著名的语言狂人使用的工具和今天给一年级语言学习者是一样的。），可知D选项“好的语言学习者有特殊的学习技巧”错误。因此A选项正确。5.主旨大意题。根据文章通过多个例子证明自己的观点，可知本文是议论体裁，故A选项“研究论文”正确。B选项“科幻小说”：没有幻想和科技的成分。C

45、选项“新闻报道”：讲述事例不够客观。D选项“书评”：没有详细评价和介绍书。因此A选项正确。10. 单选题You can always use（ ）glass if you need to block a street view.问题1选项A.convertibleB.decorousC.opaqueD.salient【答案】C【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项convertible“可改变的；可转换的；可兑换的”；B选项decorous“礼貌得体的”；C选项opaque“（玻璃、液体等）不透明的，不透光的，浑浊的”；D选项salient“显著的；最重要的”。句意：如果你需要遮挡街景，可以使用（ ）玻

46、璃。opaque“（玻璃）不透明的，不透光的”，glass（玻璃）可以遮挡光，符合语境。因此C选项正确。11. 单选题Once upon a time, people believed staying a healthy weight was easy. To lose weight you simply had to practice the reverse of home economicsspend more than you earned. Unfortunately for many, but perhaps not surprisingly, it turns out that p

47、eople are rather more complicated than bank accounts.To stay a healthy weight, you need a hormone called lepton to work properly. It sends “Im full” messages from the fat cells up to the brain, where they go, among other places, to the same pleasure centers that respond to drugs like cocaine. Fat pe

48、ople produce plenty of lepton, but the brain doesnt seem to respond to it properly. Last year researchers at the Oregon Research Institute scanned the brains of overweight people and found their reward circuit（线路）were underactive. They were eating more to try to get the enjoyment they were missing.T

49、heres a lot of evidence for the fact that most, if not all, of us have a set point around which our weight can vary by about seven to nine kilos, but anything beyond that is a real struggle. Making changes is hard, particularly if your body is working against you. So why not reject the traditional a

50、pproaches and try some new method, based on the latest research, that work with your body rather than against it.Several years ago researchers at the National Institute on Aging in Baltimore reported that when they gave rats very little food one day and allowed them to eat plenty the next, they show

51、ed virtually all the benefits of a permanent calorie restriction diet. The same goes for humans, according to Dr. James Johnson.How does it work? Besides forcing the body to burn fat, it may also cause hormonal changes. Most people say that the diet takes a bit of getting used to, but is not as grin

52、ding as trying to cut back on an everyday basis.Older dieters may remember something called brown fat. Unlike the undesirable white stuff; this was a dieters dream. Instead of storing excess energy as fat, brown-fat tissue burned it off to keep you warmat least in mice. Brown fat fell out of favor b

53、ecause researchers couldnt find much in humans but now, thanks to the New England journal of Medicine, its back in fashion. The idea is to expose people to cold temperatures. They then make more brown fat and their weight drops.1.The last sentence in paragraph 1 indicates that peoples understanding

54、of losing weight（ ）.2.According to the findings of the Oregon Research Institute,（ ）.3.The method used by the National Institute on Aging can be summarized as “（ ）”.4.The word “grinding” in the paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to（ ）.5.It can be learned that brown fat（ ）.问题1选项A.is unnecessarily comp

55、licatedB.seems rather unreasonableC.used to be limitedD.can be partly justified问题2选项A.Overweight people got less pleasure from eating the same amountB.Overweight people enjoyed eating more than the others doC.People will become overweight if they eat more than they needD.People are more likely to be

56、 overweight if they produce less lepton问题3选项A.No diet at allB.Diet on a daily basisC.Diet every other dayD.Diet permanently问题4选项A.EffectiveB.RealisticC.UnreliableD.Miserable问题5选项A.converts excess energy into fatB.accumulates easily in human bodiesC.works better in warm temperaturesD.burns extra ener

57、gy to produce heat【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。第一段说到“Once upon a time, people believed staying a healthy weight was easy.（从前，人们认为保持健康的体重很容易。）”；“Unfortunately for many, but perhaps not surprisingly, it turns out that people are rather more complicated than bank accounts.（不幸的是，对许多人来说，事实证明人

58、比银行账户复杂得多，但这也许并不令人意外。）”，由这两句可以看出以前人们对减肥的概念很片面、有限，殊不知人体机能是很复杂的，所以最后一句话表明了人们对减肥的理解是很有限的，A选项“复杂难懂的”；B选项“似乎是相当不合理的”；D选项“部分可以被证明的”都不符合段意，因此C选项“过去是有限的”正确。2.事实细节题。the Oregon Research Institute的研究出现在第二段，原文“Last year researchers at the Oregon Research Institute scanned the brains of overweight people and fou

59、nd their reward circuit（线路） were underactive. They were eating more to try to get the enjoyment they were missing.（去年俄勒冈州研究所研究人员扫描超重的人，发现他们的大脑奖赏回路（线路）是不够的。他们吃得更多，试图获得他们错过的乐趣。）”的意思是胖的人和其他人吃同等数量的食物时，他们获得的乐趣会比其他人少，因为他们大脑中的奖赏回路不如其他人，因此会吃更多来试图获得乐趣。B选项“超重的人比其他人吃得更多”；C选项“如果人们吃得比需要的多，他们就会超重”；D选项“如果产生的瘦素较少，人

60、们更有可能超重”都不是该研究的内容，因此A选项“超重的人在吃同样数量的食物时得到的快乐较少”正确。3.推理判断题。the National Institute on Aging的研究出现在第四段，原文说到“when they gave rats very little food one day and allowed them to eat plenty the next, they showed virtually all the benefits of a permanent calorie restriction diet.（当他们一天给老鼠很少的食物，第二天让它们吃大量的食物时，它们几

61、乎显示出了长期限制卡路里饮食的所有好处。）”。所以这个方法可以总结为隔天节食。A选项“不节食”不正确；B选项“日常节食” 也不正确；D选项“永久性节食”也不是该研究的内容，因此C选项“隔天节食”正确。4.词义猜测题。第五段“but is not as grinding as trying to cut back on an everyday basis.（但并不像每天尝试节食那么痛苦。）”。grinding的意思是“无休止的；（状态）难熬的”，A选项Effective“有效的，实际的”；B选项Realistic“现实的，逼真的”；C选项Unreliable“不可靠的，靠不住的”；D选项Mise

62、rable“痛苦的，悲惨的”。因此D选项正确。5.事实细节题。brown fat出现在文章第六段。“Instead of storing excess energy as fat, brown-fat tissue burned it off to keep you warmat least in mice.（棕色脂肪组织并没有以脂肪的形式储存多余的能量，而是通过燃烧来保持体温至少在老鼠身上是这样的。）”，该句说明棕色脂肪燃烧多余的能量来产生热量。A选项“把多余的能量转化成脂肪”；B选项“容易在人体内积聚”；C选项“在温暖的温度下工作效果更好”都与原文事实不符，因此D选项“燃烧额外的能量产生热

63、量”正确。12. 单选题Well continue along the road（ ）by our presidents more than seventy years ago.问题1选项A.given outB.made outC.wiped outD.mapped out【答案】D【解析】考查动词短语辨析。A选项give out“发出，排放，公开，分发”；B选项make out“艰难地看到，理解，填写”；C选项wipe out“消灭”；D选项map out“认真安排或设计，绘制”。句意：我们将继续沿着我们两国总统七十多年前（ ）的道路前进。“发出道路/理解道路/消灭道路”都不符合题意，因此D选项正确。13. 单选题A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the knowledge society. It has changed the way we work. Already were partly there. The percentage