2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考前模拟强化练习题51（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they are always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around. Its iniquitous, they say, that this

2、 entirely unproductive industry should absorb millions of pounds each year. It only goes to show how much profit the big companies are making. Why dont they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, its the consumer who pays.The poor old consumer! Hed have to pay a great deal

3、more if advertising didnt create mass markets for products. It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the

4、knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing-machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding p

5、erformance, price, ere, from an advertisementLots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be l

6、ike without advertisements, would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway bye-law while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely-printed columns of the news in your daily paper? A cheerful wily advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or a newspaper full of th

7、e daily ration of calamities.We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercials radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many br

8、oadcast programs is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price.Another thing we mustnt forget is the small ads, which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the com

9、munity! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the hatch match and dispatch columns; but by Far the most fascinating section is !he personal or agony columns.

10、No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. Its the best advertisement for advertising there is!1.Advertisers should stop advertising and reduce price of goods because（ ） .2.The purpose of advertising is to（ ） .3.What can be inferr

11、ed from the passage?4.The best title for this passage could be （ ） .5.Regarding advertisements, we can conclude that the tone of the author of this passage seems to be（ ） .6.The word they in line 3 of paragraph 3, refers to （ ） .7.We can infer from the passage that the author seems to suggest that （

12、 ） .问题1选项A.critics resent themB.they have so much to throw aroundC.the consumer pays for all the costsD.advertisers come in for criticisms问题2选项A.inform that consumer goods are cheapB.informC.provide a great deal of knowledgeD.both sell goods and inform问题3选项A.God helps those who help themselves.B.Eve

13、rything has two sides.C.Waste not, want not.D.its no use crying ever spilt milk.问题4选项A.Advertisers Perform a Useful Service to the CommunityB.Entirely Unproductive IndustryC.Think BigD.Good Quality Products Dont Need to Be Advertised问题5选项A.criticalB.positiveC.negativeD.neutral问题6选项A.lots of peopleB.

14、these daysC.advertisementsD.“they” in the first sentence问题7选项A.advertisements are everywhereB.advertisements are a lot of funC.advertisements are unnecessarily costlyD.advertisements make products cheaper【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B第6题:C第7题:B【解析】1.根据第一段最后一句“Why dont they stop advertising and reduce

15、 the price of their goods? After all, its the consumer who pays.”可知, 选项C符合原文。2.根据第二段的四五句“But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform.”可知, 广告除了推销产品, 还有提供信息的功能, 所以选项D正确。3.选项A“上帝帮助自助之人”；选项B“每一样事物都有两个方面”；选项C“不浪费,

16、 不匮乏”；选项D“覆水难收”。根据第四段的第一句“We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets.”前两段作者描述了广告对消费者的负面影响, 最后两段又讲述了广告的积极影响, 所以选项B最为恰当。4.作者在文章前两段讲述了广告对消费者的负面影响, 但又提到广告可以提供信息等其他积极作用。这是先抑后扬的写作手法, 目的是为了突出后面的积极作用, 所以选项A正确。5.根据最后一段末句“Its the best advertisement for advertisin

17、g there is!”可以看出, 作者的态度是积极的, 选项B正确。6.根据原文, “they”很有趣, 接下来列举了一下例子, 由此可推测, 这里的“they”指的是广告, 选项C正确。7.根据最后一段最后两句, 报纸上没有任何其他文章能提供如此有趣的阅读, 或提供对人性如此深刻的洞察。这是最好的广告!由此可知, 作者主要强调的是广告的有趣性, 所以选项B正确。2. 单选题Human beings are capable （1 ） thought; they are swayed by emotions. We can leave to the philosopher and the ph

18、ysician such questions （2 ） the power of the mind to abstract, to comprehend and to reason, the nature of instincts, the action and interaction of intellect and will and emotions. （3 ） when men think and feel deeply, their normal reaction is to wish to communicate their thoughts and their feelings.

19、The sharing fulfills a （4 ） need in human nature. Men live in society; they do not normally live in isolation. When one human being wished to convey his （5 ） to another, he has to make use of a medium, abridge. That bridge is language.The science （6 ） object is the study of language is known as Ling

20、uists. The student of Linguistics is concerned with every aspect of this conveying of ideas from one mind to another, with language as a means of inter-communication, whether it is spoken, pictured or written. The more specialized branch of this study which is concerned only with spoken language, mo

21、re specifically with the sounds used in speech, （7 ） known as Phonetics.Now even in this scientific age, communication is still （8 ） oral. It is still true to say the great majority of information is conveyed by means of the spoken word. It is self-evident that before any language can be written it

22、must be spoken. It is, （9 ） , quite possible, as we know from examples up to own times, to have literature without literacy. The pen and the printing press merely hive visual permanence to messages which would otherwise have to be transmitted by the tongue and received by the ear. Writing is, of cou

23、rse, a powerful defense against the ravages of time or distance, a more permanent and reliable storehouse （10 ） human memory.问题1选项A.inB.ofC.atD.for问题2选项A.ofB.inC.asD.to问题3选项A.SoB.AndC.ThenD.But问题4选项A.deep-seatB.deep-seatedC.deep seatD.deep-seating问题5选项A.thoughtB.thoughtsC.thinkingD.thinkings问题6选项A.t

24、hatB.whichC.whoseD.what问题7选项A.isB.areC.beingD.as问题8选项A.largelyB.merelyC.specificallyD.particularly问题9选项A.thereforeB.as a resultC.on the contraryD.in fact问题10选项A.ofB.thanC.asD.in【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:B第6题:C第7题:A第8题:A第9题:A第10题:A【解析】（1）be capable of为固定搭配, 意为“具有能力, 能够.”。选项B正确。（2）根据句意可知, 填空处应与such搭

25、配使用, such as 意为“比如., 诸如.”。这里指“诸如.的问题”。所以选项C正确。（3）结合上下文及句意可知, 这里应该为转折的关系, 上一句提到“我们可以把这些问题留给哲学家和医生”；下一句“但当人们深入思考和感受时, 他们的正常反应是希望表达自己的想法和感受。”选项D符合原文语境。（4）deep-seated指“深层的, 根深蒂固的”。选项B正确, 其他选项的形式都不正确。（5）根据句意可知, 这里是把思想传达给另一个人。thinking是一个总的概念, 指人的思想；thought是具体的某个想法。且这里应为复数形式, 所以选项B正确。（6）分析句子结构可知, 这里为定语从句,

26、用关系代词whose表示“.的”。句意：以语言为研究对象的科学被称为语言学家。（7）填空处前面为插入语可暂时忽略不看, 句子的主语为the more specialized branch, 所以谓语动词用单数, 选项A正确。（8）根据下文可知, 这里要表达的是：现在, 即使是在科学时代, 沟通仍然主要是口头的。largely指“主要地, 大部分”。选项A正确。（9）结合上下句可知, 两者之间存在因果关系。任何语言都是先说出来再被写出来, 因此, 在人类没有读写能力之前文学就有可能是存在的。选项A符合原文句意。（10）根据句意：写作是人类记忆更持久、更可靠的宝库。所以用of表示“.的”。选项A正

27、确。3. 翻译题Passage 1当然, 水的质量及其他许多环境问题和人类健康问题密切相关。虽然许多过去的疾病危害已经得到控制甚至消灭, 但一些旧疾病至今仍能置人于死地, 而且, 人类面临越来越多的新型疾病的攻击威胁。某些新的致命病毒的杀伤力更强大, 蔓延的速度更快。人类迫切需要新的医疗技术和方法。Passage 2近年来随着传感器和无线移动设备的飞速发展, 随时随地获得个人位置成为可能。一方面, 促进了基于位置服务的飞速发展, 另一方面, 个人位置隐私泄露的问题引超人们的广泛关注。由于移动环境中位置信息的特殊性, 造成无法直接利用现有的关系数据库隐私保护技术。Passage 3再次, 管理具

28、有二重性, 管理科学只是管理自然属性的一种表现、它并不能解决管理社会属性的全部问题。其自然属性是可以并有望科学化的, 但是其社会属性只能通过正确处理人际关系来解决。从这个角度上讲, 管理应当属于人文科学和社会科学, 或者说管理科学具有很强的人文性质。Choose ONLY ONE passage from the following and translate it into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet provided. If more than ONE translation appears on the Answ

29、er Sheet, only the first or the indicated one would be scored【答案】Passage 1Naturally, water quality and many other environmental concerns are closely related to questions of human health. While many of the health scourges of the past have been controlled and even eliminated, other old ones still have

30、 remained deadly. And people are attacked by increasing new kinds of disease, some of which kill people fatally and spread faster. Human are eager to require new medical technologies and methods.Passage 2Due to the rapid development of sensors and wireless mobile device in recent years, it has becom

31、e possible to acquire information of individual positions anytime and anywhere. On the one hand, it prompts the rapid development based on position service. On the other hand, the issue of leakage of personal position privacy arouses wide concern. Because of the particularity of position information

32、 in mobile context, it is impossible to make use of the present privacy protection technology of relational database.Passage 3Moreover, management has a dual character. As only an exhibition of the natural properties of management, management science cannot solve all the problems with the social pro

33、perties of management. The issues concerning its natural properties can be hopefully made scientific, while the issues concerning its social properties can only be solve through the correct handling of interpersonal relationships. From this perspective, management should be classified as a human sci

34、ence and social science, or we can say that management science has a strong humanity nature.4. 翻译题Passage 1对于阿尔茨海默(Alzheimers)病来说, 那是个重要的星期。美国公共广播公司(PBS) 播出了一部有关阿尔茨海默病的优秀纪录片遗忘。此外, 科学界喜讯频传, 给众多与病魔做斗争的家庭以及即可能患病的生育高峰出生的一代带来了希望。虽然目前还没有治愈的办法, 但科学家们在若干前沿领域的研宄取得了新的成果。包括大剂量服用维生素；联合治疗和大脑成像技术等。Passage 2渴望提高效率

35、的人们总是以克服浪费时间的习惯作为起点, 但我却认为那是错误的。培养个人习惯来的要慢一些, 首先要明确目的。如果你没有明确目的, 只是尝试用高效的习惯去排挤无效的习惯, 那结果只有失败。你需要一个宏大的, 有吸引力的目标来激发自己。能从工作时间时挤出15分钟的原因, 就是因为你由于更好的利用这15分钟产生的激情。Passage 31957年发射的第一颗人造卫星使美国大为震惊, 并促使他们釆取行动。在这一过程中, 美国人提出了卫星导航系统的构想, 并称其为GPS。它彻底地解决了在地球这个三维空间中如何确定位置的问题。GPS技术己被用于各种活动, 但其最高机密是其作为钟表的价值。和银行、电讯、甚至

36、电力网等相关的对时间要求较高的一些作业己越来越依赖GPS。Choose ONLY ONE passage from the following passage and translate it as well as you can. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. If more than one translation appears on your answer sheet, only the first or the indicated one would be scored.【答案】5. 单选题Mothers and matchm

37、akers have always known that not being monied is a definite health hazard. But when a team of research from the University of California, San Francisco, reported a few weeks ago that middle-aged men without wives were actually twice as likely to die during a 10-year span as men with wives, the espou

38、sed and the spouseless alike stopped to take notice. It was the kind of news that swept through offices and watering holes and it made people feel smug and anxious, depending on their circumstances. Now the researchers who conducted the study are trying to find out what accounted for the dramatic di

39、fferences in survival rates.The investigators, headed by UCSF associate professor of epidemiology and biostatistics Maradee A. Davis, had set cut to examine the effect of various living arrangements on mortality. Because of the buttering social support marriage is known to provide. Davis and her col

40、leagues fully expected to find that men and women dwelling alone fared worst in survival rates. It came as some surprise, however, that in their study population, subjects who shared living quarters with people other than a spouse had the same lower survival rates as those who lived by themselves.Th

41、e critical factor, Davis says, seems to be the presence of a spouse.The lower survival rates for the spouseless were found primarily in men who were widowed, separated or divorced, rather than in those who had never been married. Davis and her colleagues have already eliminated certain health factor

42、s as causes of higher mortality by adjusting their data to discount the effects of smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity and lack of exercise. Now they will look more closely at a variety of other considerations, such as blood pressure, cholesteric levels and chronic illnesses.While many middle-aged

43、 men now know the difference between a cheese grater and a garlic press, nutrition may still account for some of the California studys findings. Previous research by Davis team showed that unmarried man-even if they lived with other peopleate less healthy diets than married me. Traditional sex roles

44、 have meant that men arent as well informed as women about nutritional shopping and food preparation, says Davis.Emotional and social factors probably also played a role in higher mortality among the spouseless men. The San Francisco researchers will examine a randomly selected subgroup of their stu

45、dy population for more detailed medical data, and theyll look at a trait they call “general well-being.” This focuses on subjectively reported feelings and moods, rather than specific psychological symptoms. The researchers will analyze questionnaires that asked how frequently the men felt worried,

46、nervous or poorly rested. But the team will also look at the causes of death; if the men without wives show higher rates of suicide or fatal accidents, its likely that emotional stress contributed to their higher mortality rate.Davis has already discovered that the married men reported a significant

47、ly higher level of well-being than those who werent married. So perhaps the explanation for their longer survival isnt really so complicated. Because they are cared for by nurturing wives, they just plainly feel happier than the other guys do. And what better reason is there than that for staying al

48、ive?1.When researchers reported that middle-aged men without wives were twice as likely to die during a 10-year span as men with wives（ ）.2.According to the passage, a man （ ） was likely to have the lowest survival rates.3.The word discount (line 4 of paragraph 3) most probably means （ ） .4.The word

49、 this in line 4 of paragraph 5 refers to（ ） .5.Which of the following can be the title for the passage?问题1选项A.people felt both pleased and worriedB.people felt so shocked that they told one another about the newsC.people felt that the old saying No news is good news is really trueD.people under diff

50、erent circumstances reacted differently to it问题2选项A.who was widowed, separated or divorcedB.who had never been marriedC.who was living with his wifeD.who shared living quarters with people问题3选项A.overlookB.understateC.discontentD.overstate问题4选项A.higher mortalityB.a randomly selected subgroupC.a trait

51、D.more detailed medical data问题5选项A.For a Longer Life, Take a Wife.B.A New Survey on Survival Rates.C.The Espoused and the Spouseless.D.Living Arrangements and Mortality【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.根据第一段倒数第二句“It was the kind of news that swept through offices and watering holes and it made peop

52、le feel smug and anxious, depending on their circumstances.”这类新闻席卷了办公室和酒吧, 人们既高兴又焦虑, 当然这取决于他们所处的环境。选项D符合原文。2.根据第三段第一句“The lower survival rates for the spouseless were found primarily in men who were widowed, separated or divorced, rather than in those who had never been married.”无配偶者的存活率较低, 主要是丧偶、分居

53、或离婚的男性, 而非从未结过婚的男性。所以选项A符合原文。3.根据原文句意：Davis和她的同事们已经通过调整他们的数据, 排除了某些健康因素作为高死亡率的原因, 对吸烟、饮酒、肥胖和缺乏锻炼等影响忽略不计。由此可推断, 选项A与“discount”意思相近。4.根据原文句意：他们将研究一种他们称之为“总体幸福感”的特征。这个特征是主观产生的感觉和情绪, 而不是具体的心理症状。由此可知, “this”指代是上句提到的“trait”。选项C正确。5.结合全文内容可知, 本文首先介绍了婚姻状况与死亡率密切相关, 通过进一步调查发现死亡率与其他生活方式也有关联, 由此可知, 选项D最能概括全文。6.

54、 单选题A report submitted to the United States Congress in 1971 emphatically recommended a（ ） national effort to adopt metric system.问题1选项A.concertedB.representativeC.respectiveD.spontaneous【答案】D【解析】concerted协调的, 协定的；representative典型的；respective分别的, 各自的；spontaneous自发的, 无意识的。句意：1971年提交给美国国会的一份报告着重建议各国自发

55、地努力采用公制系统。选项D符合句意。7. 单选题Dead Sea is a saltwater lake in southwestern Asia. Its shore, which lies about 399 meters below sea level, is the lowest place on the surface of the earth. The Dead Sea is the saltiest body of water in the world. It is about nine times as salty as the ocean. The lake lies at

56、the mouth of the River Jordan and forms part of the border between Israel and Jordan.The salty waters of Dead Sea appear smooth and sparkling. Rocky and barren land surrounds the lake, and steep, brightly colored cliffs rise above its eastern and western banks. The lake is called the Dead Sea becaus

57、e few plants and no fish except brine shrimp live in its waters. In addition, little plant life grows in the salty soil around the Dead Sea.The Dead Sea lies in the Ghor, a deep fault (break in the earths outer shell, along which rock has moved). The lake covers about 1,040 square kilometers. It is

58、18 kilometers wide at its widest point and about 80 kilometers long.A peninsula called At Lisan juts into the Dead Sea from its eastern shore and divides the lake into a large northern basin and a smaller southern basin. The lakes deepest part is in the northern basin. In this area, the lake bosom l

59、ies 400 meters below the surface and about 799 meters below sea level.Since the early 1900s, the water level of the Dead Sea has been slowly falling. The region gets less than 100 millimeters of rain annually. The River Jordan and several streams pour relatively fresh water into the lake. The fresh

60、water mixes with salty water at the surface. But extreme heat in the area causes this water to evaporate rapidly. Thus, the Dead Sea never grows less salty. The high salt content of the water provides great buoyancy, enabling swimmers to float with ease.The Dead Sea contains large quantities of mine

61、rals, including common salt, bromine, calcium chloride, and potassium chloride. An Israeli company called the Dead Sea Work extracts the minerals from the water for use in making such products as table salt, fertilizer, and drugs.At the southern end of the Dead Sea a network of dikes forms shallow p

62、ools that cover more that 100 square kilometers. These pools evaporate and leave behind mineral solids, which are then refined by the Dead Sea Works. Some people believe that bathing in the Dead Sea is healthful because of its high mineral content. Several health resorts in the area provide faciliti

63、es for bathers.The Dead Sea was probably formed millions of years ago when the Arabian peninsula and the African continent shifted and formed the Great Rift Valley. The Dead Sea is mentioned in the Bible as The Salt Sea. The ancient cities of Sodom and Gomorrah stood near the lake.1.What are the striking main features of the Dead Sea?2.Extreme heat is responsible for（ ） .3.Sc