2022年考博英语-宁波大学考前模拟强化练习题10（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-宁波大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 翻译题Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)As I have suggested, the new breed of investors had been playing with information and turning it in

2、to money, another kind of information. However, the Federal Reserve Bank knew that once the gap between investment and production became too large, the situation would result in crisis. Now that it had happened, on Black Monday, what was to be done? (46) The answer, paradoxically, was to invest more

3、 moneythat is, more informationin the system. Even at the risk of losing the money immediately. This would shore up the value made from information with more information. And in this way, the market would quickly regain its composure. There was, of course, no cause for alarm once investors risks wer

4、e covered by the governments risk, that is, by the whole economy putting itself on the line. (47) That attitude, however, is bound to generate a series of other fruitful crises, which may eventually teach us a thing or two about the shortcomings of representational money as a medium for social devel

5、opment.Crisis is the moment of change, of metamorphosis: we can imagine that a caterpillar is in deep crisis at the moment it turns into a butterfly. We all think that the word crisis means something terrible, but it doesnt. It means something clever, peaceful and good. Crisis comes from the ancient

6、 Greek word krino, which means “to evaluate, judge or decide.” A crisis is a time for judgment and an object of judgment. (48) Though many crises are occasioned by truly unpredictable occurrences, many more arise from the breakdown of old systems as they are overtaken by the new. The Bhopal disaster

7、 in India, which claimed over 4,000 lives and injured more than 400,000 in an eruption of its dangerous chemical Methyl Isocyanate (MIC), might have been predictedif not avertedby tracking the safety records of the local management which actually proved to be appallingly negligent and irresponsible.

8、 (49) But a real breakthrough was the sudden discovery of the new context of public accountability provided by electronic communications. We have all become our brothers keepers in the world of instant communications. Facing a crisis, many people waste their time watching the old order go down, depl

9、oring their fate and regretting the world that has gone by. (50) But it takes critical judgment in critical times to understand that the real story is whats coming. Then the task of deciding is easy and fascinating.【答案】【参考译文】46. 矛盾的是，答案是向系统投资更多的钱，也就是更多的信息。 即使冒着马上失去金钱的风险。47. 然而，这种态度必然会产生一系列其他富有成效的危机，

10、这些危机最终可能会给我们一些关于代表性货币作为社会发展媒介的缺点的教训。48. 尽管许多危机是由真正不可预测的事件引起的，但更多的是出现在旧体制的崩溃中，因为它们被新体制所取代。49. 但真正的突破是由电子通信提供的公共问责的新背景的突然发现。50. 但在关键时刻需要有批判性的判断力才能理解真实的故事是什么。 那么做决定的任务就很简单，也很吸引人。2. 填空题Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one

11、from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There is one extra choice, which does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Memories that we are not aware of may be just as accurate as those we recall, researchers have found. And they might also p

12、rovoke unique changes in the brains electrical activity during recall.The researchers have looked at a type of memory called “implicit” memory. (41) The phenomenon has been demonstrated in patients with amnesia, who can, with training, learn to solve specific puzzles more quickly despite insisting t

13、hat they have never seen the puzzle before.In a study published in Nature Neuroscience, Joel Voss at the University of Illinois reports that implicit memory may be at work when we recall images that we have seen before.“What is exciting is they are sort of bringing an experimental lens to the most t

14、wilight aspects of our memory,” says neuroscientist John Gabrieli of the MIT.Voss showed 12 people a series of kaleidoscopic images. (42) That distraction made it harder to consciously remember the pictures.Then, 45 seconds after studying the images, participants were tested on how well they could d

15、istinguish an image they had previously seen from a new, but very similar picture.Each time they selected an image, they were asked to gauge how certain they were of the choice. Did they clearly remember the picture? Was it merely familiar? Or was it simply a guess?Overall, it seemed that a guess wa

16、s not always a guess. (43) But Voss says it is too soon to tell whether the findings will have implications for real-world scenariossuch as exposure to subliminal messages. So far, he has only tested the phenomenon using non-sensical, kaleidoscope images. And he has only given subjects a choice betw

17、een the image they had seen before and a very similar one. Images that bear some meaning, for example, would be more likely to be remembered explicitly.The authors have reported similar results before. But this time, Voss also measured changes in electrical signals in the brain as the people complet

18、ed their tests. (44)“The timing is interesting.” says Gabrieli. “This effect is occurring in the early push of processing, as opposed to when more time passes and you have more time to think about it.” A brain-imaging experiment, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging to observe changes in bl

19、ood flow to different regions of the brain, could provide more information about where in the brain these signals are originating, he adds.The results are “striking”, says Daniel Schacter, a professor of psychology at Harvard University. (45) Those differences were found in the visual cortex, a regi

20、on of the brain that processes images, and Schacter speculates that the electrical signature Voss observed has similar origins.A. Participants were allowed to devote their full attention to half of the images, but were distracted by a number task while viewing the remaining half.B. An earlier imagin

21、g study conducted by Schacter and Scott Slotnick, who is now at Boston College, found differences in brain activity when participants correctly or incorrectly believed that they had seen an image before.C. They found that a unique signature appeared 200 milliseconds after the image was shown that wa

22、s associated with correct guessing of an image originally viewed while distracted.D. When tested on the images they had seen, participants “guessed” correctly more often than they “remembered” correctly.E. The time of remembering is crucial to the functioning of implicit memory, and it will also aff

23、ect the quality of explicit memory, according to Dr. Gabrieli.F. Whereas “explicit” memory is full of the things we consciously remember, implicit memory contains memories we do not realize we have formed.【答案】41.F42.A43.D44.C45.B【解析】【选项释义】A. Participants were allowed to devote their full attention t

24、o half of the images, but were distracted by a number task while viewing the remaining half. A. 参与者被允许将全部注意力集中在一半的图像上，但在观看另一半图像时被数字任务分散了注意力。B. An earlier imaging study conducted by Schacter and Scott Slotnick, who is now at Boston College, found differences in brain activity when participants correc

25、tly or incorrectly believed that they had seen an image before. B. 沙克特和斯科特斯洛尼克在波士顿学院进行的一项早期成像研究发现，当参与者正确或错误地认为他们之前看过一幅图像时，大脑活动存在差异。C. They found that a unique signature appeared 200 milliseconds after the image was shown that was associated with correct “guessing” of an image originally viewed while

26、 distracted. C. 在展示了与正确“猜测”分心时观看的图像相关的图像之后，他们发现一个独特的信号出现了200毫秒。D. When tested on the images they had seen, participants “guessed” correctly more often than they “remembered” correctly.D. 在测试他们看到的图片时，参与者“猜测”正确的次数比“记住”正确的次数多。E. The time of remembering is crucial to the functioning of implicit memory,

27、and it will also affect the quality of explicit memory, according to Dr. Gabrieli. E. 加布里埃利博士说，记忆的时间对内隐记忆的功能至关重要，它也会影响外显记忆的质量。F. Whereas “explicit” memory is full of the things we consciously remember, implicit memory contains memories we do not realize we have formed. F. “外显”记忆充满了我们有意识地记住的东西，而“内隐”记

28、忆则包含我们没有意识到已经形成的记忆。41.空格前一句提到了“implicit” memory（内隐记忆），所以推测下一句是关于内隐记忆的内容，该空格填入F项“外显记忆充满了我们有意识地记住的东西，而内隐记忆则包含我们没有意识到已经形成的记忆”符合语义。42.这一段描述的是实验内容，空格前提到“沃斯向12个人展示了一系列千变万化的图像”，后一句说到“这种分散注意力的行为使人们更难有意识地记住这些图片”，可推测，中间空格这一句说的是实验中参与者被分散注意力的描述，因此，A项“参与者被允许将全部注意力集中在一半的图像上，但在观看另一半图像时被数字任务分散了注意力”符合。43.空格前一句提到“猜测似

29、乎并不总是猜测”，可推测空格句是要解释上一句，根据关键词guess可知，D项“在测试他们看到的图片时，参与者猜测正确的次数比记住正确的次数多”符合。44.空格前一句提到“沃斯还测量了受试者完成测试时大脑电信号（electrical signals）的变化”，根据其中的关键词electrical signals（电信号）可推测，下一句是描述对这种信号的发现，C项符合。因此该题选择C项“在展示了与正确猜测分心时观看的图像相关的图像之后，他们发现一个独特的信号出现了200毫秒”。45.空格前一句提到“沙克特的研究结果惊人”，推测空格处是要阐述这一研究结果，而下一句中提到了一个关键词Those dif

30、ferences（这些差异），可知研究结果和差异有关系，只有B项“沙克特和斯科特斯洛尼克在波士顿学院进行的一项早期成像研究发现，当参与者正确或错误地认为他们之前看过一幅图像时，大脑活动存在差异”符合。3. 单选题Among the most popular books being written today are those which are usually (1) as science fiction. (2) of titles are published every year and are read by all kinds of people. (3), some of the

31、most successful films of recent years have been (4) science fiction stories.It is often thought that science fiction is a fairly new (5) in literature, but its ancestors can be found in books written hundreds of years ago. These books were often concerned (6) the presentation of some form of ideal s

32、ociety, a theme which is still often (7) in modern societies.Most of the (8) of science fiction, (9), have been written within the last one hundred years. Books by writers such as Jules Verne and H.G Wells, to (10) just two well-known authors, have been translated into many languages.Modern science

33、fiction writers dont (11) about men from Mars or space adventure stories. They are more interested in predicting the results of technological developments (12) society and the human mind; or (13) imagining future worlds which are (14) of the world we live in now. (15) this their writing has obvious

34、political undertones.(16) an age where science fact frequently overtakes science fiction, the writers may find it difficult to keep (17) scientific advances. Those who are (18) clear-sighted to see the way we are going, however, may provide valuable lesson on (19) to deal with the problems which soc

35、iety will inevitably face as it tries to master its new technology and come to (20) with a continually changing view of the world.问题1选项A.classifiedB.collectedC.separatedD.divided问题2选项A.HundredB.A hundredC.HundredsD.The hundred问题3选项A.OtherwiseB.HoweverC.BesidesD.Except问题4选项A.depended onB.established

36、onC.based onD.made on问题5选项A.developmentB.improvementC.advanceD.change问题6选项A.onB.aboutC.atD.with问题7选项A.appearedB.foundC.placedD.put问题8选项A.celebritiesB.copiesC.classicsD.articles问题9选项A.whereasB.thereforeC.howeverD.moreover问题10选项A.suggestB.speakC.referD.mention问题11选项A.sayB.writeC.tellD.describe问题12选项A.

37、inB.onC.fromD.of问题13选项A.inB.aboutC.onD.of问题14选项A.an impressionB.a reflectionC.a descriptionD.an imitation问题15选项A.Instead ofB.Because ofC.In addition toD.In spite of问题16选项A.InB.ThroughC.DuringD.At问题17选项A.in front ofB.previous toC.ahead ofD.before问题18选项A.enoughB.sufficientlyC.tooD.necessarily问题19选项A.w

38、hyB.whetherC.whenD.how问题20选项A.termsB.understandingC.agreementsD.realization【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A第6题:D第7题:B第8题:C第9题:C第10题:D第11题:B第12题:B第13题:A第14题:B第15题:B第16题:A第17题:C第18题:B第19题:D第20题:A【解析】1.【选项释义】A. classified 分类 B. collected 收集C. separated 分离 D. divided 分割【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】主语those指代的是前面的books，宾语是

39、science fiction（科幻小说），book和science fiction之间是“归类”的关系，所以A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合句子语义逻辑。【句意】当今最受欢迎的书通常被归类为科幻小说。2.【选项释义】A. Hundred 百，百个 B. A hundred 一百C. Hundreds 数百 D. The hundred 一百【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】结合选项，关键词是hundred，空格后面为介词of，可知，hundreds of固定用法，表示“数以百计的”，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项不符合固定用法；B、D选项与of不搭配。【句意】每年有数百种书籍出版，供各

40、种各样的人阅读。3.【选项释义】A. Otherwise 否则，不然 B. However 然而C. Besides 另外 D. Except 除非【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】前一句是“每年有数百种书籍出版，供各种各样的人阅读”，后一句提到“一些最成功的电影是由科幻小说来的”，从中可知这两个句子为递进关系，所以C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均不符合句间逻辑。【句意】此外，近年来一些最成功的电影都是科幻故事。4.【选项释义】A. depended on 依赖于，取决于 B. established on 建立在C. based on 基于 D. made on 在上获利，在赚钱【考查

41、点】搭配。【解题思路】主语是the most successful films（最成功的电影），宾语是science fiction stories（科幻故事），film和fiction之间的关系应该是“film是建立在fiction的基础之上”，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、D选项不符合语义逻辑；B选项中的established一般和in搭配而不是on，故排除。【句意】此外，近年来一些最成功的电影都是根据科幻故事改编的。5.【选项释义】A. development 发展 B. improvement 提高C. advance 进步 D. change 改变【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】根据后

42、面but转折句的内容“但它的祖先可以在几百年前写的书中找到”，其中它指的是science fiction，该句提到了ancestor，而上半句中空格前面提到了一个new，可知这里是有对比关系在内。Science fiction（科幻小说）和literature（文学）之间，应该是用“发展”，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、D选项均不符合语义逻辑；C选项一般指某种活动或者理解领域的进展或进步，排除。【句意】人们通常认为科幻小说是文学中一种相当新的发展，但它的祖先可以在几百年前写的书中找到。6.【选项释义】A. on 在上 B. about 关于C. at 在 D. with 和【考查点】搭配。【解题

43、思路】由前面的be concerned可知，be concerned with固定用法，表示“涉及”，D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C选项没有此搭配；B选项be concerned about表示“关心，关注”，不符合句子语义。【句意】这些书常常涉及理想社会的某种形式的呈现。7.【选项释义】A. appeared 出现 B. found 发现C. placed 放置 D. put 拿【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】定语从句中的主语为a theme（主题），指的是前面提到的“这些书常常涉及理想社会的某种形式的呈现”，空格后面提到了in modern societies（在现代社会中），且用了still

44、一词，表示与前面内容是一样的，所以theme和modern society之间是“被呈现、被发现”的关系，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合句子语义。【句意】这个主题在现代社会中仍然经常出现。8.【选项释义】A. celebrities 名人，名誉 B. copies 副本，复制品C. classics 古典文学，经典 D. articles 文章【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】结合下文have been written within the last one hundred years（都是在过去的一百年里写的），根据主谓搭配可知是文章或经典被写，再结合下一句的内容Books by w

45、riters such as Jules Verne and H.G Wells（朱尔斯凡尔纳和H.G.威尔斯等作家的著作），提到两位科幻小说届有名的大作家，可知这里的最佳答案是C选项，表示“科幻小说的经典之作”。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合句子语义。【句意】大多数科幻小说的经典之作。9.【选项释义】A. whereas 反之，鉴于 B. therefore 因此C. however 然而 D. moreover 而且，此外【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】上一段提到“科幻小说的祖先（ancestor）可以在几百年前写的书中找到”，而这一句说“大多数科幻小说的经典之作是在最近一百年内写成

46、的”，可知前后为转折关系，故C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合句子语义。【句意】然而，大多数科幻小说的经典之作都是在最近一百年内写成的。10.【选项释义】A. suggest 建议，暗示 B. speak 说C. refer 委托，参考 D. mention 提及【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】此中间部分是作为插入语补充说明，空格后面直接跟的名词authors，根据前面的such as（比如）可知，此处表示“提及”，D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项不符合句子语义。【句意】像两位著名作家朱尔斯凡尔纳和H.G.威尔斯的作品，就已被翻译成多种语言。11.【选项释义】A. say 说 B.

47、 write 写C. tell 告诉 D. describe 描述【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】主语是writers，宾语是stories，那么谓语动词应该是与“写”相关，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合主谓搭配。【句意】现代科幻作家不写来自火星的人或太空冒险故事。12.【选项释义】A. in 在里 B. on 在上C. from 来自 D. of 的【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由句子可知，technological developments（技术发展）和society and the human mind（社会和人类思想）之间的关系是“技术发展对社会和人类思想产生影响”，所以res

48、ult on（是结果）符合语义，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合语义逻辑。【句意】他们更感兴趣的是预测技术发展对社会和人类思想的结果。13.【选项释义】A. in 在里 B. about 关于C. on 在上 D. of 的【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】根据or可知，空格后面的imagining future worlds（想象未来的世界）与前面predicting the results of（预测结果）为并列关系，所以imagining future worlds（想象未来的世界）前面跟的其实是be interested in（感兴趣），所以用介词in，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B

49、、C、D选项不符合句子结构。【句意】他们更感兴趣的是预测技术发展对社会和人类思想的结果，或者想象未来的世界。14.【选项释义】A. an impression 一种印象 B. a reflection 一种反映C. a description 一种描述 D. an imitation 一种模仿【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】定语从句中的主语是future worlds（未来世界），宾语是the world we live in now（我们现在生活的世界），而前面提到了imagining，可知，科幻小说是对未来世界的一种想象，那么这种想象通常是对现在生活的世界的映射，所以B项正确。【干扰项排除】A

50、、C、D选项不符合句子语义。【句意】他们更感兴趣的是预测技术发展对社会和人类思想的结果，或者想象未来的世界，这是我们现在生活的世界的反映。15.【选项释义】A. Instead of 而不是 B. Because of 因为C. In addition to 另外 D. In spite of 尽管【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】上一句提到“未来的世界是我们现在生活的世界的反映”，这一句却说“他们的写作具有明显的政治色彩”，可知，前后是因果关系，故B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合句间逻辑。【句意】因此他们的写作具有明显的政治色彩。16.【选项释义】A. In 在里 B. Throu

51、gh 通过C. During在期间 D. At 在【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由空格后的an age可知，in an age固定用法，表示“在一个时代”，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C选项不符合固定搭配；D选项at an age表示“在年纪”，不符合本题语境，排除。【句意】在这个科学事实常常超过科幻小说的时代。17.【选项释义】A. in front of 在前面（地点方面） B. previous to 以前C. ahead of 在之前（时间、成绩、空间等抽象方面） D. before 在之前（时间、顺序方面）【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】前半句提到“科学事实常常超过科幻小说”，后半句

52、用到了difficult to do（难于做某事），且空格后是scientific advances（科学进步），所以应该是“科幻小说很难领先于科学进步”，结合固定搭配keep ahead of“保持领先”可知C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合句子语法和语义逻辑。【句意】在这个科学事实常常超过科幻小说的时代，作者们可能会发现要领先科学进步很难。18.【选项释义】A. enough 足够 B. sufficiently 充分地，足够地C. too 太多 D. necessarily 必要地【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】根据句子可知，who引导的定语从句中缺少一个副词，由后面的宾语v

53、aluable lesson（宝贵的一课）可知，clear-sighted（眼光敏锐的）前面应该表示“充足地、充分地”，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项enough做副词通常放在形容词之后，做后置定语，所以该项不符合句子结构；C选项too与后面的to构成了tooto（太而不能）的用法，不符合句子语义；D选项不符合句子语义逻辑。【句意】那些足够清楚地看到我们前进的道路的人。19.【选项释义】A. why 为什么 B. whether 是否C. when 何时 D. how 怎么样，如何【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】由上半句中的the way可知，空格处是表示方式，结合固定搭配how to dea

54、l with“怎么处理；如何应对”可知D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项不符合语义逻辑。【句意】然而，如何处理社会将不可避免地面临的问题，那些足够清醒地看到我们正在走的道路的人可能提供了宝贵的一课。20.【选项释义】A. terms 条件，条款 B. understanding 理解C. agreements 协议，同意 D. realization 实现，领悟【解题思路】由空格前面的come to可知，come to terms with为固定用法，表示“妥协，让步”，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均不符合此搭配。【句意】然而，当社会试图掌握其新技术并适应不断变化的世界观时，如何

55、处理社会将不可避免地面临的问题，那些足够清醒地看到我们正在走的道路的人可能提供了宝贵的一课。4. 单选题Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a babys life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes nee

56、d not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In

57、one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mothers back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultur

58、es. As a result, Japanese adults make little sue of the face with to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus ones gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of ones conversation partner”.The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between tw

59、o Americans is well defined; speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they reestablish eye contact with the listener to reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more.

60、 Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinte

61、rested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interrup

62、tion, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.21. The author is convinced that the eyes are _.22. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person _.23. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversation partners neck because _.24. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break down due to _.25. To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for the participants _.问题1选项A.of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideasB.something through which one can see a persons inner worldC.of considerable signifi