2022年考博英语-沈阳药科大学考前模拟强化练习题43（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-沈阳药科大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Every living thing has an inner biological clock that controls behavior. The clock works all the time even when there are no outside signs to mark the passing of time. The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It te

2、lls insects when to leave the protective cocoon and fly away. And it tells animals when to eat, sleep and wake. It controls body temperature, the release of some hormones and even dreams. These natural daily events are circadian rhythms.Man has known about them for thousands of years. But the first

3、scientific observation of circadian rhythms was not made until 1729. In that year French astronomer, Jean-Jac-quesd “Ortous Mairan”, noted that one of his plants opened its leaves at the same time every morning, and closed them at the same time every night. The plant did this even when he kept it in

4、 a dark place all the time. Later scientists wondered about circadian rhythms in humans. They learned that mans biological clock actually keeps time with a day of a little less than 25 hours instead of the 24 hours on a man-made clock. About four years ago an American doctor, Eliot Weitzman, establi

5、shed a laboratory to study how our biological clock works. The people in his experiments are shut off from the outside world. They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms. Dr. Weitzman hopes his research will lead to effective treatments for common sleep problems and sleep disorder

6、s caused by aging and mental illness. The laboratory is in the Monteflore Hospital in New York City. It has two living areas with three small rooms in each. The windows are covered, so no sunlight or moonlight comes in. There are no radios or television receivers. There is a control room between the

7、 living areas. It contains computers, one-way cameras and other electronic devices for observing the person in the living area. The instruments measure heartbeat, body temperature, hormones in the blood, other substances in the urine and brain waves during sleep. A doctor or medical technician is on

8、 duty in the control room 24 hours a day during an experiment. They do not work the same time each day and are not permitted to wear watches, so the person in the laboratory has no idea what time it is. In the first four years of research, Dr. Weitzman and his assistant have observed 16 men between

9、the ages of 21 and 80. The men remained in the laboratory for as long as six months. Last month, a science reporter for The New York Times newspaper, Dava Sobol, became the first woman to take part in the experiment. She entered the laboratory on 13th and stayed for 25 days. Miss Sobol wrote reports

10、 about the experiment during that time, which were published in the newspaper.26. The biological clock is believed to play an essential role in _.27. In his observation, the French scientist noticed that the leaves of a certain plant maintained its opening-and-closing cycles _.28. The sentence “They

11、 are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms” (Paragraph 2) probably means _.29. In the experiment conducted by Mr. Weitzman, the doctor who is on duty does not work the same time each day _.30. What is Mr. Weitzmans ultimate purpose of establishing a laboratory?问题1选项A.the regulation o

12、f body temperatureB.the secretion of hormonesC.animal reproductionD.many aspects of plant and animal physiology问题2选项A.even when it was kept in a murky place all dayB.even if it was placed in the moonlightC.even when he was observing it from a dark placeD.even during the night time问题3选项A.They can lea

13、d their daily lives according to their biological clocks, without referring to a man-made clockB.They can listen to the wonderful rhythms of the biological clock and live close to themC.They can live by regulating their own circadian rhythmsD.They are free from the annoying rhythms of everyday life问

14、题4选项A.in order to observe the abnormal behavior of the people at different timesB.so as not to be recognized by the peopleC.so as to avoid indicating to the people what time it is when he starts workD.so as to leave the peoples circadian rhythms in disorder问题5选项A.He wanted to have his experiment rep

15、ort published in the newspapers.B.People are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms.C.He wanted to find a way to treat peoples diseases.D.He could gain some reputation for the first scientific observation of circadian.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】26. 【选项释义】The biological clock is

16、believed to play an essential role in _. 生物钟被认为在_中起着重要作用。A. the regulation of body temperature A. 体温的调节B. the secretion of hormones B. 激素的分泌C. animal reproduction C. 动物繁殖D. many aspects of plant and animal physiology D. 植物和动物生理活动的许多方面【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】根据题干关键词biological clock和play an essential role定位到原

17、文第1段。该段第一句为段落核心句，该句提到“每个生物都有一个控制行为（controls behavior）的内在生物钟。”后文具体写到它是怎么控制动植物行为的，“生物钟告诉植物什么时候形成花骨朵（when to form flowers），什么时候开花（when the flowers should open）”，“它告诉昆虫什么时候离开保护茧飞走”，“它告诉动物什么时候吃，什么时候睡，什么时候醒”，“它控制体温（controls body temperature），一些激素的释放（the release of some hormones），甚至做梦”。由此推断，生物钟影响动植物生理活动的方方

18、面面，D选项“植物和动物生理活动的许多方面”表述正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“体温的调节”，只是其中一个方面，该选项属于以偏概全；B选项“激素的分泌”，只是其中一个方面，该选项属于以偏概全；C选项“动物繁殖”，只是其中一个方面，该选项属于以偏概全。27. 【选项释义】In his observation, the French scientist noticed that the leaves of a certain plant maintained its opening-and-closing cycles _. 在他的观察中，这位法国科学家注意到某一种植物的叶子保持着开闭循环_。A. e

19、ven when it was kept in a murky place all day A. 即使它被放在阴暗的地方一整天B. even if it was placed in the moonlight B. 即使它被放在月光下C. even when he was observing it from a dark place C. 即使他在黑暗的地方观察它D. even during the night time D. 即使是在晚上【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词French scientist、the leaves of a certain plant和its open

20、ing-and-closing cycles定位到原文第2段。该段第2-3句提到“法国天文学家注意到，他的一种植物每天早上的同一时间开放叶子，每天晚上的同一时间关闭叶子。即使他一直把它放在黑暗的地方（even when he kept it in a dark place），它也会这样做。”由此可知，C选项“即使他在黑暗的地方观察它”表述正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“即使它被放在阴暗的地方一整天”，原文只是说“在黑暗的地方”，并没有说“在阴暗的地方一整天”，该选项属于过度推理；B选项“即使它被放在月光下”，原文只是说“在黑暗的地方”，并没有说“月光下”，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“即使是在晚上”

21、，原文只是说“在黑暗的地方”，黑暗的地方不一定是“晚上”，该选项属于过度推理。28. 【选项释义】The sentence “They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms” (Paragraph 2) probably means _. “他们可以自由地听从自己的昼夜节奏，并按照自己的昼夜节奏生活”，第2段这句话想表达的意思可能是_。A. They can lead their daily lives according to their biological clocks, without referring t

22、o a man-made clock A. 他们可以根据自己的生物钟来生活，而不用参考人造时钟B. They can listen to the wonderful rhythms of the biological clock and live close to them B. 他们可以听着美妙的生物钟节奏，并基本按生物钟生活C. They can live by regulating their own circadian rhythms C. 他们可以通过调节自己的昼夜节奏来生活D. They are free from the annoying rhythms of everyday

23、life D. 他们摆脱了日常生活烦人的节奏【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】根据题干关键词Paragraph 2定位到原文第2段。题干引用的句子为该段第8句，该句描述的是美国医生Eliot Weitzman的实验对象。本段第6句提到该实验的目的是“研究我们的生物钟是如何工作的（to study how our biological clock works）。”实验应该是为实验目的服务的，因此，题干引用句“他们可以自由地听从自己的昼夜节奏，并按照自己的昼夜节奏生活”的意思应该是“他们可以按照自己的生物钟生活”，A选项“他们可以根据自己的生物钟来生活，而不用参考人造时钟”表述正确。【干扰项排除】B

24、选项“他们可以听着美妙的生物钟节奏，并基本按生物钟生活”，前半句表述错误，原文listen to的意思不是“听着美妙的生物钟节奏”，而应该是“听从”，该选项属于曲解原文；C选项“他们可以通过调节自己的昼夜节奏来生活”，原文没有提到“调节自己的节奏”，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“他们摆脱了日常生活烦人的节奏”，原文没有提到“日常生活的节奏烦人”，只是让他们按照生物钟生活，该选项属于无中生有。29. 【选项释义】In the experiment conducted by Mr. Weitzman, the doctor who is on duty does not work the same

25、time each day _. 在Weitzman的实验中，值班医生每天的工作时间并不相同_。A. in order to observe the abnormal behavior of the people at different times A. 以便观察人们在不同时期的反常行为B. so as not to be recognized by the people B. 以免被人们认出来C. so as to avoid indicating to the people what time it is when he starts work C. 以免他知道自己是什么时候开始工作的D

26、. so as to leave the peoples circadian rhythms in disorder D. 从而使人们的昼夜节律紊乱【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词Mr. Weitzman和does not work the same time each day定位到原文第2段第18句，该句提到“他们每天工作的时间不一样，也不允许戴手表，所以实验室里的人不知道现在是什么时间（so the person in the laboratory has no idea what time it is）。”由此可知，不同的工作时间是为了让实验对象不知道时间，C选项“以免他知

27、道自己是什么时候开始工作的”表述正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“以便观察人们在不同时期的反常行为”、B选项“以免被人们认出来”、D选项“从而使人们的昼夜节律紊乱”，原文均未提及，属于无中生有。30. 【选项释义】What is Mr. Weitzmans ultimate purpose of establishing a laboratory? Weitzman先生建立实验室的最终目的是什么？A. He wanted to have his experiment report published in the newspapers. A. 他想让他的实验报告发表在报纸上。B. People ar

28、e free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms. B. 人们可以自由地听从并按照自己的昼夜节律生活。C. He wanted to find a way to treat peoples diseases. C. 他想找到一种治疗人们疾病的方法。D. He could gain some reputation for the first scientific observation of circadian. D. 他可能会因为第一个对昼夜节律进行科学观察而获得一些声誉。【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词ultimat

29、e purpose可定位到原文第2段。本段第6句提到“美国医生Eliot Weitzman建立了一个实验室来研究我们的生物钟是如何工作的（to study how our biological clock works）。”另外，本段第9句提到“Weitzman博士希望（hopes）他的研究能够（his research will lead to）为常见的睡眠问题和由衰老和精神疾病引起的睡眠障碍找到有效的治疗方法（effective treatments）。”综上所述，作为一个医生，他的最终目的应该是第9句说的寻找治疗方法，C选项“他想找到一种治疗人们疾病的方法”表述正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“

30、他想让他的实验报告发表在报纸上”，可定位到原文第2段最后一句，该句提到“Sobol小姐（他的助手）撰写了有关实验的报告，并发表在报纸上”，他虽然这么做了，但这不是他的目的，将实验结果进行发布属于正常操作，该选项属于过度推理；B选项“人们可以自由地听从并按照自己的昼夜节律生活”，由第28题解析可知，该选项只是实验的内容，不是实验目的，属于本末倒置；D选项“他可能会因为第一个对昼夜节律进行科学观察而获得一些声誉”，是读者的主观臆断，并不是该医生的目的，属于无中生有。2. 单选题The number of people with Alzheimers disease in the United St

31、ates is projected to more than double by 2050.问题1选项A.devisedB.thrustC.estimatedD.encountered【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. devised 设计 B. thrust 用力推C. estimated 估计 D. encountered 遇到【考查点】动词辨析【解题思路】原文指到2050年美国老年痴呆症患者的数量将增加一倍以上，2050年是一个未来的年份，这个数据应该是预估的，C选项“估计”符合原文。原文be projected to“被预测”。【干扰项排除】A选项devised“设计”，美国的老年痴呆

32、症患者的数量应该是自然发生的，不存在说被设计成多少；B选项thrust“用力推”，不符合原句逻辑；D选项encountered“遇到”，不符合原句逻辑。【句意】预计到2050年，美国老年痴呆症患者的数量将增加一倍以上。3. 单选题Seven Ways to Save the WorldForget the old idea that conserving energy is a form of self-denial-riding bicycles, dimming the lights, and taking fewer showers. These days conservation is

33、 all about efficiency: getting the same-or better-results from just a fraction of the energy. When a slump in business travel forced Ulrich Romer to cut costs at his family-owned hotel in Germany, he replaced hundreds of the hotels wasteful light bulbs, getting the same light for 80 percent less pow

34、er. He bought a new water boiler with a digitally controlled pump, and wrapped insulation around the pipes. Spending about 100,000 on these and other improvements, he slashed his 90,000 fuel and power bill by 60,000. As a bonus, the hotels lower energy needs have reduced its annual carbon emissions

35、by more than 200 metric tons. “For us, saving energy has been very, very profitable,” he says. “And most importantly, were not giving up a single comfort for our guests.”Efficiency is also a great way to lower carbon emissions and help slow global warming. But the best argument for efficiency is its

36、 costor, more precisely, its profitability. Thats because quickly growing energy demand requires immense investment in new supply, not to mention the drain of rising energy prices.No wonder efficiency has moved to the top of the political agenda. On Jan. 10, the European Union unveiled a plan to cut

37、 energy use across the continent by 20 percent by 2020. Last March, China imposed a 20 percent increase in energy efficiency by 2020. Even George W. Bush, the Texas oilman, is expected to talk about energy conservation in his State of the Union speech this week.The good news is that the world is ful

38、l of proven, cheap ways to save energy. Here are the seven that could have the biggest impact:InsulateSpace heating and cooling eats up 36 percent of all the worlds energy. Theres virtually no limit to how much of that can be saved, as prototype “zero-energy homes” in Switzerland and Germany have sh

39、own. Theres been a surge in new ways of keeping heat in and cold out (or vice versa). The most advanced insulation follows the law of increasing returns: if you add enough, you can scale down or even eliminate heating and air-conditioning equipment, lowering costs even before you start saving on uti

40、lity bills. Studies have shown that green workplaces (ones that dont constantly need to have the heat or air-conditioner running) have higher worker productivity and lower sick rates.Change BulbsLighting eats up 20 percent of the worlds electricity, or the equivalent of roughly 600,000 tons of coal

41、a day. Forty percent of that powers old-fashioned incandescent light bulbsa 19th-century technology that wastes most of the power it consumes on unwanted heat.Compact fluorescent lamps, or CFLs, not only use 75 to 80 percent less electricity than incandescent bulbs to generate the same amount of lig

42、ht, but they also last 10 times longer. Phasing old bulbs out by 2030 would save the output of 650 power plants and avoid the release of 700 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year.Comfort ZoneWater boilers, space heaters and air conditioners have been notoriously inefficient. The heat

43、pump has altered that equation. It removes heat from the air outside or the ground below and uses it to supply heat to a building or its water supply. In the summer, the system can be reversed to cool buildings as well.Most new residential buildings in Sweden are already heated with ground-source he

44、at pumps. Such systems consume almost no conventional fuel at all. Several countries have used subsidies to jump-start the market, including Japan, where almost 1 million heat pumps have been installed in the past two years to heat water for showers and hot tubs.Remake FactoriesFrom steel mills to p

45、aper factories, industry eats up about a third of the worlds energy. The opportunities to save are vast. In Ludwigshafen, German chemicals giant BASF runs an interconnected complex of more than 200 chemical factories, where heat produced by one chemical process is used to power the next. At the Ludw

46、igshafen site alone, such recycling of heat and energy saves the company200 million a year and almost half its CO2 emissions. Now BASF is doing the same for new plants in China. “Optimizing energy efficiency is a decisive competitive advantage,” says BASF CEO Jurgen Hambrecht.Green DrivingA quarter

47、of the worlds energyincluding two thirds of the annual production of oilis used for transportation. Some savings come free of charge: you can boost fuel efficiency by 6 percent simply by keeping your cars tires properly inflated. Gasoline-electric hybrid models like the Toyota Prius improve mileage

48、by a further 20 percent over conventional models.A Better FridgeMore than half of all residential power goes into running household appliances, producing a fifth of the worlds carbon emissions. And thats true even though manufacturers have already hiked the efficiency of refrigerators and other whit

49、e goods by as much as 70 percent since the 1980s. According to an International Energy Agency study, if consumers chose those models that would save them the most money over the life of the appliance, theyd cut global residential power consumption (and their utility bills) by 43 percent.Flexible Pay

50、mentWho says you have to pay for all your conservation investments? “Energy service contractors” will pay for retrofitting in return for a share of the clients annual utility-bill savings, In Beijing, Shenwu Thermal Energy Technology Co. specializes in retrofitting Chinas steel furnaces. Shenwu puts

51、 up the initial investment to install a heat exchanger that preheats the air going into the furnace, slashing the clients fuel costs. Shenwu pockets a cut of those savings, so both Shenwu and the client profit.If saving energy is so easy and profitable, why isnt everyone doing it? It has to do with

52、psychology and a lack of information. Most of us tend to look at todays price tag more than tomorrows potential savings. That holds double for the landlord or developer, who wont actually see a penny of the savings his investment in better insulation or a better heating system might generate. In man

53、y peoples minds, conservation is still associated with self-denial. Many environmentalists still push that view.Smart governments can help push the market in the right direction. The EUs 1994 law on labeling was such a success that it extended the same idea to entire buildings last year. To boost th

54、e market value of efficiency, all new buildings are required to have an “energy pass” detailing power and heating consumption. Countries like Japan and Germany have successively tightened building codes, requiring an increase in insulation levels but leaving it up to builders to decide how to meet t

55、hem.The most powerful incentives, of course, will come from the market itself. Over the past year, sky-high fuel prices have focused minds on efficiency like never before. Ever-increasing pressure to cut costs has finally forced more companies to do some math on their energy use.Will it be enough? W

56、ith global demand and emissions rising so fast, we may not have any choice but to try. Efficient technology is here now, proven and cheap. Compared with all other options, its the biggest, easiest and most profitable bang for the buck.1. What is said to be the best way to conserve energy nowadays?2.

57、 What does the European Union plan to do?3. If you add enough insulation to your house, you may be able to _.4. How much of the power consumed by incandescent bulbs is converted into light?5. Some countries have tried to jump-start the market of heat pumps by _.6. German chemicals giant BASF saves 2

58、00 million a year by _.7. Global residential power consumption can be cut by 43 percent if_.问题1选项A.Raising efficiency.B.Cutting unnecessary costs.C.Finding alternative resources.D.Sacrificing some personal comforts.问题2选项A.Diversify energy supply.B.Reduce carbon emissions.C.Cut energy consumption.D.R

59、aise production efficiency.问题3选项A.improve you work environmentB.get rid of air-conditionersC.cut your utility bills by halfD.enjoy much better health问题4选项A.A small portion.B.Some 40 percent.C.Almost half.D.75 to 80 percent.问题5选项A.upgrading the equipmentB.encouraging investmentsC.providing subsidiesD

60、.implementing high-tech问题6选项A.reducing the CO2 emissionsB.setting up factories in ChinaC.using the newest technologyD.recycling heat and energy of its plants问题7选项A.we increase the insulation of walls and water pipesB.we choose simpler models of electrical appliancesC.we cut down on the use of refrig

61、erators and other white goodsD.we choose the most efficient models of refrigerators and other white goods【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C第6题:D第7题:D【解析】1.事实细节题。题干“现在节约能源最好的方法是什么”，可定位到原文第1段第2句These days conservation is all about efficiency: getting the same-or better-results from just a fraction of the e

62、nergy.（如今，节约能源就是提高使用效率：使用少量的能源得到同样的效果，或者更好的效果。）由此可知，现在节约能源的方法是提高能源使用效率，A选项“提高效率”，符合原文。原文第1段第1句Forget the old idea that conserving energy is a form of self-denial-riding bicycles, dimming the lights, and taking fewer showers.（忘记旧的观念：节约能源是一种自我否定的形式骑自行车，调暗灯光，少洗澡。）由此可知，B选项“减少不必要的消耗”、C选项“寻找替代资源”、D选项“牺牲一些

63、个人舒适”对应的都是以前节约能源的观念，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为A。2.事实细节题。题干“欧盟计划做什么”，可定位到原文第3段第2句the European Union unveiled a plan to cut energy use across the continent by 20 percent by 2020.（欧盟公布了一项计划，到2020年将整个欧洲大陆的能源使用量减少20%。）由此可知，欧盟计划减少整个欧洲大陆的能源使用，C选项“降低能源消耗”，符合原文。A选项“能源供应多元化”、B选项“减少碳排放”、D选项“提高生产效率”，均未提及。因此，本题最佳选项为C。3.事实细节题

64、。题干“如果你给你的房子添加足够的隔热材料，你也许可以_”，可定位到原文Insulate小节，第4句The most advanced insulation follows the law of increasing returns: if you add enough, you can scale down or even eliminate heating and air-conditioning equipment, lowering costs even before you start saving on utility bills.（最先进的隔热材料遵循收益递增的规律：如果你增加了足够多的隔热材料，你就可以按比例减少甚至取消供暖和空调设备，甚至在你开始节省水电费之前就降低了成本。）B选项“摆脱空调”，表述与原文一致；C选项“减少一半的水电费”，原文并未明确指出可以减少一