2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解7

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1、2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题One hundred years ago, “Colored” was the typical way of referring to Americans of African descent. Twenty years later, it was purposefully dropped to make way for “Negro.” By the late 1960s，that term was overtaken by “Black.” And then, at a press conference

2、in Chicago in 1988, Jesse Jackson declared that “African American” was the term to embrace. This one was chosen because it echoed the labels of groups, such as “Italian Americans” and “Irish Americans,” that had already been freed of widespread discrimination.A centurys worth of calculated name chan

3、ges point to the fact that naming any group is a politically freighted exercise. A 2001 study cataloged all the ways in which the term “Black” carried connotations (涵义)that were more negative than those of “African American.”But if it was known that “Black” people were viewed differently from “Afric

4、an Americans,” researchers, until now, hadnt identified what that gap in perception was derived from. A recent study, conducted by Emory Universitys Erika Hall, found that “Black” people are viewed more negatively than “African Americans” because of a perceived difference in socioeconomic status. As

5、 a result, “Black” people are thought of as less competent and as having colder personalities.The studys most striking findings shed light on the racial biases permeating the professional world. Even seemingly harmless details on a resume, it appears, can tap into recruiters biases. A job applicatio

6、n might mention affiliations with groups such as the “Wisconsin Association of African-American Lawyers” or the “National Black Employees Association,” the names of which apparently have consequences, and are also beyond their members, control.In one of the studys experiments, subjects were given a

7、brief description of a man from Chicago with the last name Williams. To one group, he was identified as “African-American,” and another was told he was “Black” With little else to go on, they were asked to estimate Mr. Williams salary, professional standing, and educational background.The “African-A

8、merican” group estimated that he earned about $37,000 a year and bad a two-year college degree. The “Black” group, on the other hand, put his salary at about $29.000, and guessed that he had only “some” college experience. Nearly three-quarters of the first group guessed that Mr. Williams worked at

9、a managerial level, while only 38.5 percent of the second group thought so.Halls findings suggest theres an argument to be made for electing to use “African American,” though one cant help but get the sense that its a decision that papers over the urgency of continued progress. Perhaps a new phrase

10、is needed, one that can bring everyone one big step closer to realizing Du Bois original, idealistic hope: “Its not the nameits the thing that counts.”11. Why did Jesse Jackson embrace the term “African American” for people of African descent?12. What does the author say about the naming of an ethni

11、c group?13. What do Erika Halls findings indicate?14. What does Erika Hall find in her experiment about a man with the last name Williams?15. What is Dr. Du Boiss ideal?问题1选项A.It is free from racial biases.B.It represents social progress.C.It is in the interest of common Americans.D.It follows the s

12、tandard naming practice.问题2选项A.It advances with the times.B.It is based on racial roots.C.It merits intensive study.D.It is politically sensitive.问题3选项A.Racial biases are widespread in the professional world,B.Many applicants dont attend to details on their resumes.C.Job seekers should all be carefu

13、l about their affiliations.D.Most recruiters are unable to control their racial biases.问题4选项A.African Americans fare better than many other ethnic groups.B.Black peoples socioeconomic status in America remains low.C.Peoples conception of a person has much to do with the way he or she is labeled.D.On

14、es professional standing and income are related to their educational background.问题5选项A.All Americans enjoy equal rights.B.A person is judged by their worth.C.A new term is created to address African Americans.D.All ethnic groups share the nations continued progress.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1

15、1.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到文章第一段倒数第一二句话Jesse Jackson declared that “African American” was the term to embrace. This one was chosen because it echoed the labels of groups, such as “Italian Americans” and “Irish Americans,” that had already been freed of widespread discrimination.“杰西杰克逊(Jesse Jackson)宣称，“非裔美

16、国人”是一个值得拥抱的词。之所以选择这个词，是因为它呼应了一些群体的标签，比如“意大利裔美国人”和“爱尔兰裔美国人”，这些群体已经摆脱了广泛的歧视。”，从这里可以看出答案选A“它没有种族偏见”；B选项“它代表社会进步”，定位到第二段第一句话A centurys worth of calculated name changes point to the fact that naming any group is a politically freighted exercise.“一个世纪以来精心设计的名字变化表明，为任何组织命名都是一项充满政治意味的活动”，名称并没有展现社会进步而是具有政治意味

17、，所以B选项不选，属于反向干扰；C选项“这符合普通美国人的利益”，文章没有提及属于无中生有；D选项“它遵循标准的命名惯例”，文章没有提及属于无中生有。12.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第二段第一句话A centurys worth of calculated name changes point to the fact that naming any group is a politically freighted exercise.“一个世纪以来精心设计的名字变化表明，为任何组织命名都是一项充满政治意味的活动”从这里可以知道答案选D选项“政治敏感”；A选项“它是与时俱进的”，文章没有

18、提及，属于无中生有；B选项“它基于种族根源”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“它值得深入研究”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。13.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，根据关键人名Erika Hall定位到第四段第一句话The studys most striking findings shed light on the racial biases permeating the professional world.“这项研究最引人注目的发现揭示了职场中普遍存在的种族偏见。”，由此可知答案选A选项“在职业领域，种族偏见很普遍”；B选项“许多求职者不注意简历上的细节”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；C

19、选项“求职者都应该小心他们的关系”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“大多数招聘人员无法控制他们的种族偏见”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。14.判断推理题，第一步，寻找上下文线索，根据实验内容，同样是威廉，一组被暗示是非裔美国人，一组直接被告知是黑人，实验结果显示两组对同一个人的猜测则完全不同的，所以C选项“人们对一个人的看法与他或她被贴上的标签有很大关系”符合题意；A选项“非裔美国人比许多其他种族的人过得更好”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有所以不选；B选项“黑人在美国的社会经济地位仍然很低”，见正确选项，两个对照组预测对象不是不同种族的威廉而是不同标签的黑人威廉，属于偷换概念，所以不选；D选

20、项“一个人的职业地位和收入与他们的教育背景有关”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有所以不选。15.判断推理题。寻找句内线索，定位到最后一段最后一句Its not the nameits the thing that counts“重要的不是名字，而是所做的事情”，从这里可知杜波依斯的想法是用一个人所做的事情来评判一个人，而不是用他的名字，所以答案选B选项“一个人是由他的价值来判断的”；A选项“所有美国人都享有平等的权利”，文章探讨了非洲血统的美国人被称为“黑人”和“非裔美国人”时人们的不同态度，没有涉及种族压迫或者歧视，这里属于推理过度；C选项“一个新的术语被创造来称呼非裔美国人”，从这里可知怎么称

21、呼黑人没有那么重要，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“各民族共同进步”，文章探讨了非洲血统的美国人被称为黑人和非裔美国人时人们的不同态度，没有提到其他民族，这里属于无中生有。2. 单选题Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one popular form continues to thrive: that is alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disa

22、dvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that the cars of a taxi firm called AAAA have a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers look through their phone directories. Less well known is the adva

23、ntage that Adam Abbot has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American presidents and vice-presidents have surnames starting with B and

24、 C separately and 26 of George Bushs predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac

25、, Chretien and Koizumi). The worlds three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the worlds five richest men (Gates, Buffet, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coinciden

26、ce? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So shortsighted Zysman junior ge

27、ts stuck in the back row, and is seldom asked the improving questions by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less attention, as well as less confidence in speakin

28、g publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees all tend to

29、 be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.11. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?12. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?13. The fourth paragraph suggests that_.14. What does the author mean by “mos

30、t people are literally having a ZZZ ?15. Which of the following is true according to the text?问题1选项A.A type of conspicuous bias.B.A kind of overlooked inequality.C.A type of personal prejudiceD.A kind of brand discrimination.问题2选项A.In both East and West, names are important to success.B.The alphabet

31、 is to blame for the failure of Zoe Zysman.C.Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.D.Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies names.问题3选项A.questions are often put to the more intelligent studentsB.alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from classC.students sho

32、uld be seated according to their eyesightD.teachers should pay equal attention to all their students问题4选项A.They are noisily dozing off.B.They are getting impatient.C.They feeling humiliated.D.They are busy with word puzzles.问题5选项A.People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.B.Th

33、e campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.C.VIPs in the western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.D.Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional unfairness.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D【解析】11.推理判断题，定位到文章一二句也是文章的中心句Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness

34、and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one popular form continues to thrive: that is alphabetism.“在过去的一个世纪里，各种不公平和歧视都受到谴责或被定为非法。但有一种流行的形式仍在蓬勃发展，那就是字母排序”这是文章的主旨句，说的是虽然这个社会反对歧视但是有种歧视却被人忽略了，那就是字母顺序歧视。第二段主要是举例说明这种歧视，所以答案选B“一种被忽视的不平等”；A选项“一种明显的偏见”，文章没有提到，属于无中生有；C选项“一种个人偏见”，文章没有提到，属于无

35、中生有；D选项“一种品牌歧视”，文章没有提到，属于无中生有。12.主旨大意题，分析文章前三段的行文结构，文章是总分结构，第一段提出生活中有种歧视被我们忽视了，那就是“字母顺序歧视”这一观点，第二三段都是在举例，说明这种现象不是凭空捏造而是真实存在着的，所以答案选C选项“某种形式的歧视太微妙而无法识别”；A选项“在东方和西方，名字对成功都很重要”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；B选项“Zoe Zysman的失败要归咎于字母表”定位到第二段第二句Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbot has in life over Zoe Zysman.（

36、不太为人所知的是，亚当阿伯特(Adam Abbot)在生活中比佐伊兹斯曼(Zoe Zysman)有优势）从这里可以看出名字的字母顺序只是让排在名字字母前面的人比排在后面的人有优势而已，不能把叫Zoe Zysman的人的失败全部归结于字母，这里属于理解过度；D选项“顾客经常很注意公司的名字”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。13.推理判断题，第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第四段第一句Can this merely be coincidence? “这仅仅是巧合吗？”，从这个反问句就可以看出作者认为名字字母靠后的学生难以获得成就并非巧合，第二步，寻找上下文线索，第四段描述的是一个作者的推想，就是那些字母

37、排在后面的人小时候因为老师为了省事所以按照名字字母顺序被排在了后面，结果因为老师的忽略没有发现某些名字字母排后面的学生有近视，坐后面就导致每次问问题也轮不到他，所以他错过了很多成长的机会，然而还觉得幸好没有叫到我，从这里就可以知道作者其实是通过摆事实的手法来建议教师不应该这么简单粗暴地通过名字字母来排座位，应该一视同仁，所以D选项“教师应该对所有的学生给予同等的关注”正确；A选项“问题经常被问给更聪明的学生”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；B选项“字母顺序不好的学生经常逃课”文章没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“学生应根据自己的视力选择座位”，文章讲述这件事情是希望老师最好不要因为方便自己记忆而按

38、照字母顺序排座位，而是希望按照学生的实际情况来排座位，也就是希望老师多多关注学生，而不是让学生自己排座位，所以C选项错误，属于张冠李戴。14.判断推理题，定位到第五段第二句话At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ.“在大学毕业典礼上，ABC是名字首字母的学生自豪地第一个获奖；当轮到Zysmans同学的时候，（）。”文章前面连接的信息是

39、名字以ABC字母开头的人很早就拿到首先就很骄傲的拿到了自己的毕业证，但是名字是Zysmans的人可能因为等待的时间太久了已经睡着了，所以答案选A选项“他们鼾声大作”；B选项“他们开始不耐烦了”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“他们感到羞辱”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“他们忙于字谜”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。15.判断推理题，由文章第四段可知老师会按照字母顺序排位置，没有人会觉得不合理，但是在不知不觉中对那些字母顺序在后面的人造成了一种危害，所以答案选D。A选项定位到第二段第二句 Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbot

40、has in life over Zoe Zysman.（不太为人所知的是，亚当阿伯特(Adam Abbot)在生活中比佐伊兹斯曼(Zoe Zysman)有优势）从这里可知名字字母排前面的人只是相对排后面的人有优势，并没有说到名字字母排后面的人受到了不好的对待，A选项属于无中生有；文章没有提到该怎么纠正这种鲜为人知的歧视，所以也无从知道纠正这件事是不是任重道远，属于无中生有，所以B选项不选；C选项定位到文章第三段，文章第三段只是说西方重要人士的字母排在前面以此来佐证字母歧视是存在的，但是没有说这些人因为名字字母顺序排在前面得到了多少优势，所以C选项属于过度解读。3. 单选题I know col

41、d. And all you Minnesota people may discount me because I am from Phoenix, but trust me, I know cold. I have climbed the highest peak on each continent (the famed Seven Summits) and have skied to both the North and South Poles a feat known as the Adventure Grand Slam. Each mountain and polar expedit

42、ion was very different with the exception of one thing: the cold.Of all the remote places I have been, Antarctica land of the frozen tundra is perhaps my favorite. It also happens to be the coldest place on earth. The continent is approximately 98 percent ice and 2 percent rock. Temperatures in the

43、winter have reached 128-below. I have been there twice; once to climb the Vinson Massif and once to ski six-hundred miles from the edge of the western Antarctic ice shelf all the way to the South Pole. “Why would you want to suffer like that” is a question I get all the time. And sure, there are tim

44、es when you are feeling like you want to take a break from the frigid conditions and go inside the lodge and get a cup of hot cocoa. but you cant. There is no ski lodge in the middle of Antarctica. Theres just you, your 1501b sled which is harnessed to your waist (containing all of your gear and sup

45、plies), your teammates (unless you are on a solo trip no thanks) and the cold. So you make peace with the sub-zero temperatures, because youre going to be in them for the better part of two months.So thinking back on my experiences heres why you should be okay with a couple of days of polar vortex b

46、ecause 1) you can go inside, and 2) because it makes you smarter or at least smarter than the warm weather does. Yep. Good news for those in cities affected by the vortex: cold weather can actually be really good for you. Not just because you burn more fat when its cold, but because your brain works

47、 better when its cold. According to an article by Adrian Ward that appeared in Scientific American, it takes more energy to cool your body when its hot than it does to warm it up when youre cold. The energy comes from glucose. which is also necessary for the brains mental processes. So basically, co

48、oling off when it is hot uses more glucose than warming up when its cold; thus leaving less available glucose for the brain. Therefore, we can assume that cold weather is better for the brain. Quick everyone go take the MENSA test before the temperature warms up again!1. What do the mountains the au

49、thor has climbed have in common?2. What can we learn about Antarctica?3. What is not available in the middle of Antarctica?4. Why is cold weather better for the brain?5. We can learn from the test that the MENS A test is a kind of_.问题1选项A.They are all located in the North Pole.B.They are all located

50、 in the South Pole.C.They have the same elevations.D.They are all very frigid.问题2选项A.There is about 98% water and 2% ice.B.The temperatures there can reach 128 degree centigrade.C.It is the second coldest place on earth.D.There is a mountain called Vinson Massif.问题3选项A.Ski lodge.B.Sled.C.Supplies.D.

51、Camera.问题4选项A.Because you can burn more fat when it is cold.B.Because you can go inside ski lodges and take a break when it is cold.C.Because you can leave more glucose for the brain when it is cold.D.Because the energy you need for the brain comes from ice.问题5选项A.psychiatric testB.intelligence test

52、C.personality testD.admission test【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.事实细节题。定位到第一段最后一句话Each mountain and polar expedition was very differentwith the exception of one thing: the cold.“每一个山脉和极地探险都非常不同除了一件事：寒冷”从这里可以知道答案选D选项“他们都非常寒冷”；A选项“它们都位于北极”，定位到第一段第三句话have skied to both the North and South Poles“曾经南

53、极和北极都滑过”，从这里可知A属于反向干扰；B选项“它们都位于南极”，见A选项，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“他们有相同的海拔高度”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。2.事实细节题。定位到第二段第五句话have been there twice; once to climb the Vinson Massif“到过这两次；有一次去爬文森山”，从这里可知D选项“那有一座山叫文森山”正确；A选项“大约98%是水，2%是冰”，定位到第二段第三句话The continent is approximately 98 percent ice and 2 percent rock.“这块大陆大约98%是冰，2%是岩

54、石”，从这里可知A选项错误，属于反向干扰；B选项“那里的温度可以达到128摄氏度”，定位到第二段第四句话Temperatures in the winter have reached 128-below.“冬天的气温已经达到零下128度”从关键词below可知B选项错误，属于反向干扰；C选项“它是地球上第二冷的地方”，第二段第二句话It also happens to be the coldest place on earth.“它也是地球上最冷的地方”，从这里可知C选项错误，属于反向干扰。3.事实细节题。定位到第二段倒数第三句There is no ski lodge in the midd

55、le of Antarctica.“南极洲中部没有滑雪旅馆”，从这里可知答案选A“滑雪旅馆”；B选项“雪橇”，定位到第二段倒数第二句话Theres just you, your 1501b sled which is harnessed to your waist (containing all of your gear and supplies), your teammates and the cold.“只有你，腰间系着1501b雪橇(包括你所有的装备和补给)，你的队友，还有寒冷”，从这里可知B选项不符合题意，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“补给”，见B选项，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“照相机”文

56、章没有提及属于无中生有。4.事实细节题。定位到文章最后一段倒数第三句So basically, cooling off when it is hot uses more glucose than warming up when its cold; thus leaving less available glucose for the brain.“所以基本上，在热的时候降温比在冷的时候升温需要更多的葡萄糖；这样就减少了大脑可用的葡萄糖”，从这里可知答案选C“因为冷的时候你可以给大脑留下更多的葡萄糖”；A选项“因为天气冷的时候可以燃烧更多的脂肪”，定位到最后一段第四句话Not just beca

57、use you burn more fat when its cold, but because your brain works better when its cold.“这不仅是因为你在冷的时候燃烧了更多的脂肪，还因为你的大脑在冷的时候工作得更好”，从这里可知这不是大脑在冷环境中运行的更好的原因，这里属于出处错误；B选项“因为天气冷的时候你可以去滑雪小屋休息一下”，定位到第二段倒数第三句There is no ski lodge in the middle of Antarctica“南极洲中部没有滑雪旅馆”，这不是大脑在冷环境中运行的更好的原因，这里属于出处错误；D选项“因为你大脑所需

58、的能量来自冰”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。5.推理判断题，寻找句内线索，定位到文章最后一段倒数第二句Therefore, we can assume that cold weather is better for the brain.“因此，我们可以假设寒冷的天气对大脑更好”，这里说完冷的环境对大脑运行有利就赶紧督促别人去考MENS，就说明这考试与大脑也就是智力有关，所以答案选B“智力测试”；A选项“心理测试”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“性格测试”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“入学考试”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。4. 单选题Less than two months in

59、to her breast cancer treatment, Alexandra Jn-Charles was called into a new room at SUNY Downstate Medical Center, where two treating physicians, the chief medical officer and an attorney representing the hospital told her that mistakes had been made.The skin lesions (病变) on her chest, they said, had

60、 been caused not by her illness but by the machine that was supposed to cure her. The 32-year-old had received nearly 30 radiotherapy sessions, but at this point it didnt really make sense to count them, because a programming error had caused each installment to deliver at least three times the pres

61、cribed amount of radiation.Jn-Charles, who died two and a half years after this meeting in 2005, would eventually come to exemplify theemergence of accidental over-radiation in U.S. hospitals. The worst off have reported skin damage, inexplicable hair loss and ribs (肋骨) buckling beneath their chests

62、 debilitating injuries suffered while undergoing screening or treatment for something that would otherwise kill them. A steep price for survival.These tragedies go to the core of an issue as pressing as it is uncomfortable to think about: Have advances in technology, improved treatment methods and m

63、ore comprehensive screening protocols led to systematic, excessive irradiation of patients?The answer, according to a growing number of health experts, is yes. For example, the CT scan, which has become commonplace in response to rising cancer rates, is itself thought to increase the likelihood that

64、 a person develops cancer. The scans deliver several hundred times more radiation than an X-ray even when guidelines and dosages are followed precisely. “What we do as physicians arguably harms people,” James Ehrlich, a clinical associate professor at the University of Colorado and an adviser for Premier Micronutrient Corp., told Newsweek.A jarring example of that cam