2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考前模拟强化练习题14（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on ones own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside.Nowada

2、ys a superficial traveler in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction of village co

3、mmerce, but its vigor is still remarkable.Our local grocers shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queuing up (anonymously) at a s

4、upermarket. And the proprietor knows well that personal service has a substantial cash value.His prices may be a bit higher than those in the town, but he will deliver anything at any time. His assistants think nothing of bicycling down the village street in their lunch hour to take a piece of chees

5、e to an old age pensioner who sent her order by word of mouth with a friend who happened to be passing, the more affluent customers telephone their shopping lists and the goods are on their doorsteps within an hour. They have only to knit at a fancy for some commodity outside the usual stock and the

6、 grocer, a red faced figure, instantly obtains it from them. The village gains from this sort of enterprise, of course. But I also find it satisfactory because a village shop offers one of the few ways in which a modest individualist can still get along in the world without attaching himself to the

7、big battalions of industry or commerce.Most of the village shopkeepers I know, at any rate, are decidedly individualist in their ways. For example, our shoemaker is a formidable figure: a thick set, irritable man whom children treat with marked respect, knowing that an ill judged word can provoke an

8、 angry eruption at any time. He stares with smouldering contempt at the pairs of cheap, mass produced shoes taken to him for repair: has it come to this, he seems to be saying, that he, a craftsman, should have to waste his skills upon such trash? But we all know he will in fact do excellent work up

9、on them. And he makes beautiful shoes for those who can afford such luxury.1.The writer considered the old country guide interesting because he found in it（ ）.2.The local grocers shop is expanding even though（ ）.3.The writer implies that one disadvantage of town shops is that（ ）.4.The writer appreci

10、ates the village shop because（ ）.5.What is the village shoemakers reaction to mass produced shoes?问题1选项A.the names of so many of the shops in the village aroundB.the many people selling to, and doing jobs for, residents in local villages at the time it appearedC.the variety of shops and services ava

11、ilable in Victorian days in BritainD.information about all the jobs there were in his own and surrounding villages at the time it appeared问题2选项A.women spend a lot of their time there just gossipingB.town shops are larger and rather cheaperC.people like to shop where they are less well knownD.people

12、get personal service in his shop问题3选项A.their prices are higherB.people cannot telephone themC.their staff may take less trouble to satisfy customersD.one has to queue up in them问题4选项A.he welcomes competition with organized businessB.he likes the idea that a humble person can be successfulC.this is a

13、 case of individual success in a world of increasingD.he welcomes an example of private enterprise surviving in an age of giant companies问题5选项A.He considers they are not worth the effort of mending properly.B.He is angry with the customers for bringing to such rubbish.C.He despises their quality.D.H

14、e feels exasperated because people waste their money on inferior shoes.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者认为这本陈旧的乡下导游手册有趣，是因为他在那里发现了”。文章第一段提到这个导游手册列出了我所在地区每个村庄的每个商人，令人印象深刻的是，在维多利亚晚期的乡村，人们在家门口就可以得到各种各样的服务，由此可知选项B“很多人向当地乡下的居民销售商品或者提供服务”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“当地杂货商的店铺正在扩张，尽管”。文章第三段第一句话提到“尽管有最

15、近城镇的超市竞争，我们当地的杂货店实际在扩张”（Our local grocers shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets in the nearest town），城镇商店的竞争力主要体现在规模大，东西便宜，选项B符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者暗示城镇商店的劣势之一是”。文章第四段“乡下商人卖的商品的价格或许比城镇的高，但他们将在任何时间送任何商品，超市的助手不会想到在他们午饭的时间骑自行车去为一个靠养老金生活的老人送一块奶酪” （His pric

16、es may be a bit higher than those in the town, but he will deliver anything at any time. His assistants think nothing of bicycling down the village street in their lunch hour to take a piece of cheese to an old age pensioner），选项C“城镇商店店员不会花太多功夫去满足顾客”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者欣赏乡下商店的原因是”。文章第四段最后一句“但我觉得它令人满

17、意，因为乡村商店提供了为数不多的几种方式之一，一个谦虚的个人主义者仍然能在这个世界存活，而不必依附于工商业的大阵营”（But I also find it satisfactory because a village shop offers one of the few ways in which a modest individualist can still get along in the world without attaching himself to the big battalions of industry or commerce），选项B“他喜欢谦逊的人能成功的概念”符合题

18、意。5.细节事实题。题目问的是“乡村鞋匠对批量生产的鞋子的反应是”。文章最后一段提到乡村鞋匠带着蔑视的眼光去看那些批量生产的鞋子（He stares with smouldering contempt at the pairs of cheap, mass produced shoes taken to him for repair: has it come to this, he seems to be saying, that he, a craftsman, should have to waste his skills upon such trash?），选项C符合题意。2. 单选题T

19、he fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: “store in the refrigerator.”In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delive

20、red two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.The inve

21、ntion of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of well-tried techniques already existednatural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling. What refrigeration did promote was marketing-marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drin

22、ks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.Consequently, most of the worlds fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter

23、, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially heated house-while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.The fridges effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution

24、 to human happiness has been insignificant. If you dont believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers, but at least youll get rid of that terrible hum.1.In the 2ndparagraph, the statement “In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I

25、 was fed well and healthily.” suggest that（ ）.2.Why does the author say that nothing was wasted before the invention of fridges?3.Who benefited the least from fridges according to the author?4.Which of the following phrases in the last paragraph indicates the fridges negative effect on the environme

26、nt?5.What is the authors overall attitude toward fridges?问题1选项A.the author was well-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fiftiesB.the author was not accustomed to use fridges even in his fifties.C.there was no fridge in the authors home in the 1950s.D.the fridge was in its early stage of dev

27、elopment in the 1950s.问题2选项A.People would not buy more food than was necessary.B.Food was delivered to people two or three times a week.C.Food was sold fresh and did not get rotten easily.D.People had effective ways to preserve their food.问题3选项A.Inventors.B.Consumers.C.Manufacturers.D.Traveling sale

28、smen.问题4选项A.Hum away continuouslyB.Climatically almost unnecessary.C.Artificially-cooled space.D.With mild temperatures.问题5选项A.NeutralB.CriticalC.ObjectiveD.Compromising【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。题目问的是“第二段中，我的童年没有冰箱，但我吃得不错并且很健康意味着”。文章第二段提到了没有冰箱的那几十年，作者吃得很好，也很健康，送牛奶的人每天都来，食品商、屠夫、面包师傅等一周

29、来两三次，东西没有被浪费，也没有变质（Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food），因此选项A符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目问的是“作者为什么说在冰箱发明之前没有任何东西被浪费”。文章第二段提到了没有冰箱的那几十年，作者吃得很好，也很健康，送牛奶的人每天都来，食品商、屠夫、面包师傅等一周来两三次。肉可以从星期日吃到星期三，剩余的面包和牛奶变成了各种小蛋糕。东西没有被浪费，也没有变质。由此可知在冰箱发明之前人们掌握了怎样处理剩余食物的方法，选项D符合题意。3.推理判断题。题目问的是“在作者看来，哪类人从冰箱的发明中受

30、益最少”。文章第三段提到冰箱的发明并没有对食物的保存起太大作用（The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation），真正的作用是促进了市场营销，硬件、电力、各种饮料、肉类等等，由此可知从中获益最少的是消费者，选项B符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“下列哪句话表明了冰箱对于环境的危害”。文章最后一段提到“冰箱对环境的影响是显而易见的，但是它对人类幸福的贡献却微不足道你可能会想念汉堡包，但至少你能摆脱那可怕的嗡嗡声”（The invention of the

31、fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation），由此可知选项A“持续不断的噪音”符合题意。5.观点态度题。题目问的是“作者对冰箱的态度”。文章第二段作者提及自己亲身经历：没有冰箱吃得很好并且很健康。接着又谈到了冰箱的发明并没有对食物的保存起很大作用，并且认为很多地方是不需要冰箱的，由此可知作者对冰箱是持批判态度的。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in Calif

32、ornia optional. Small wonder Americans, life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I

33、 entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some

34、 level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if its useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians frustrated by their inabilit

35、y to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing

36、 to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duly to die and get o

37、ut of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work though their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Summer Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day

38、OConnor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs all Internet start-lip in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet t

39、here are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As

40、 a nation, we may be over-funding the quest for unlikely cures while under-funding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives.1.What is implied in the first sentence?2.The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that（ ）.3.The authors attitude toward Richard Lamms remar

41、k is one of（ ）.4.In contrast to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care（ ）.5.The text intends to express the idea that（ ）.问题1选项A.Americans are better prepared for death than other people.B.Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.C.Americans are over-confident of their

42、medical technology.D.Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.问题2选项A.medical resources are often wastedB.doctors arc helpless against fatal diseasesC.some treatments are too aggressiveD.medical costs are becoming unaffordable问题3选项A.strong disapprovalB.reserved consentC.slight contem

43、ptD.enthusiastic support问题4选项A.more flexiblyB.more extravagantlyC.more cautiouslyD.more reasonably问题5选项A.medicine will further prolong peoples livesB.life beyond a certain limit is not worth livingC.death should be accepted as a fact of lifeD.excessive demands increase the cost of health care【答案】第1题

44、:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。题目问的是“第一句话暗含着”。文章第一段第一句提到“据说，死亡在英国是迫在眉睫，在加拿大是不可避免，而在加利福尼亚是可以选择的”（It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional），第二三句提到“很少有人怀疑美国人的寿命在上个世纪已经几乎翻倍。坏死的髋骨可以更换”（Small wonder Americans, life expectancy has nearly doubled over

45、the past century. Failing hips can be replaced），由此可以看出美国人对自己的医疗技术非常有信心，选项C“美国人对他们的医疗技术过分自信”符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目问的是“作者使用癌症患者的例子去表明”。文章第一段倒数第三句话提到“由于医疗费用由第三方支付，我们要求尽可能为我们做任何治疗，尽管这些治疗毫无用处”（Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even i

46、f its useless），然后提到癌症治疗，由此可以推测作者认为这种做法使得医疗资源被浪费了，选项A符合题意。3.观点态度题。题目问的是“作者对理查德拉姆的评论的态度是”。理查德拉姆认为“老人和虚弱的病人应该坦然面对死亡，为他人让路”。文章第三段提到“我不会那么极端”（I would not go that far），即在某些程度上不认同理查德的观点；最后一段提到“但是社会在延长人的寿命的追求上是有极限的”（Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit），所以在这个意义上作者同意理查德的看法，因此选项B“保

47、留意见”符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目问的是“与美国相比，日本和瑞典正资助自己的医疗”。文章最后一段提到“在医疗上的花费远远低于我们的日本和瑞典人，获得比我们更长，更健康。作为一个民族，我们可能在寻求无效的治疗方法上花钱太多，而在提高人们生活质量的普通医疗方面花钱太少”（people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be over-funding t

48、he quest for unlikely cures while under-funding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives），由此可推测，日本与瑞典在医疗上的花费更合理。选项D符合题意。5.主旨大意题。题目问的是“文章试图阐述”。文章第一段提到“但是，即使是一个伟大的医疗保健系统也无法治愈死亡，而我们未能正视这一现实。死亡是正常的，即使在理想的条件下，基因也会解体和灭亡”（But not even a great health-care system can cure death and our

49、failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions），因此选项C符合题意。4. 单选题The first thing people remember about failing at math is that it felt like sudden death. Whether the incident

50、 occurred while learning “word problems” in six grade, or coping with equations in high school, or first confronting calculus and statistics in college, failure came suddenly and in a very frightening way! If assume that the curriculum was reasonable, and that the new idea was but next in a series o

51、f learnable concepts, the feeling of utter defeat was simply not rational; yet “math anxious” college students and adults have revealed that no matter how much the teacher reassured them, they could not overcome that feeling.A common myth about the nature of mathematical ability holds that one eithe

52、r has or does not have a mathematical mind. Mathematical imagination and an intuitive grasp of mathematical principles may well be needed to do advanced research, but why should people who can do college-level work in other subjects not be able to do college-level math as well? Rates of learning may

53、 vary. Competency under time pressure may differ. Certainly low self-esteem will get in the way. But where is the evidence that a student needs a “mathematical mind” in order to succeed at learning math?Consider the effects of this mythology. Since only a few people are supposed to have this mathema

54、tical mind, part of what makes us so passive in the face of our difficulties in learning mathematics is that we suspect all the while we may not be one of “them”, and we spend our time waiting to find out when our non-mathematical minds will be exposed. Since our limit will eventually be reached, we

55、 see no point in being methodical of in attending to detail. We are grateful when we survive fractions-word problems or geometry. If that certain moment of failure hasnt struck yet, it is only temporarily postponed.Parents, especially parents of girls, often expect their children to be non-mathemati

56、cal. Parents are either poor at math or they failed themselves. In either case, they unwillingly foster the idea that a mathematical mind is something one either has or does not have.1.According to the passage, who are likely to experience math anxiety?2.How would “math anxious” students probably re

57、act to their failure at math?3.Which of the following statements is true about “math anxious” students?4.The author believes that（ ）.5.The passage could best be entitled by（ ）.问题1选项A.Primary school students.B.High school students.C.College students.D.All of the above.问题2选项A.Slow down their lessons.B

58、.Ask more questions than necessary.C.Go to the teacher for reassuranceD.Panic and accept the defeat.问题3选项A.They realize that the feeling of utter defeat is irrational.B.They assume that the curriculum is not reasonable.C.They feel the new ideas are too difficult for them to learn.D.They regard the n

59、ew ideas as only something to be encountered next in a series of learnable concepts.问题4选项A.a person either has or does not have a mathematical mindB.a student needs a mathematical mind to succeed at learning college level mathC.people doing advanced research in math usually have what is called a “ma

60、thematical mind”D.parents who are poor at math themselves are more likely to expect their children to be non-mathematical问题5选项A.Math AnxietyB.Overcoming Math AnxietyC.Failing the Math ExamD.Math Anxious Students【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。题目问的是“根据文章内容，有可能遭受焦虑的人是”。文章第一段提到“不论这样的情况出现在六年级，或

61、者在应对数学方程式的中，或者第一次面对微积分与统计学的大学”（Whether the incident occurred while learning “word problems” in six grade, or coping with equations in high school, or first confronting calculus and statistics in college, failure came suddenly and in a very frightening way!），由此可知，各个学习阶段都会碰上数学难题，选项D符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目问的是“

62、遭遇数学焦虑的学生对自己数学不及格的可能反应是”。文章第一段提到“彻底失败的感觉是不理智的；然后数学焦虑的大学生和成年人发现，无论老师怎么安慰他们，他们都无法克服这种感觉”（the feeling of utter defeat was simply not rational; yet “math anxious” college students and adults have revealed that no matter how much the teacher reassured them, they could not overcome that feeling），选项D“恐慌并接受

63、失败”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“关于数学焦虑的学生，一下说法正确的是”。文章第二段提到“但是为什么那些能做其他学科的大学水平作业的人却不能做大学水平的数学题呢？”（but why should people who can do college-level work in other subjects not be able to do college-level math as well?），选项C“他们感觉自己很难学习新内容”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者认为”。文章最后一段提到“他们不愿意树立这样一个观念，即有的人有数学头脑，有的人没有”（they unwillingly foster the idea that a mathematical mind is something one either has or does not have），因此选项A符合题意。5.推理判断题。题目问的是“本文最恰当的标题是”。全文讲的都是跟数学焦虑（math anxiety）相关的内容，因此选项A符合题意。5. 翻译题Put the following two passages into Chinese.The most significant change thus far in the earth environment began with the