2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解44

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1、2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and al

2、l other societies, however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to imp

3、rove economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first

4、 evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U. S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U. S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader i

5、n automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U. S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterpartsa result of the training that U. S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examine housing constru

6、ction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industrys work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We ha

7、ve to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments dont force it. After all, thats how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didnt have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food

8、. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanitys productivity potential increased as well. When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. Th

9、is increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with b

10、roader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesnt constrain the ability of the developing worlds workforce to substantially improve productivity to the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isnt developing more quickly there

11、than it is.1. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countries _.2. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system_.3. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S. workforces is that_.4. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to

12、show that education emerged_.5. According to the last paragraph, development of education_.问题1选项A.is subject groundless doubtsB.has fallen victim of biasC.is conventional downgradedD.has been overestimated问题2选项A.requires sufficient labor forceB.takes efforts of generationsC.demands priority from the

13、 governmentD.challenges economists and politicians问题3选项A.the U.S. workforce is more organizedB.the Japanese workforce is better disciplinedC.the Japanese workforce is more productiveD.the U.S. workforce has a better education问题4选项A.as a result of pressure on governmentB.when people no longer went hu

14、ntingC.when people had enough timeD.prior to better ways of finding food问题5选项A.follows improved productivityB.results directly from competitive environmentsC.does not depend on economic performanceD.cannot afford political changes【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。寻找句内线索，定位到文章第一段第二三句话however,

15、the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance wo

16、uld require two or three generations.“然而，传统观点认为教育应该是促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的首要任务之一，这种观点是错误的。我们很幸运，因为在那里建立新的教育系统，并让足够多的人通过这些系统来改善经济表现，需要两三代人的努力”，从这句可知很多人都会认为不发达国家要想获得快速发展就的通过发展教育来达成，但事实是仅仅是新的教育体系发展起来都得需要经历两到三代人的努力才能实现，达不到快速这个目标，所以教育的作用是被高估了的，所以答案选D“被高估了”。A选项“受到无端质疑”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。B选项“变成了偏见的受害者”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。C选

17、项“通常被贬低”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。2.事实细节题。定位到第一段第三句话We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations.“我们很幸运，因为在那里建立新的教育系统，并让足够多的人通过这些系统来改善经济表现，需要两三代人的努力”，从这里可知答案选B“需要几代人的努力”；

18、A选项“需要足够的劳动力”，第一段没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“要求政府放在首位”，定位到第一段第二句话however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.“然而，传统观点认为教育应该是促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的首要任务之一，这种观点是错误的”，这里只是提到人们会下意识的认为要把教育放在第一位，与题目描写的新教育体系的建立无关，这

19、里属于出处错误；D选项“挑战经济学家和政治家”，定位到第一段第一句The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike“在贫穷国家，正规教育和经济增长之间的关系被经济学家和政治家们广泛误解”，这说的是经济学和政治学家的一种误解，与题目描写的新教育体系的建立无关所以不选，这里属于出处错误。3.事实细节题，定位到第二段倒数第一句话Yet the research reveal

20、ed that the U. S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts“然而，研究显示，本田、尼桑和丰田的美国工厂的生产率达到了日本同行的95%左右”，从这里可以知道，虽然美国工人能够达到日本工人95%的生产率但是日本工人的生产效率还是高一些的，所以C选项“日本的劳动力效率更高”。A选项“美国的劳动力更有组织”，文中没有提及，属于无中生有；B选项“日本的劳动力更有纪律性”，文中没有提及，属于无中生有；

21、D选项“美国劳动力有更好的教育”，定位到第二段第三句话The U. S. workforce was derided as poorly educated“美国的劳动力被嘲笑为受教育程度低”从这里可知，D选项错误，属于反向干扰。4.判断推理题。由题干关键词定位到倒数第二段倒数第二句“When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didnt have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food（一万年前，当我们的祖先还是猎人和采集者时，除

22、了寻找食物，他们没有时间思考其他事情）”，这个“其他事情”指向定位句的上一句“After all, thats how education got started（毕竟，教育就是这样开始的）”，此处说的就是教育的出现需要一个很重要的条件“时间”。因此C选项“当人们有了足够时间时”符合题意。A选项“这是政府压力的结果”来自于倒数第二段“even when governments dont force it（即使政府不强迫）”，但是这并非说明政府压迫是导致教育出现的原因，本段说的是“经济发展与教育的关系”，属于偷换概念。B选项“当人们不再去打猎”同样来自倒数第二句“our ancestors we

23、re hunters”，但这里是说，由于需要寻找食物，才没有时间去思考其他事情，并未提及不再打猎这个条件，属于偷换概念。D选项“教育先于更好的寻找食物的方法出现”来自倒数第二段最后一句“Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things（只有当人类开始以更有效的方式获取食物时，才有时间做其他事情）”，因此“better ways of finding foods”应先出现，才有教育的可能性，属于曲解原文。5.判断推理题。根据题干定位到最后一段第一二句A

24、s education improved, humanitys productivity potential increased as well. When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education.“随着教育的改善，人类的生产力潜力也在增加。当竞争环境推动我们的祖先发挥这种潜力时，他们反过来也能负担得起更多的教育”，从这里可知，教育能够提高生产力潜能，当潜能被竞争激发出来生产率提高时，反过来又可以提高教

25、育水平，所以答案选A选项“随着提高的生产率而来”；B选项“直接来自竞争环境的结果”，属于反向干扰，竞争激发生产潜能然后再有助于教育提高，不是直接参与教育的发展；C选项“不依赖于经济表现”，定位到最后一段第三句This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.（对于先进的经济表现所要求的复杂的政治制度

26、来说，教育水平的日益提高可能是必要的，但不是充分的条件），教育发展是依赖于复杂政治制度的必要不充分条件，所以说教育的发展不能推动政治的发展，而政治的发展可以推动教育的发展，从文章可以看出而政治的发展依赖于经济表现，所以可以说教育的发展依赖于经济表现，所以C选项错误；D选项“无法承受政治变革”，定位到第四段第四句Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal educ

27、ation.（因此，如果没有政治变革，穷国可能无法摆脱贫困陷阱，而政治变革只有通过更广泛的正规教育才能实现），这里没有提及政治变革对教育的影响只讲看教育对政治变革的影响，所以D选项属于曲意理解。2. 填空题Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from whic

28、h the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet.Caring for elderly parents catches many unpreparedA Last July, Julie Baldocchis mother had a massive stroke and wa

29、s paralyzed. Baldocchi suddenly had to become a family caregiver, something that she wasnt prepared for. “I was flying by the seat of my pants,” says Baldocchi, an employment specialist in San Francisco. Both of her parents are 83, and she knew her father couldnt handle her mothers care. The hospita

30、l recommended putting her mother in a nursing home. Baldocchi wasnt willing to do that. But moving her back into her parents home created other problems. Baldocchi, 48, is married and lives about a mile away from her parents. She has a full-time job and has back problems that make it difficult for h

31、er to lift her mother. “I couldnt do it all,” she says. But I didnt even know how to find help.”B With help from the family Caregiver Alliance, she eventually hired a live-in caregiver. “But even if you plan intellectually and legally, youre never ready for the emotional impact,” Baldocchi says. In

32、the first two months after her mothers stroke, she lost about 30 pounds as stress mounted. More than 42 million Americans provide family caregiving for an adult who needs help with daily activities, according to a 2009 survey by the AARP. An additional 61.6 million provided at least some care during

33、 the year. And many are unprepared.C While many parents lack an advance care directive, its the most basic and important step they can take. The directive includes several parts, including: a durable power of attorney, which gives some one legal authority to make financial decisions on anothers beha

34、lf; a health care proxy, which is similar to the power of attorney, except it allows someone to make decisions regarding medical treatment; and a living will that outlines instructions for end-of-life care. (For example, parents can say if they want to be kept alive by artificial measures.) “Its inv

35、aluable for the kids, because its hard to make those decisions for a parent,” says Jennifer Cona, an elder-law attorney at Genser Dubow Genser & Cona in Melville, N.Y. An advance care directive is the first line of defense if a situation arises, says Kathleen Kelly, executive director of the Family

36、Caregiver Alliance, which supports and educates caregivers. Without an advance directive, the family will have to petition the court to be appointed the parents legal guardian, says AgingC.D Its important for families to talk about long-term care so the adult children know their parents preferences,

37、 wishes an goals, says Lynn Feinberg, a caregiving expert at AARP. But its not an easy conversation. Elderly parents are sometimes suspicious of their childrens financial motives, says Susan John, a financial planner at Financial Focus in Wolfeboro, N.H. One client asked John to hold a family meetin

38、g because they needed an intermediary to talk about financial issues, she says. And when there are many siblings, the family decisions can become a three-ring circus with much acrimony, says Ann-Margaret Carrozza, an elder-law attorney in Glen Cove, N.Y. Families who need information and help sortin

39、g out disagreements can call on elder-law attorneys, financial planners, geriatric care managers and caregiver support groups. In February, AARP said it will offer its members a new caregiving support service through financial services firm Genworth.E Many families are unprepared for quick decisions

40、, especially when they find out that Medicare doesnt pay for long-term care, Feinberg says. The median cost of a year in a private room at a nursing home in 2011 was $77,745, according to Genworth. And only those who have spent most of their assets can qualify for Medicaid to pay for the nursing hom

41、e.F Assisted living is another option. Residents can have their own apartment to maintain some independence. But the facilities generally provide personal care services, such as meals, housekeeping and assistance with activities. Still, its not cheap: The national median cost in 2011 was $39,135, ac

42、cording to Genworth. Assisted living isnt covered by Medicaid.G If they have a choice, at least 90% of elderly parents prefer to stay at home as long as they can, according to AARP research. But if the parents can no longer safely live at home, it can be hard for children to move them into an adult

43、care facility. There may be another option. Sometimes the home can be modified so a parent can stay there. For example, Baldocchi put in a chair lift for her mother. She also arranged for a home caregiver.H Family caregivers take over many responsibilities. One might manage a parents finances, while

44、 another sibling will take the parent to doctors appointments and shopping. Those who move in with a parent take on a significant and sustained burden of care. Jan Walker moved into her mothers home in Leesburg, Fla. After her mother, who is 83, had fallen, she wasnt able to get around as well. Walk

45、er, 55, has three brothers. But she is the only daughter, is divorced and has no children. “I always knew that this was the role that I would have, and I guess my mind was prepared for it,” says Walker, who now is a full-time caregiver and works from home as a tutorial instructor for a digital scrap

46、booking website. “When you get into the trenches, its literally baptism by fire,” she says. “New things come up. Its not just about advance planning for finances or medical care. Its everything,” she says.I Caregivers need to also watch their own health. “There is such a thing as caregiver burnout,”

47、 Cona says. Among female caregivers 50 and older, 20% reported symptoms of depression, according to a 2010 study on working caregivers by MetLife. “Its a hard job.” Walker says. “But most worthwhile things are hard. She was always there for me when I needed a helping hand. Its only natural that I be

48、 here for her now.11. When elderly parents cannot live at home safely, their children can change their home instead of sending them to an adult care facility.12. To talk about long-term care is not easy because sometimes aged parents are suspicious of their childrens financial motives.13. Besides ad

49、vance planning for finances or medical care, family caregivers take over many other responsibilities.14. The difference between a durable power of attorney and a health care proxy is that the latter allows someone to make decisions regarding medical treatment.15. Baldocchi did not want to send her m

50、other to a nursing home, but she had difficulty taking care of her.16. Over 42 million caregivers helped an adult with everyday activities in the USA in 2009.17. If a family needs information or help to sort out disagreements, there are many people they can call on.18. Caregivers should pay attentio

51、n to their own health, or they may bum out or become depressed.19. One will have to petition the court to be the parents legal guardian, if there is no advance directive.20. The national median cost of assisted living in 2011 was $39,135 and it is not covered by Medicaid.【答案】11.G12.D13.H14.C15.A16.B

52、17.D18.I19.C20.F【解析】11.题干：当年迈的父母不能安全地生活在家里时，他们的孩子可以改变他们的家，而不是送他们到成人护理机构。由题干的an adult care facility可以定位到G选项第二句But if the parents can no longer safely live at home, it can be hard for children to move them into an adult care facility.“但如果父母不能再安全地住在家里，孩子们就很难把他们送到成人看护机构”，这里是题干的同义替换，所以答案选G。12.题干：谈论长期护理并不

53、容易，因为有时年迈的父母会怀疑子女的经济动机。由题干定位到D选项第三句Elderly parents are sometimes suspicious of their childrens financial motives“年迈的父母有时会怀疑孩子的经济动机”从这里可知答案选D。13.题干：除了提前计划财务或医疗护理，家庭照顾者还承担许多其他责任。由题干的finances or medical care“财务或医疗护理”定位到H选项倒数第一二句Its not just about advance planning for finances or medical care. Its every

54、thing,” she says.“这不仅仅是关于财政或医疗保健的预先计划。这就是所有。”她说。这句符合题干题意，所以答案选H。14.题干：持久委托书和医疗代理书的区别在于后者允许某人就医疗治疗作出决定。通过题干的attorney和a health care proxy（医疗代理）定位到C选项的第二句话The directive includes several parts, including: a durable power of attorney, which gives some one legal authority to make financial decisions on an

55、others behalf; a health care proxy, which is similar to the power of attorney, except it allows someone to make decisions regarding medical treatment; and a living will that outlines instructions for end-of-life care. （For example, parents can say if they want to be kept alive by artificial measures

56、.）“该指令包括几个部分，包括：持久委托书，赋予某人代表另一人做出财务决定的法律权力；医疗代理，类似于委托书，但允许某人就医疗作出决定；还有一份生前遗嘱，列出了临终护理的指导。（例如，父母可以说他们是否想通过人工手段维持生命）”，这里说出了委托书和医疗代理的不同，所以答案选C选项。15.题干：巴尔多奇并不想把母亲送到养老院，但她很难照顾她。文章定位到A选项倒数第二句话She has a full-time job and has back problems that make it difficult for her to lift her mother.“她有一份全职工作，而且背部有问题，这

57、使得她很难抱起她的母亲”从这里可以看出Baldocchi有自己的难处，工作，背伤都让她心有余而力不足，所以A选项正确。16.题干：2009年，美国有超过4200万护理人员帮助成年人进行日常活动。根据文章的数据42 million和2009可以定位到B选项倒数第二句话More than 42 million Americans provide family caregiving for an adult who needs help with daily activities, according to a 2009 survey by the AARP.“美国退休人员协会（AARP）2009年

58、的一项调查显示，超过4200万美国人为日常活动需要帮助的成年人提供家庭照顾”，这句符合题干，所以选B选项。17.题干：如果一个家庭需要信息或帮助解决分歧，他们可以找很多人。根据文章中的sort out disagreement“解决分歧”定位到D选项倒数第二句话And when there are many siblings, the family decisions can become a three-ring circus with much acrimony, says Ann-Margaret Carrozza, an elder-law attorney in Glen Cove,

59、 N.Y. Families who need information and help sorting out disagreements can call on elder-law attorneys, financial planners, geriatric care managers and caregiver support groups.“美国退休人员协会（AARP） 2009年的一项调查显示，超过4200万美国人为日常活动需要帮助的成年人提供家庭照顾”，从这里可以看出当家庭成员有分歧时他们可以寻求律师，理财师等人的帮助，这个选项符合题意，所以答案选D。18.题干：照顾者应该注意

60、自己的健康，否则他们可能会精疲力尽或变得抑郁。定位到I选项第一句话Caregivers need to also watch their own health.“护理人员也需要关注自己的健康”，这里跟题干属于同义替换，所以答案选I。19.题干：如果没有事先指示，孩子必须向法院申请成为孩子父母的合法监护人。根据文章关键词petition“请愿”和advance directive“预先指示”，定位到C选项最后一句话Without an advance directive, the family will have to petition the court to be appointed the

61、 parents legal guardian, says AgingC.“AgingC网站表示，如果没有事先的指示，这个家庭将不得不向法院申请指定父母的法定监护人”，这里表达的意思和题干相同，所以答案选C。20.题干：2011年，全国辅助生活费用的中位数为39135美元，这不在医疗保险的覆盖范围内。根据文章数据2011和$39,135可以定位到F选项倒数第一、二句The national median cost in 2011 was $39,135, according to Genworth. Assisted living isnt covered by Medicaid.“根据Gen

62、worth的数据，2011年全国医保成本中值为39135美元。医疗补助计划不包括辅助生活”，这里和题干表达的意思相同，所以答案选F。3. 单选题I know cold. And all you Minnesota people may discount me because I am from Phoenix, but trust me, I know cold. I have climbed the highest peak on each continent (the famed Seven Summits) and have skied to both the North and Sou

63、th Poles a feat known as the Adventure Grand Slam. Each mountain and polar expedition was very different with the exception of one thing: the cold.Of all the remote places I have been, Antarctica land of the frozen tundra is perhaps my favorite. It also happens to be the coldest place on earth. The

64、continent is approximately 98 percent ice and 2 percent rock. Temperatures in the winter have reached 128-below. I have been there twice; once to climb the Vinson Massif and once to ski six-hundred miles from the edge of the western Antarctic ice shelf all the way to the South Pole. “Why would you w

65、ant to suffer like that” is a question I get all the time. And sure, there are times when you are feeling like you want to take a break from the frigid conditions and go inside the lodge and get a cup of hot cocoa. but you cant. There is no ski lodge in the middle of Antarctica. Theres just you, your 1501b sled which is harnessed to your waist (contain