2022年考博英语-吉林大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第52期

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1、2022年考博英语-吉林大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题The agency is more（ ） with making arty ads than understanding its clients.问题1选项A.worriedB.caredC.attentiveD.concerned【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析、动词词义辨析。worried “担心的”，一般与介词about搭配；cared 是动词care的过去分词，be cared about “被关心”；attentive “留意的，注意的”；concerned “有关的，关心的”。句意：相比了解自己

2、的客户，该广告代理更关心艺术气息的广告。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题The employer must（ ） that the applications for the post have the proper qualifications.问题1选项A.justifyB.verifyC.warrantD.perceive【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。justify “证明 是正当的；替 辩护”；verify “核实； 查证”；warrant “保证；担保”；perceive “察觉，感觉”。句意：雇主必须核实针对该岗位的申请都有适合的资质。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题The great

3、est devastation of old age is the loss of mental faculties, and with the near doubling of life expectancy in the past century has come the mixed blessing of living longer and losing more. A few great thinkers and artists remained productive in their later years Galileo, Monet, Shaw, Stravinsky, Tols

4、toy but even they were not what they had been in their primes. In science, the boom falls sooner still:“ person who has not made his great contribution to science before the age of 30 will never do so,”said Einstein.Imagine if we could transplant old brains into younger bodies: would our minds stay

5、young, or would we be senile teenagers, scaling mountains and skateboarding at 120, but forgetting where we put the car keys? Is the brain uniquely vulnerable to the ravages of time? Can anything be done?Incontrovertible evidence from many studies shows that a higher level of education and greater m

6、ental activity throughout life correlate with lower cognitive losses in old age. These benefits apply to all sorts of cognitive losses, including those associated with Alzheimers. Some researchers believe that mental application in early life produces complex neural connections that provide a reserv

7、e later onothers argue that education merely gives people the means to cope with and compensate for their losses.K. Warner Schaie, a professor of human development and psychology at Pennsylvania State University, has studied age-related change in more than 5, 000 people, some for more than 40 years.

8、Comparing earlier with later recruits, Mr. Schaie concludes that the rate of mental decline is slowing，a change he attributes to better education, healthier diet, lessened exposure to serious disease, and more mental activity. “Youve got to practice,” Mr. Schaie says, “If you dont solve problems, yo

9、u no longer can solve problems. ” Retirement can be particularly hard, he adds, because for many people, work is their most challenging activity. “Retirement is good for people who,ve had routine jobs they may find something more stimulating. But its disadvantageous for people in high-level jobs, wh

10、o are less likely to find something as stimulating as the job they had. ”K. Anders Ericsson, a psychology professor at Florida State University, confirms Mr. Schaies emphasis on the virtue of practice. Initially interested in expert performers like musicians, he found that many ostensible geniuses a

11、rent really so different from everyone else they just practice harder and longer, benefiting from sheer labor, rather than from some special gift. Professional musicians who continue to practice assiduously as they age continue to play well, while amateurs who just play for pleasure show age-related

12、 declines.Mr. Ericssons studies failed to show significant generalized benefits from mental exercise. “If you play tennis, you improve your general fitness, but the greatest improvement is specific to tennis, not to other sports. Its the same with cognitive exercise. You have to look at your life an

13、d pick what you want to improve. ”1.According to the text, most great thinkers and artists（ ）2.The third passage tells us that higher levels of education（ ） .3.In this text the authors main intent is to（ ） .4.Retirement can be good for people who（ ） .5.The last paragraph tells us that mental exercis

14、e（ ）.问题1选项A.were productive even in their later yearsB.were most successful before the age of 30C.made contributions regardless of ageD.contributed the most before old age问题2选项A.can help prevent AlzheimersB.are related to greater mental awareness in youthC.are related to lower levels of mental decli

15、ne in old ageD.are only of many factors that can slow the rate of mental decline问题3选项A.underscore the difficulties related to agingB.critique different theories of mental decline in old ageC.argue that old age need not be a barrier to great accomplishmentsD.understand how people can counter the impa

16、cts of aging on mental faculties问题4选项A.have always had very busy work livesB.can find more stimulating activities than they had through workC.have had high-level jobs or very stimulating work experiencesD.have previously had unsatisfying work experiences问题5选项A.offers benefits specific to that kind o

17、f exerciseB.should be paired with physical exercise for maximum benefitC.is comparable to physical activities in terms of its importance to overall healthD.can counter age-related mental decline【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.文章第一段第二句提到很少的思想家和艺术家在他们晚年依然保持创造力，比如伽利略，莫内，肖恩等，但是远远不及他们的壮年时期。选项D符合题意。2.文

18、章第三段第一句话Incontrovertible evidence from many studies shows that a higher level of education and greater mental activity throughout life correlate with lower cognitive losses in old age。选项C的表述与之相近，所以符合题意。3.文章在第一段提出年老会使人智力下降，接着列举了几位研究人员关于这个问题的研究，主要关于老年脑力和认知能力衰退的情况，还有受教育程度和工作种类对智力衰退的影响。 A、C两个选项很容易排除；文章并

19、没有将重点放在如何解决年老带来的问题，所以D选项也排除。选项B符合题意。4.文章第四段Retirement is good for people whove had routine jobsthey may find something more stimulating.选项B的描述与之相近，所以符合题意。5.文章最后一段第一句话提到研究并不能表明脑力锻炼能够产生全面的好处。之后举打网球的例子进一步说明脑力锻炼只能获得与此锻炼相关联的好处，选项A与此信息一致。选项A符合题意。4. 单选题Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the

20、 art of creating automatic behaviors habits among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like

21、 dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we cant figure out how to change peoples habits,” said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that

22、 happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to-Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, youll find that many

23、of the products we use every day chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitaminsare results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, be

24、cause of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didnt drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started

25、bottling the production of far-off spring, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part

26、 of morning beauty rituals slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns.” said Carol Beming, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble the company that sold $ 76 billion of Tide, Crest and othe

27、r products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers lives, and its essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Beming have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitua

28、l cues through cruel and endless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.1.According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap（ ） .2.The example of brushing teeth s

29、hows that some of consumers habits are developed due to3.Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to4.How did Carol Beming see creating automatic behaviors among consumers?5.What is the authors attitude toward the influence of advertising on peoples habits?

30、问题1选项A.should be further cultivatedB.are deeply rooted in historyC.should be changed graduallyD.are basically private concerns问题2选项A.perfected art of productsB.commercial promotionsC.automatic behavior creationD.scientific experiments问题3选项A.show the urgent need of daily necessitiesB.reveal their imp

31、act on peoples habitsC.indicate their effect on peoples buying powerD.manifest the significant role of good habits问题4选项A.It may not bring huge profits for companies.B.It has become a new field of scientific researchC.It means a heavy investment for companiesD.It is necessary for the success of new p

32、roducts.问题5选项A.IndifferentB.NegativeC.PositiveD.Biased【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.文章第二段第一句there are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we cant figure out how to change peoples habits提到这个博士的观点：因为我们不知道如何改变人们的习惯，所以有像手脏了而

33、不用肥皂洗手的根本公共健康问题仍然是导致人类死亡的事物。而这种习惯需要培养。选项A符合题意。2.文章第四段a century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Co

34、lgate, Crest or one of the other brands提到在广告普及之前很少有人会有规律地刷牙，由此可知选项B “商业促销”符合题意。3.文章第五段提到人们以前从来不会在不用餐的情况下喝水。然后饮料公司开始生产灌装水，现在办公室的人会不假思索地喝水。曾经口香糖也大部分是青春期男孩购买，现在被商业广告塑造成清新口气和牙齿清新剂。这些都是因为人们的习惯被改变了。选项B符合题意。4.文章倒数第二段第一句Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns提到当产品成为每天或每周的生活方式时

35、，这些产品就成功了。选项D符合题意。5.文章最后一段最后一句As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods提到这些策略被用来销售有问题的美容膏或不健康的食品时，随之而来的便是无休止的争论。可知作者对商业广告影响人们的习惯是抱消极态度的。选项B符合题意。5. 单选题It is all very well to blame traffic

36、jams,the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but maimers on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. You might tolerate the odd road hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exce

37、ption to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “ Be Kind to Other Drivers” campaign;otherwise it may get completely out of hand.Road politeness is not good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool headed and good tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected

38、 to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditio

39、ns. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays dont even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the drive who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street

40、at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway;or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever th

41、ey care to.A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists cant even learn to drive, let alone master the

42、subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car ownership explosion would demand a lot more give and take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.1.In the authors opinion，（ ）2.The sentence “You might tolerate the odd road hog the

43、 rule” ( Para. 1) implies that3.What would most probably happen nowadays when you show politeness to other drivers on road?4.The examples in the third paragraph are used to illustrate（ ） .5.Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car ownership explosion，（ ） .问题1选项A.strict traffic regulatio

44、ns are badly neededB.drivers should apply road politeness properlyC.rude drivers should be punishedD.drivers should avoid traffic jams问题2选项A.our society is unjust towards well-mannered motoristsB.rude drivers can be met only occasionallyC.the well-mannered motorist today cannot tolerate impolite dri

45、versD.nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists问题3选项A.They would show politeness to you inversely.B.They would show thankfulness to you.C.They would just drive on as nothing has happened.D.They would make way for you readily.问题4选项A.it is polite for drivers to let children and th

46、e old to cross the road firstB.the politeness shown in the wrong moment can lead to dangersC.it is dangerous to allow a car to emerge from a side street to follow trafficD.drivers should recognize others politeness at the right moment问题5选项A.road users should make more sacrificeB.drivers should be re

47、ady to yield to each otherC.drivers should have more communication among themselvesD.drivers will suffer a great loss if they pay no respect to others【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.文章第一段提出交通状况与司机的态度之间的关系。第二段指出司机应该礼貌并且对他人的礼貌做出回应，这样才能创造出一个好的行车气氛。第三段作者话锋一转提到错误的礼貌是危险的并且举例说明如何危险。第四段作者号召司机正确考虑公路礼仪问题了。

48、选项B“司机应该适当地使用公路礼仪”，符合题意。2.文章原句You might tolerate the odd road hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadaysthe well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. 你可以忍受那些奇怪自私、粗鲁、不顾及他人的司机，但是现在那些好教养的司机反而是不多见的。选项D “如今没有礼貌的司机占绝大部分”，与作者的描述一致，符合题意。3.文章第二段主要讲关于回应公路礼貌的问题，最后一句many drivers nowadays do

49、nt even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it “现在很多司机当他们看到别人的礼貌时无法认出”。选项C “他们会当没这回事直接开车走人”符合题意。4.文章第三段的例子是为了证明错误的行车礼仪是危险的（however, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous）。选项B符合题意。5.文章最后一段倒数第二句话 years ago the experts warned us that the car ownership explosion would demand a lot more

50、give and take from all road users “很多年前专家就告诫我们拥有汽车的人数激增需要汽车使用者的让步”，选项B符合题意。6. 单选题Our teacher didnt have time so far to go into it（ ） , but he gave us an idea about his plan.问题1选项A.in turnB.at handC.in conclusionD.at length【答案】D【解析】考查短语辨析。in turn“依次，轮流地”；at hand“手头，在手边”；in conclusion “综述，总结”；at lengt

51、h “终于，详尽地”。句意：到目前为止，我们老师没有时间详细讨论，但他给了我们一个关于他计划的想法。选项D符合题意。7. 单选题The Supreme Courts decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted

52、 suicide, the court in effect supported the medical principle of “ double effect”，a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that pri

53、nciple in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very

54、strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as good doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has

55、 done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery, he says. “We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you

56、 dont intend their suicide. ”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assist

57、ed suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying”

58、as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospitals, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain

59、at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “A large number of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”，to the extent that it constitutes “syst

60、ematic patient abuse”. He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.1.We learn from the passage that （ ）2.George Annas may agree that （ ）.3.According to the NASs report, one of

61、the problems in end-of-life care is（ ） .4.Whats the possible meaning of “ aggressive”( Line 3, Para. 7) ?5.According to George Annas，which of the following medical behaviors should be punished?问题1选项A.doctors never increase drug dosages to control their patients painB.it is still illegal for doctors

62、to help the dying end their livesC.the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicideD.patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide问题2选项A.a doctors medication shouldnt be justified by his intentionsB.doctors cannot give patients large dosages of medication on any accountC.high-

63、dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribedD.doctors should be held guilty if they risk their patients death问题3选项A.prolonged medical proceduresB.inadequate treatment of painC.systematic drug abuseD.insufficient hospital care问题4选项A.Bold.B.Harmful.C.Positive.D.Energetic.问题5选项A.Treating patient impatiently.B.Giving patients more medicine than needed.C.Reducing drug dosages for patients.D.Prolonging the needless suffering of the patients.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.文章第一段和第二段的第一句