2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解11

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题We need someone who has an _ view as the nations chief law enforcement officer.问题1选项A.imaginativeB.impartialC.inquisitiveD.instinctive【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. imaginative 富于想象力的，创新的 B. impartial 公平的，公正的C. inquisitive 好奇的，爱打听的 D. instinctive 本能的，直觉的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】空

2、格处做定语修饰下文的“view（观点）”，表示我们需要一个有着什么样观点态度的人。由“as the nations chief law enforcement officer（担任国家首席执法官）”可知，空格处应该说的是首席执法官的特点，既然是执法官，就需要是公平、公正的。impartial指平等对待所有人和群体，没有偏见，因此B选项“公平的，公正的”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项imaginative“富于想象力的，创新的”指拥有新想法和有趣想法的能力；C选项inquisitive“好奇的，爱打听的”指喜欢问问题，有想知道更多的欲望；D选项instinctive“本能的，直觉的”指与本能有

3、关的或基于本能的，而不是基于思考或训练的；均不能和“law enforcement officer（执法官）”相对应。【句意】我们需要一个有公正态度的人来担任国家首席执法官。2. 翻译题Politicians and the public are quick to blame college faculty members for the decline in learning, but professors like all teachers are working in a context that has been created largely by others:Few people

4、 outside of higher education understand how little control professors actually have over what students can learn.Here are some reasons:Lack of student preparation. Increasingly, undergraduates are not prepared adequately in any academic area but often arrive with strong convictions about their abili

5、ties. So college professors routinely encounter students who have never written anything more than short answers on exams, who do not read much at all，who lack foundational skills in math and science，yet are completely convinced of their abilities and resist any criticism of their work，to the point

6、of anger and tears:“But I earned nothing but As in high school,” and “Your demands are unreasonable. ” Such a combination makes some students nearly unteachable.Grade inflation. It has become difficult to give students honest feedback.The slightest criticisms have to be cushioned by a warm blanket o

7、f praise and encouragement to avoid provoking oppositional defiance or complete breakdowns.As a result, student progress is slowed, sharply. Rubric- driven approaches give the appearance of objectivity but make grading seem like a matter of checklists, which, if completed, must ensure an A. Increasi

8、ngly，time-pressured college teachers ask themselves，“What grade will ensure no complaint from the student，or worse，a battle over whether the instructions for an assignment were clear enough?”So，the number of A-range grades keeps going up, and the motivation for students to excel keeps going down.Stu

9、dent retention. As the college-age population declines, many tuition-driven institutions struggle to find enough paying customers to balance their budgets.That makes it necessary to recruit even more unprepared students，who then must be retained，shifting the burden for academic success away from the

10、 student and on to the teacher.Faculty members can work with an individual student，if they have time，but the capabilities of the student population as a whole define the average level of rigor that is sustainable in the classroom.At some institutions, graduation rates are so high because the academi

11、c expectations are so low. Failing a lot of students is a serious risk, financially, for the college and the professor.【答案】因此，大学教授遇到的学生往往是这样的：除了会在试卷上写简要答案之外，从不动笔写任何东西，不怎么读书，缺乏基本的数理技能，却对自己的能力信心满满，还拒绝接受任何针对其作业的批评，甚至到了大哭大闹的地步。稍加批评，就得施以各种赞美鼓励来缓和，以防引发对立情绪，或者情绪完全崩溃。由于时间压力，越来越多的大学老师自问：“给学生什么样的成绩才能保证他们不抱怨，更

12、糟糕的是，才不会因为作业要求是否清晰而引发纷争?”因此，就不得不招进更多不合要求的学生，还不得不留下他们，从而将争取学业成功的负担从学生身上转嫁到老师身上。如果有时间，教师可以进行单独辅导。但是学生的整体能力决定了在课堂上能够严格要求他们的程度。3. 单选题It is finally realized how foolish it is to develop our economy（ ） the environment.问题1选项A.for the sake ofB.on behalf ofC.at the cost ofD.in terms of【答案】C【解析】考察介词短语辨析。for t

13、he sake of 为了； on behalf of 代表； at the cost of以为代价； in terms of在方面。句意：人们终于明白了以牺牲环境为代价来发展经济是多么愚蠢的行为。选项C符合句意。4. 单选题Many foreign students have the （ ）belief that British English is somehow more pure and perfect than American English.问题1选项A.indistinctB.subjectiveC.erroneousD.communistic【答案】C【解析】考察形容词辨析。

14、indistinct “不清楚的，模糊的”；subjective “主观的”；erroneous “错误的”；communistic “共产主义的”。句意：英式英语较美式英语更加纯正、更加完美。根据常识，这一观点是错误的。选项C符合句意。5. 单选题He was a molecular biologist with good hands, impressive ingenuity, and（ ） capacities.问题1选项A.intuitiveB.accidentalC.fragileD.diligent【答案】A【解析】考察形容词辨析。 “intuitive”直觉的； “acciden

15、tal” 偶然的； “ fragile” 易碎的； “diligent” 勤奋的；句意：他是一名分子生物学家，有灵巧的双手、令人钦佩的创造力和直觉判断力。选项A符合句意。6. 单选题Everyone knows that English departments are in trouble, but it is difficult to appreciate just how much trouble until you read the report from the Modem Language Association (MLA).The report is about Ph. D. pr

16、ograms, which have been in decline since 2008. These programs have gotten both more difficult and less rewarding: today, it can take almost a decade to get a doctorate, and, at the end of your program, youre unlikely to find a tenure-track position.The core of the problem is the job market. The MLA

17、report estimates that only sixty per cent of newly-minted Ph. D.s will find tenure-track jobs after graduation. If anything, thats wildly optimistic: the MLA got to that figure by comparing the number of tenure-track jobs on its job list with the number of new graduates. But that leaves out the thou

18、sands of unemployed graduates from past years who are still job-hunting.Different people will tell you different stories about where all the jobs went. Some critics think that the humanities have gotten too weirdthat undergrads, turned off by an overly theoretical approach, dont want to participate

19、anymore, and that teaching opportunities have disappeared as a result. Others point to the corporatization of universities, which are increasingly inclined to hire part-time, “ adjunct” professors, rather than full-time, tenure-track professors, to teach undergrads. Adjuncts are cheaper ；perhaps mor

20、e importantly, they are easier to hire.These trends, in turn, are part of an even larger story having to do with the expansion and transformation of American education after the Second World War. Essentially, colleges grew less elite and more vocational. Before the war, relatively few people went to

21、 college. Then, in the nineteen-fifties, the Baby Boom pushed colleges to grow rapidly, bulking up on professors and graduate programs. When the boom ended and enrollments declined, colleges found themselves overextended and competing for students. By the mid-seventies, schools were seeking out new

22、constituenciesamong them, women and minoritiesand creating new programs designed to attract a broader range of students.Those reforms worked: about twice as many people attend college per capita now as they did forty years ago. But all that expansion changed colleges. In the past, they had catered t

23、o elite students who were happy to major in the traditional liberal arts. Now, to attract middle-class students, colleges have had to offer more career-focused majors, in fields like business. As a result, humanities departments have found themselves drifting away from the center of the university.1

24、.What does the word “appreciate” mean in Paragraph 1?2.What has made Ph. D. programs unpopular?3.The MLA report about the employment rate is too optimistic because it（ ）.4.University job openings are diminishing due to the fact that（ ）.5.According to Paragraph 5, the American educational institution

25、s （ ）over the past decades.6.The final paragraph suggests that current liberal arts majors（ ）.问题1选项A.Enjoy.B.Overlook.C.Investigate.D.Understand.问题2选项A.They no longer save your time.B.They cannot guarantee a secure job.C.They are competitive and time-consuming.D.They are not subsidized by the govern

26、ment.问题3选项A.overestimates the job marketB.fails to account for former graduatesC.does not include all kinds of jobsD.excludes newly-graduated Ph. D.s问题4选项A.the scale of universities is shrinkingB.adjunct professors are likely to take full-time jobsC.fewer undergraduates want to major in humanitiesD.

27、some theoretical approaches have been proven wrong问题5选项A.have resulted in tenure-track professorsB.have attracted more male and elite studentsC.have been expanding to overseas countriesD.have begun to offer a variety of vocational programs问题6选项A.are more desirable than ever beforeB.will cater to mid

28、dle-class studentsC.are less appealing than business majorsD.are as competitive as business majors【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D第6题:C【解析】1.词汇推断题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文第一段第一句。根据“Everyone knows that English departments are in trouble, but it is difficult to appreciate just how much trouble until you read the

29、 report from the Modem Language Association (MLA).（每个人都知道英语系有麻烦了，但是在你读到来自现代语言协会(MLA)的报告之前，你很难理解到底有多大的麻烦。）”句中appreciate与句中know为同义词，即“理解，明白”的意思。从而得出本题答案。2.细节事实题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位在原文第二段第一句到第二句。根据“today, it can take almost a decade to get a doctorate, and, at the end of your program, youre unlikely to find

30、a tenure-track position.（如今，获得博士学位可能需要近十年的时间，而且，在你的课程结束时，你不太可能找到一个终身职位。）”从而得出本题答案。3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“MLA report”将信息点定位至原文第三段最后一句。根据 “But that leaves out the thousands of unemployed graduates from past years who are still job-hunting.（但这还不包括过去几年来仍在找工作的数千名失业毕业生。）”即可得出本题答案。4.细节推断题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文第四段。根据 “

31、Some critics think that the humanities have gotten too weird” “overly theoretical approach” “teaching opportunities have disappeared”（ 一些批评家认为人文学科已经变得太奇怪了，“过于理论化的方法”，“教学机会已经消失了”）”,即可得出本题答案。5.细节事实题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文第五段。根据 “Essentially, colleges grew less elite and more vocational.（从本质上讲，大学变得不那么精英化，而是更

32、加职业化。）”即可得出本题答案。6.细节推断题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文最后一段。根据 “colleges have had to offer more career-focused majors, in fields like business（大学不得不提供更多以职业为导向的专业，比如商科）” “humanities departments have found themselves drifting away from the center of the university（人文学系发现自己正在远离大学的中心）” 即可得出本题答案。7. 单选题Its well known th

33、at the brain is a food-guzzling greedy guts, consuming 20% of the bodys energy though it only _ 2% of its weight.问题1选项A.accounts forB.contributes toC.figures outD.makes up for【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. accounts for 占比例 B. contributes to 有助于，促成C. figures out 想出，弄明白 D. makes up for 补偿，弥补【考查点】动词词组辨析。【解题思路】thoug

34、h引导了一个让步状语从句，根据从句内容所得出的某种预期应与上文“consuming 20% of the bodys energy（消耗着身体百分之二十的能量）”之间存在相反的逻辑关系，说明该预期应为“消耗的身体能量很少”。通常来说只有占了很多的身体重量，才会消耗更多的身体能量，由此可知从句部分所表达的应该是“只占很少的身体重量”。account for指组成或形成某物的一部分，因此A选项account for“占比例”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】B选项contributes to“有助于，促成”指作为促进某件事的因素，不能和“weight（体重）”进行搭配；C选项figures out“想出，

35、弄明白”指通过思考理解某事物或找到解决办法，不符合题干的语义逻辑；D选项makes up for“补偿，弥补”指做出行动来纠正或改进某事物，不符合题干的语义逻辑。【句意】众所周知，大脑是一个狼吞虎咽的贪吃鬼，尽管它只占身体重量的百分之二，却消耗着身体百分之二十的能量。8. 单选题（ ） we continue to work hard, we can finish the task ahead of schedule.问题1选项A.As soon asB.As far asC.So long asD.So far as【答案】C【解析】考察固定搭配。as soon as 一就；as far a

36、s至于；so far as到目前为止； so long as “只要”，句意：我们只要继续努力工作，就能在计划之前完成工作。选项C符合句意。9. 单选题Starvation probably doesnt sound like a key to living well into old age. But as strange as it seems, calorie restriction, done intermittently, appears to be one of the gateways to lasting long-term health.The concept has alr

37、eady been proved effective in mice, rats, dogs and monkeys. However, very limited research has been done to evaluate the health impact of calorie restriction in humans. In animals, calorie restriction is associated with longevity, decreased risk for cancer and inflammatory diseases and lower cogniti

38、ve decline. The challenge has been to translate the concept to the real world in which humans need to eat to get through the day.A new study tested out a modified version of the concept on humans. Researchers at the University of Southern California have designed what they call a “fasting mimicking

39、diet” that provides all the benefits of starving yourself, with a little less starvation.The plan lasts for five days a month, with a cycle thats repeated for three months. On Day One, a dieter eats food from the prescribed plan that totals 1, 090 calories with 10 percent protein, 56 percent fat, an

40、d 34 percent carbohydrates. On Days Two through Five. dieters consume just 725 calories with 9 percent protein, 44 percent fat, and 47 percent carbohydrates.People on the diet ate vegetable soup, energy bars, energy drinks and low-calorie snack chips, and drank a lot of chamomile tea. They also took

41、 vegetable-based dietary supplements. On non-dieting days they ate normally.It may sound gimmicky, but Vijg, one of the researchers, says existing science already backs up the claim that the plan could effectively improve human health and prolong life. In humans, the diet provided a number of physio

42、logical changes that could reduce risk factors for age-related conditions such as reduced blood glucose and insulin levels.In essence, fasting has the ability to improve stress response on a cellular level. A person on this program is likely to lose weight over time, but researchers say better healt

43、h in old age is the real benefit. With the right marketing, Vijg believes a fasting mimicking diet could become the next commercially branded diet craze, like Atkins or Paleo. However, it could also have some practical applications in a medical setting. A physician could prescribe the diet to a pati

44、ent for a specific amount of time before surgery, chemotherapy and other types of treatments and procedures that are known to cause trauma and stress to the body.1.What is the difficulty in the research of the effect of starvation on humans?2.The modified version of the concept refers to（ ）.3.What k

45、ind of food is NOT allowed on dieting days?4.According to the researchers, what benefits can people get by following the plan?5.Atkins and Paleo in the last paragraph most probably refer to brand names of（ ）.6.What is the best title for the passage?问题1选项A.Humans need to eat in real life.B.Animals ar

46、e free from diseases.C.Humans and animals respond differently to starvation.D.Humans and animals have different life expectancy.问题2选项A.a diet with fruits and vegetables onlyB.a periodic diet with a little foodC.a calorie-consistent dietD.a diet lasting for five days only问题3选项A.Energy supplements.B.S

47、port drinks.C.Meat and fish.D.Food with additives.问题4选项A.Nice body shape.B.Psychological well-being.C.Better health in old age.D.Good relations with others.问题5选项A.healthy teasB.popular dietsC.fast foodD.weight-reducing medicines问题6选项A.The Less Calorie, the Better?B.Say No to Starvation.C.A Proved Me

48、thod of Weight Management.D.Could a 5-day Fasting Diet Prolong Your Life?【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B第6题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干关键词，可将信息点定位至原文第二段最后一句， “The challenge has been to translate the concept to the real world in which humans need to eat to get through the day.( 现实世界中人类需要吃东西生存，要把（饥饿状态对人们健康有益）这个理念

49、传递给大众不是一件容易的事。)”从而得出本题答案。2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“the modified version of the concept”，可将信息点定位至原文第三段最后一句和第四段第一句。 “have designed what they call a “fasting mimicking diet” that provides all the benefits of starving yourself, with a little less starvation.( 设计了一种他们称之为“空腹模拟节食”的饮食方式，它提供了让自己挨饿的所有好处，而且减少了一点饥饿。)” “T

50、he plan lasts for five days a month, with a cycle thats repeated for three months.( 该计划每月持续五天，每三个月重复一次。)”从而得出本题答案。3.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第五段。 “People on the diet ate vegetable soup, energy bars, energy drinks and low-calorie snack chips, and drank a lot of chamomile tea. They also took vegetable-b

51、ased dietary supplements.( 节食的人喝蔬菜汤，能量棒，能量饮料和低热量的零食薯条，喝很多甘菊茶。他们还服用了以蔬菜为基础的膳食补充剂。)”从而得出本题答案。4.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第六段第二句。 “In humans, the diet provided a number of physiological changes that could reduce risk factors for age-related conditions such as reduced blood glucose and insulin levels.( 对于人

52、类，这种计划能够带来一些体质的变化，从而降低一些例如血糖和胰岛素等随着年龄增长而带来的健康风险。)”从而得出本题答案。5.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“ Atkins and Paleo” ，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段，根据“Vijg believes a fasting mimicking diet could become the next commercially branded diet craze, like Atkins or Paleo.( Vijg认为，像Atkins 和 Paleo那样，模仿禁食的饮食可能会成为下一个商业品牌的饮食热潮。)”即可得出本题答案。6.主旨大意题。根

53、据“calorie restriction, done intermittently, appears to be one of the gateways to lasting long-term health.（间歇性地限制热量摄入，似乎是保持长期健康的途径之一。） ” “fasting mimicking diet（禁食模仿饮食）”，可知作者在本文探讨的是这种阶段性节食是否能够长寿。从而得出本题答案。10. 单选题Physical exercise has the capacity to be used to attempt to control emotional feelings, t

54、o （ ）the calories consumed in food and to control body size.问题1选项A.make upB.pass onC.work offD.mark down【答案】C【解析】考查动词短语辨析。 make up “构成，编造”；pass on “传递”；work off “发泄，排除”；mark down “降低价格，记下”。句意为：体育运动有以下作用：可以用于控制情绪，排除从食物中所吸收的卡路里，并且控制体重。选项C符合句意。11. 单选题Ariella Rosengard of the University of Pennsylvania

55、didnt set out to scare anyone. She just wanted to investigate a little-understood part of the immune system by studying how viral proteins interact with it. At first, Rosengard worked with a common virus called vaccinia. But vaccinia rarely makes people sick, and she began to worry that it wouldnt t

56、ell her much about the human immune system. So she turned to a closely related, far more fearsome virus: smallpox.Smallpox virus isnt easy to come by. Officially, it resides in only two placessecure labs in the United States and Russia. But Rosengard didnt need the virus itself. Scientists have made

57、 its genetic code freely available on the Internet, giving her the data she needed to synthesize a key smallpox protein in the lab. Test-tube studies showed that it works far better than the corresponding vaccinia protein at blocking a key step in the human immune response. The discovery may help ex

58、plain why smallpox kills, and it could lead to new treatments.But when Rosengard published her report last month in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a slightly defensive commentary appeared with it. The article said it would be unlikely to use the work as a blueprint for making v

59、accinia more like smallpox. It acknowledged, however, that “the idea that bioterrorists might be tempted to attempt such an experiment has been suggested as a reason for considering it unwise to publish observations of this nature. ”Rosengard rejects the idea that basic science like hers should be p

60、ut under wraps. “Think how many brilliant minds would not be able to participate in finding a cure,” she says. “You cant predict the mind of a madman. The best defense against any virus is understanding how it functions. ”Most biologists would agree. But these days, they find themselves grappling wi

61、th a dilemma, as their tradition of openness clashes with the fear that well-intentioned research could be misused to develop bioweapons. As much as scientists fear aiding their enemies, they get unnerved when government officials talk about restricting their freedom to publish. One things for suret

62、he problem wont just go away. The government has proposed a dramatic increase in funding for basic research on potential biowarfare agents. This means that many more scientists will study deadly germs, and theyll inevitably want to publish what they find.1.Why did Ariella Rosengard decide to study s

63、mallpox?2.How did she obtain the smallpox protein?3.Smallpox isdeadly probably because（ ）.4.According to the commentary mentioned in Paragraph 3, Rosengards report（ ）.5.Rosengard thinks that basic science（ ）.6.According to the final paragraph, biologists are worried about（ ）.问题1选项A.Because smallpox is becoming more important and complicated.B.Because smallpox is more familiar to scientists today.C.Because the smallpox virus can be obtained more easily.D.Beca