2022-2023年考博英语-昆明理工大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第31期

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1、2022-2023年考博英语-昆明理工大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 翻译题Read the following paragraph carefully and then translate it into English.如果使用得当，恐惧和与之相伴的痛苦是人类和动物拥有的最有用的两样东西。如果火烧到时不会疼痛，孩子们会一直玩火直到烧掉双手。同样地，如果只有痛苦而没有恐惧，一个孩子会一次又一次地用火烧自己，因为恐惧不会警告他远离曾经烧到他的火。一个真正无畏的士兵的确存在这样的人不是一个好士兵，因为他很快就会被杀死。而一个死掉的士兵对他的军队没有任何用处。所以恐惧和痛苦是两位保镖，人类和动物

2、没有它们就会很快灭亡。重要的不是让恐惧控制你，而是要用恐惧来做你的仆人和向导。【答案】Fear and its companion pain are two of the most useful things that men and animals possess if they are properly used. If fire did not hurt when it burnt, children would play it until their hands were burnt away. Similarly, if pain existed but fear did not,

3、a child would burn itself again and again, because fear would not warn the child to keep away from the fire that had burnt him or her before. A really fearless soldierand some do existis not a good soldier because he is soon killed; and a dead soldier is of no use to his army. Fear and pain are ther

4、efore two guards without which men and animals might soon die out. The important thing is not to let fear rule you, but instead to use fear as your servant and guide.2. 单选题The scientist has made another wonderful discovery,（ ）is of great importance to science.问题1选项A.which I thinkB.which I think itC.

5、of which I thinkD.I think which【答案】A【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。which指代先行词discovery，在从句中作主语，I think作插入语时，引导词应放在其前面，因此选A。句意：这位科学家又有了一个了不起的发现，我认为这个发现这对科学很重要。3. 单选题This new round of layoff occurring in major industrial cities will only reduce profits and（ ）an economic crisis.问题1选项A.rectifyB.precipitateC.offendD.alt

6、ernate【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项rectify“改正，校正”；B选项precipitate“使突然降临；加速（坏事的发生），使突然陷入（某种状态）”；C选项offend“得罪，冒犯，犯罪”；D选项alternate“交替，轮流”。由reduce profits and _an economic crisis（减少利润和_经济危机）可知B选项符合语境。句意：主要工业城市新一轮的停产只会降低利润并陷入经济危机。4. 单选题The close relationship between poetry and music scarcely needs to be argued. Bot

7、h are aural modes which employ rhythm, rhyme, and pitch as major devices; to these the one adds linguistic meaning, connotation, and various traditional figures, and the other can add, at least in theory, all of these plus harmony, counterpoint （对位）, and orchestration techniques. In English the two

8、are closely bound historically. Anglo-Saxon heroic poetry seems certainly to have been read or chanted to a harpists （竖琴师）accompaniment; the verb used in Beowulf for such a performance, the Finn episode （逸事）,is singan, to sing, and the noun gyd, song. A major source of the lyric tradition in English

9、 poetry is the songs of the troubadours.The distance between the gyd in Beowulf and the songs of Leonard Cohen or Bob Dylan may seem great, but is one of time rather than aesthetics. The lyric poem as a literary work and the lyrics of a popular song are both still essentially the same thing: poetry.

10、 Whether the title of the work be Gerontion, or You Aint Nothin. But a Hound Dog, our criteria for evaluating the work must remain the same.The most important prerequisite （先决条件）for both a significant poem and significant lyrics in a popular song is that the writer be faithful to his own personal vi

11、sion or to the vision of the poem he is writing. Skill and craft for writing poetry are indeed necessary because these are the only means by which a poet can preserve the integrity of this vision in the poem. A poet must not, either because of lack of skill or because of worship of popularity, wealt

12、h, or critical acclaim, go outside of his own or his own poems vision on pain of writing only the derivative（派生物）or the trivial. Historically, the writers and singers of the lyrics of popular songs have seemed often to be incapable of personal vision, and to have confused both originality and morali

13、ty with a servile（奴性的）compliance to popular taste.1.According to the writer, the relationship between poetry and music（ ）.2.Which of the following statements is true, according to the text?3.In the text, the author focuses on（ ）.问题1选项A.is indisputable if you analyze historyB.is a debatable topicC.ne

14、eds to be acknowledged more by poetsD.can be made but in a limited way问题2选项A.The differences between poetry and song lyrics have been overstated.B.Song lyrics and poetry must be treated analytically as the same.C.The lyrics of a song are not different from the lyrics of poetry.D.It is the time not t

15、he aesthetics that is different in most poems and song lyrics.问题3选项A.the difference between good poetry and songs and mediocre onesB.the various ways songs and poems are similarC.the shared, most important evaluation criteria in songwriting and poetryD.how to evaluate a poem and a songs value from a

16、 lyrical standpoint【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干关键词relationship定位到文章第一段，由The close relationship between poetry and music scarcely needs to be argued. In English the two are closely bound historically（诗歌和音乐之间的密切关系几乎不需要争论。在英语中，两者在历史上有着密切的联系）可知从历史的角度来看，诗歌与音乐之间的关系是无可争辩的，因此A选项符合题意。2.推理判断题。由文章第二段中的T

17、he lyric poem as a literary work and the lyrics of a popular song are both still essentially the same thing: poetry.（作为文学作品的抒情诗和流行歌曲的抒情诗在本质上仍然是一回事：诗歌）可知C选项“一首歌的歌词和诗歌的歌词没有什么不同”符合题意。3.推理判断题。由文章第二段中的our criteria for evaluating the work must remain the same（我们对作品评价的标准必须保持一致）可知C选项“歌曲创作和诗歌中最重要的共同评价标准”符合题意

18、。5. 单选题（ ）excessive consumption of fried foods has serious consequences as has been proved.问题1选项A.TheoreticallyB.PresumablyC.IncrediblyD.Practically【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项theoretically“理论地，理论上”；B选项presumably“据推测，很可能，大概”；C选项incredibly“极其，难以置信地”；D选项practically“实际上，几乎，差不多”。由as has been proved（如已证实的那样）可知前面的

19、内容应该是一种猜测比较符合逻辑，即证实推测。句意：据推测，过度食用油炸食品会造成严重后果，这已被证实。6. 单选题（ ）, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.问题1选项A.Other things being equalB.Were other things equalC.To be equal to other thingsD.Other things to be equal【答案】A【解析】考

20、查独立主格。空格处的主语为other things，主句的主语不一致，故为独立主格结构，other things与其谓语动词是主动的关系，因此谓语动词用现在分词形式，选A。other things being equal在句中作状语表示条件“如果其它方面都一样的话”。句意：如果其它方面都一样的话，一个能有效表达自己的人肯定比一个语言能力差的人成功得更快。7. 单选题Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But the one i

21、nsidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surname beginning with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA car has a big advantage over Zodia

22、c cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters be

23、tween A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bushs predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of g

24、overnment of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrtien and Koizumi). The worlds three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the w

25、orlds five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Alien, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely by coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabeti

26、cally from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the re

27、sult may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a

28、 ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.1.What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?2.What can we inf

29、er from the first three paragraphs?3.The fourth paragraph suggests that（ ）.4.What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Para. 5)?5.Which of the following is true according to the text?问题1选项A.A kind of overlook inequality.B.A type of conspicuous bias.C.A type of personal p

30、rejudice.D.A kind of brand discrimination.问题2选项A.In both East and West, names are essential to success.B.The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoe Zysman.C.Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies names.D.Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.问题3选项A.questions are of

31、ten put to the more intelligent studentsB.alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from classC.teachers should pay attention to all of their studentsD.students should be seated according to their eyesight问题4选项A.They are getting impatient.B.They are noisily dozing off.C.They are feeling hum

32、iliated.D.They are busy with word puzzles.问题5选项A.People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.B.VIPs in the western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.C.The campaign to eliminate alphabtism still has a long way to go.D.Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional

33、 bias.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surname beginning with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.（对于那些尚未意识到这一劣势的人来说，这是指对那些姓氏以字母表下半部分的字母开头的人的歧视）可知A选项“一种被忽视的不公平”符合题意。2.推理判断题。文章第一

34、段提出字母排序是一种隐藏的歧视；第二三段举例说明字母排序的歧视，因此D选项“某种形式的歧视太微妙以至于无法识别”符合题意。3.推理判断题。文章第四段介绍了从入学开始，老师们就按姓氏首字母排序安排学生的座位，很少关注那些由于姓氏首字母靠后而经常被安排在教室的后面，也很少向他们提问，因此C选项“老师们应该关注所有的学生”符合题意。4.词义题。由文章最后一段中的The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they

35、 reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ.（羞辱还在继续。在大学毕业典礼上，ABC们自豪地获得了他们的奖项；等轮到Zysman们的时候，大多数人实际上已经ZZZ了）可在推测等轮到Zysman们领奖时，其他人由于等的时间太长，差不多都会睡着了。ZZZ表示“（拟声）打鼾声”，dozing off表示“打瞌睡”，因此选B。5.推理判断题。文章主要介绍了字母排序所带来的歧视，这种歧视是隐蔽的，是无意中导致的，因此D选项“按字母顺序排列可能会导致无意的偏见”符合题意。8. 翻译题Read the following paragra

36、ph carefully and then translate it into Chinese.Physics, as well as pure mathematics, has supplied material for the philosophy of logical analysis. This has occurred especially through the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics（量子力学）.What is important to the philosopher in the theory of relativi

37、ty is the substitution of space-time for space and time. Common sense thinks of the physical world as composed of “things” which persist through a certain period of time and move in space. Philosophy and physics developed the notion of “thing” into that of “material substance,” and thought of materi

38、al substance as consisting of particles, each very small, and each persisting throughout all time. Einstein substituted events（事素）for particles; each event had to each other a relation called “interval,” which could be analyzed in various ways into a time element and a space-element. The choice betw

39、een these various ways was arbitrary（任意的）, and no one of them was theoretically preferable to any other.【答案】物理学和纯数学为逻辑分析哲学提供了材料。这一点尤其是通过相对论和量子力学体现出来。在相对论中，对哲学家来说，重要的是用时空代替时间和空间。常识认为物质世界是由“东西”组成的，这些“东西”在一定时间内持续存在，并在空间中运动。哲学和物理学把“东西”的概念发展成“物质实体”的概念，并把物质实体看作是由粒子组成的，每个粒子都很小，而且每个粒子始终存在。爱因斯坦用事素代替粒子；每个事素与其

40、他事素之间都有一种叫作“间隔”的关系，可以用不同的方式把这种关系分析成一个时间元素和一个空间元素。在这些不同的方法之间的选择是任意的，理论上没有哪一种方法比任何其他方法更可取。9. 单选题In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-v

41、entilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers hav

42、e become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious，not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They liv

43、e and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more

44、 insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From

45、 that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellow-competitor creates consta

46、nt anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I s

47、uggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities those of all love and of reason are the aims of social arrangem

48、ents. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.1.By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery the author intends to render the idea that man is（ ）.2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that（ ）.3.From the passage we

49、can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those（ ）.4.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should（ ）.5.The authors attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of（ ）.问题1选项A.a necessary part of the society though each individuals function is negligi

50、bleB.working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC.an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothlyD.a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly问题2选项A.they are likely to lose their jobsB.they have no genuine satisfaction

51、or interest in lifeC.they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existenceD.they are deprived of their individuality and independence问题3选项A.who are at the bottom of the societyB.who are higher up in their social statusC.who prove better than their fellow competitorsD.who could keep far aw

52、ay from this competitive world问题4选项A.resort to the production mode of our ancestorsB.offer higher wages to the workers and employeesC.enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD.take the fundamental realities for granted问题5选项A.approvalB.dissatisfactionC.suspicionD.tolerance【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题

53、:C第5题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless（然而，所有这些润滑剂并不能改变人已经变得毫无力量的事实）可知C选项“与社会其他部分相比不重要的一部分，尽管运行平稳”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intelle

54、ctually independent and productive human beings.（他们生老病死，从来没有面对过人类作为情感上和智力上独立和有生产力的人存在的基本现实）可知D选项“他们被剥夺了个性和独立性”符合题意。3.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress（不断地需要证明自己和竞争对手一样好，或者比竞争对手强，这就产生了持续的焦虑和压力）可知D

55、选项“能远离这个竞争激烈的世界的人”符合题意。4.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities those of all love and of reason are the aims of social arrangements（变成一种以人为本的工业主义，在这种工业中，在这里人及其潜能爱和理性的充分开发是所有社会安排的目的）可知C选项“使人能充分发挥自己的潜力”符合题意。5.观点态度题。由文章第一段的内容可知作者将社会比作一个机械，人只

56、是这个机械中的一个小齿轮，并对其进行了讽刺和批评，因此B选项“不满”符合题意。10. 单选题Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of ones money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy f

57、ood or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage. No choice is i

58、nvolved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal differences in en

59、ergy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction.Almost all of an organisms energy can be diverted to reproduction, with very little allocated to building the body. Organisms at this extreme are “opportunists.” At the other extreme are “competitors,” almost all of whose resources are

60、 invested in building a huge body, with a bare minimum allocated to reproduction.Dandelions are good examples of opportunists. Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes f

61、rom their water content. Thus, a minimum investment has been made in the body that becomes a platform for seed dispersal. These very short-lived plants reproduce prolifically; that is to say they provide a constant rain of seed in the neighborhood of parent plants. A new plant will spring up whereve

62、r a seed falls on a suitable soil surface, but because they do not build big bodies, they cannot compete with other plants for space, water, or sunlight. These plants are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural pr

63、ocesses, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for being displaced by more competitive species. Human landscapes of lawns, fields, or flowerbeds provide settings with

64、bare soil and a lack of competitors that are perfect habitats for colonization by opportunists. Hence, many of the strongly opportunistic plants are the common weeds of fields and gardens.Because each individual is short-lived, the population of an opportunist species is likely to be adversely affected by drought, bad winters, o