2022-2023年考博英语-华东交通大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第14期

《2022-2023年考博英语-华东交通大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第14期》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022-2023年考博英语-华东交通大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第14期（31页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022-2023年考博英语-华东交通大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题This child was so obstinate that he refused to admit to his mistakes.问题1选项A.obsessiveB.furiousC.stubbornD.rebellious【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项obsessive“强迫性的”；B选项furious“狂怒的”；C选项stubborn“顽固的”；D选项rebellious“叛逆的”。句意：这孩子太固执了，拒不承认自己的错误。划线部分obstinate是固执的意思。因此C选项正确。2. 单选题

2、To my surprise, the young man was resourceful enough to find infinite ways to express his emotions with gestures.问题1选项A.plentifulB.versatileC.imaginaryD.imaginative【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项plentiful“丰富的”；B选项versatile“多才多艺的”；C选项imaginary“想象的”；D选项imaginative“富有想象力的”。句意：令我惊讶的是，这个年轻人竟然足够机智，能用手势来表达自己的情感。划线部分r

3、esourceful是机智的、资源丰富的意思。因此B选项正确。3. 单选题In todays competitive job market, people, especially young men are required to be aggressive and industrious.问题1选项A.invasiveB.belligerentC.progressiveD.enterprising【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项invasive “侵入的”；B选项belligerent“好战的”；C选项progressive“进步的”；D选项enterprising“有进取心的”

4、。句意：在当今竞争激烈的就业市场上，人们，尤其是年轻人需要有进取心和勤奋。划线部分aggressive是有进取心的意思。因此D选项正确。4. 单选题The indomitable spirit displayed by athletes embodies the new look of this nation.问题1选项A.specificB.unsubduableC.determinedD.industrious【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项specific“特定的”；B选项unsubduable“不屈不挠的”；C选项determined“坚决的”；D选项industrious

5、“勤勉的”。句意：运动员们不屈不挠的精神体现了这个国家的新面貌。划线部分indomitable是不屈不挠的意思。因此B选项正确。5. 单选题Question 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. The meaning of the term is confusing, but everyone should understand its m

6、eaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge.Even in true sciences, distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. For example,

7、 hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions scientists continue to experiment and observe until they are proved. The exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the

8、 subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end, specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.Actu

9、ally, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes such as improving health, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic

10、use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic reward. Chemists responsible for discoveries could hardly anticipated that their findings would one day result in applic

11、ations of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discovery of one bit of information opens the door to the discovery of another. However, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. Many scientists dedicating

12、 their lives to purer science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.1. To define science, we can simply name it as（ ）.2.A scientist interested in general knowledge about oxygen would probably cal

13、l his approach（ ）.3.Which of the following sentences about pure science is true?4.Which of the following is implied in the passage?5.Which of the following is the best title for this passage?问题1选项A.the study of nature and mankindB.an attempt to pose and prove hypotheses and theoriesC.categorized kno

14、wledgeD.the study of the unrelated natural phenomena问题2选项A.applied scienceB.chemical scienceC.pure scienceD.environmental science问题3选项A.It may lead to antiscientific, impure results.B.It necessarily precedes applied science.C.It is not always as pure as we suppose.D.It necessarily resulted from appl

15、ied science.问题4选项A.Pure scientists should not be blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveries.B.Today few people have any notion of the meaning of science.C.In true sciences, it is not difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.D.Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and

16、objectives of pure science.问题5选项A.On Distinguishing Fact from FictionB.Biology and the Scientific AgeC.Hypotheses and TheoriesD.The Nature of Science【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段最后一句Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified

17、knowledge.（为了使解释尽可能简单，假设将科学定义为分类知识。），题干中“simply”与原文中“simple”相对应，表示简单地将科学定义为分类知识。因此C选项“分类知识”正确。A选项“对自然和人类的研究”，B选项“试图提出和证明假设和理论”和D选项“对不相关的自然现象的研究”，文中均没有提及，所以A，C，D错误。2.推理判断题。由题干关键词“approach”可以定位到文章第四段，该段介绍了两种科学方法，一种是aimed at satisfying curiosity（满足求知欲）的pure science（纯科学），另一种是aimed at using knowledge for

18、 specific purposes（将知识用于特定目的）的applied science（应用科学），由此可以推断出题干中“interested in general knowledge about oxygen”（对氧气的常识感兴趣）属于纯科学的范畴。因此C选项“纯科学”正确。A选项“应用科学”是和纯科学相对的，所以错误。B选项“化学科学”和D选项“环境科学”文中均没有提及，所以B，D错误。3.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段中the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell（显微

19、镜的构造必须先于细胞的发现）和most knowledge is eventually applied（大多数知识最终都会得到应用），显微镜的构造是“纯科学”，细胞的发现是“应用科学”，从而得知纯科学是先于应用科学的，科学知识最终会得到应用。因此B选项“纯科学必然先于应用科学”正确。A选项“它可能导致反科学、不纯的结果”，C选项“它并不总是像我们想象的那样纯粹”在文中没有提及，所以A，C错误。D选项“它必然来源于应用科学”，由原文可知，纯科学是先于应用科学的，而不是来源于应用科学，所以D错误。4.推理判断题。由A选项可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句Many scientists dedicati

20、ng their lives to purer science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries（许多献身于纯科学的科学家并不因为忽视了他们发现的实用性而感到抱歉），意思是纯理论科学家不用因忽视发现的实用性而抱歉，因为大部分科学发现最终都会得到应用的。因此A选项“纯理论科学家不应因忽视他们发现的实用性而受到指责”正确。由B选项可以定位到文章第一段第一句The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost eve

21、rybody has some notion of its meaning.（科学这个词在现代社会中经常能听到，以至于几乎每个人都对它的含义有一些概念。），说明每个人或多或少都是对科学的含义有一定概念的。所以B选项“如今很少有人对科学的意义有概念”错误。由C选项可以定位到文章第二段第一句Even in true sciences, distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy.（即使在真正的科学中，区分事实和虚构也不总是那么容易。），所以C选项“在真正的科学中，区分事实与虚构并不困难”错误。由D选项可以定位到文章最后一段第一句Somet

22、imes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic reward.（有时注重实际的人忽视了纯科学的意义，只考虑到它立即应用于经济回报。），说明注重实际的人不能理解纯科学的意义，所以D选项“注重实际的人能够理解纯科学的意义和目的”错误。5.主旨大意题。文章第一段简单说明科学的定义，第二、三段介绍了科学的立场和目标，第四、五段说的是科学的方法和意义，这些都是科学的“本质”，因此D选项“科学的本质”符合题意，可以作为

23、文章标题。A选项“关于区分事实与虚构”，B选项“生物学和科学时代”，C选项“假设和理论”都只说了文章的某一个方面，不能完整概括文章，所以A，B，C不能作为文章标题。6. 单选题The athlete has been accused of（ ）his performance with illegal drugs, but he firmly denies the charges.问题1选项A.enhancingB.tenderingC.dilutingD.dispensing【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项enhancing“提高”；B选项tendering“提议”；C选项dilut

24、ing“稀释”；D选项dispensing“配发”。句意：这位运动员被指控使用违禁药物提高成绩，但他坚决否认这些指控。本句表示提高成绩。因此A选项正确。7. 单选题In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rul

25、e by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence as if it were a legitimate solution, like a

26、ny other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of

27、 the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dis

28、mally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us.The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law e

29、nforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is s

30、apped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social programme. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and last

31、ing solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each others problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchan

32、ging information. “Talk, talk, talk,” the advocates of violence say, “all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser.” Its rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all th

33、is talk, he was none the wiser. “Possible, my lord,” the barrister replied, “none the wiser, but surely far better informed.” Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.1. What is the best title for this passage?2.Recorded hi

34、story has taught us（ ）3.It can be inferred that truly reasonable men（ ）4.“He was none the wiser” means（ ）5.According the author the best way to solve race prejudice is（ ）问题1选项A.Advocating Violence.B.Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.C.Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a

35、 Legitimate Solution.D.The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence.问题2选项A.violence never solves anything.B.nothing.C.the bloodshed means nothing.D.everything.问题3选项A.cant get a hearing.B.are looked down upon.C.are persecuted.D.have difficulty in advocating law enforcement.问题4选项A.He was not a

36、t all wise in listening.B.He was not at all wiser than nothing before.C.He gains nothing after listening.D.He makes no sense of the argument.问题5选项A.law enforcement.B.knowledge.C.nonviolence.D.mopping up the violent mess.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段提出有些国家种族偏见严重，而暴力却是公认的一种解决方法，我们仍然没有

37、认识到，暴力永远不能解决问题，而是使问题更加尖锐。第二段阐述了真正有理智的人在宣扬法制，却遭到轻视和迫害，作者认为真正的解决方案不是暴力，而是法制。第三段进一步说明“交流、对话”是了解双方问题的前提，而暴力制造了它假装要解决的罪恶。整篇文章都在阐述不能依靠暴力手段解决歧视问题。因此B选项“暴力无助于消除种族偏见”最适合作为文章标题。A选项“提倡暴力”，C选项“双方的重要人物都认为暴力是合法的解决方案”，D选项“人类的本能渴望暴力”，因为文章是不宣扬暴力的，所以A，C，D都不适合作为标题。2.客观细节题。由题干关键词“Recorded history”可以定位到文章第一段倒数第四句“The wh

38、ole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing.”（整个有记录的人类历史，那冗长乏味的暴力记录，没有教会我们任何东西。），说明人类历史上的暴力记录没有教会我们任何东西。因此B选项“什么也没有”正确。A选项“暴力永远解决不了任何问题”和C选项“流血事件毫无意义”，文中说我们还没有认识到暴力不能解决问题、流血和痛苦毫无意义，所以历史上的暴力记录并没有教会我们这两点，A，C错误。D选项“一切”和nothing是

39、相反的，所以D错误。3.推理判断题。由题干关键词“reasonable men”可以定位到文章第二段第一、二句The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enfor

40、cement.（真正理智的人知道解决办法在哪里，却发现越来越难得到倾听。他们被鄙视，不信任，甚至被他们的同类迫害，因为他们提倡诸如执法这样明显无法容忍的事情。），说明理智的人倡导法制，却遭到了许多困难。因此D选项“在提倡执法方面遭到困难。”正确。A选项“不被听见”，B选项“被轻视”，C选项“受到迫害”都只是遇到困难的某一个方面，本质上是因为他们提倡执法，所以A，B，C错误。4.语义推测题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段中Its rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to

41、 the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser.（这很像一个著名律师的故事，他煞费苦心地向法官解释他的案子。听了他的长篇辩论，法官抱怨说他并没有因此而变得聪明些。），说明“He was none the wiser”在这里的意思是他听了之后什么也没有得到。因此C选项“听后无所得。”符合题意。A选项“他根本不明智，听不进去”，B选项“他以前一点也不明智”，D选项“他对这场争论毫无意义”都不能表示他听后什么也没

42、有得到的意思，所以A，B，D错误。5.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.（只要我们在法律框架内工作，真正和持久的解决办法总是可能的。），说明作者认为解决种族歧视的最好方法是法制。因此A选项“法制”正确。B选项“知识”，C选项“非暴力”，D选项“清理暴力的混乱”并不是作者认为解决问题的最好方法，所以B，C，D错误。8. 翻译题Healthy FoodAn active lifestyl

43、e and a healthy, fish-rich diet are not only good for your heart, they may also help tackle the memory loss associated with old age, two leading neuroscientists said on Wednesday.As people live longer, finding ways of halting the decline in mental agility is becoming increasingly important, said Pro

44、fessor Ian Robertson, director of the Institute of Neuroscience at Trinity College Dublin.“The biggest threat to being able to function well and properly is our brains,” he told journalists.“There is very strong evidence, particularly in the over-50s, that the degree to which you maintain your menta

45、l faculties depends on a handful of quite simple environmental factors,” he said.Those who remained physically fit, avoided high stress levels and enjoyed a rich and varied social life are better equipped to stay alert as they age. Mental stimulation, learning new things and simply thinking young al

46、so help.【答案】健康的食物美国两位著名的神经科学家于本周三称，积极的生活方式，健康的、富含鱼类的饮食不仅对心脏有好处，还有助于解决因年老而导致的记忆丧失问题。都柏林三一学院神经科学研究所主任伊恩罗伯逊教授说，随着人类的寿命越来越长，寻找能够阻止人类思维敏捷度下降的方法正变得越来越重要。他告诉记者：“对身体机能正常运转的最大威胁是我们的大脑。”他说：“有强有力的证据表明，一个人能否保持良好的智力水平取决于一些非常简单的环境因素，对那些50岁以上的人来说尤其如此。”那些身体健康、能避免高压力、享受丰富多彩的社交生活的人，在他们上了年纪后，头脑会更清醒。精神刺激、学习新事物和保持年轻的心态也

47、有帮助。9. 单选题The role of a professional（ ）is to help two parties solve conflict or appease dispute through skillful use of language.问题1选项A.senatorB.supervisorC.negotiatorD.mediator【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项senator“参议员”，B选项supervisor“监督人，指导者”，C选项negotiator“谈判人，协商者”，D选项mediator“调停者”，句意：专业谈判者的作用是通过熟练运用语言来帮助双方解决冲

48、突或平息争端。因此，C选项符合句意。10. 单选题The old man（ ）defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion which enabled him to win the respect of all people.问题1选项A.peculiarlyB.indifferentlyC.vigorouslyD.inevitably【答案】C【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项peculiarly“尤其地”；B选项indifferently“冷淡地”；C选项vigorously“积极地”；D选项inev

49、itably“不可避免地”。句意：老人积极地捍卫了每个公民选择宗教自由的权利，这使他赢得了所有人的尊重。本句表示积极地捍卫权利。因此C选项正确。11. 翻译题1. 科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严肃解释的表达方式。（3）2. 按照Sveiby的观点来看，既然知识是个无形的关键资产，将知识从一个员工传递给另一个员工，或者从外部资源传递给员工的能力就是企业的一个重要能力。（4）3. 就像因事故而堵在晚间高峰路上发怒的司机一样，如果网页打开很慢或者不能很快进入网页时，上网的人就会坐立不安。（4）4. 正是这个信息系统影响着人们医疗保健的范围和质量

50、，它使社会服务更加公正，它提高了个人的舒适度，为安全和自由行动采取更多的措施。（4）【答案】1. The method of scientific research is nothing more than a necessary expression of the activity of the human mind, that is, an expression that contemplates and gives a precise and serious explanation of all phenomena.2. From Sveibys point of view, since

51、 knowledge is a key intangible asset, the ability to transfer knowledge from one employee to another, or from external resources to employees, is an important capability of an enterprise.3. Like a driver stuck in an accident and fuming on the evening rush hour road, people who surf the Internet can

52、get fidgety if the page opens slowly or they cant get to it quickly enough.4. It is this information system that influences the scope and quality of peoples health care, it makes social services more just, it increases the comfort of individuals and takes more measures for safety and free movement.1

53、2. 单选题There was a（ ）drop in support for the Union in the 1974 election.问题1选项A.delicateB.distinctC.distantD.downward【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项delicate“微妙的”；B选项distinct“明显的”；C选项distant“冷漠的”；D选项downward“向下的”。句意：在1974年的选举中，支持联邦的人数明显下降。本句表示支持率明显下降，因此B选项正确。13. 单选题Cultural rules determine every aspect of food

54、consumption. Who eats together defines social units. For example, in some societies, the nuclear family is the unit that regularly eats together. The anthropologist Mary Douglas has pointed out that, for the English, the kind of meal and the kind of food that is served relate to the kinds of social

55、links between people who are eating together. She distinguishes between regular meals, Sunday meals when relatives may come, and cocktail parties for acquaintances. The food served symbolizes the occasion and reflects who is present. For example, only snacks are served at a cocktail party. It would

56、be inappropriate to serve a steak or hamburgers. The distinctions among cocktails, regular meals, and special dinners mark the social boundaries between those guests who are invited for drinks, those who are invited to dinner, and those who come to a family meal. In this example, the type of food sy

57、mbolizes the category of guest and with whom it is eaten.In some New Guinea societies, the nuclear family is not the unit that eats together. The men take their meals in a mens house, separately from their wives and children. Women prepare and eat their food in their own houses and take the husbands

58、 portion to the mens house. The women eat with their children in their own houses. This pattern is also widespread among Near Eastern societies.Eating is a metaphor that is sometimes used to signify marriage. In many New Guinea societies, like that of the Lesu on the island of New Ireland in the Pac

59、ific and that of the Trobriand Islanders, marriage is symbolized by the couples eating together for the first time. Eating symbolizes their new status as a married couple. In U.S. society, it is just the reverse. A couple may go out to dinner on a first date.Other cultural rules have to do with tabo

60、os against eating certain things. In some societies, members of a clan, a type of kin (family) group, are not allowed to eat the animal or bird that is their totemic ancestor. Since they believe themselves to be descended from that ancestor, it would be like eating that ancestor or eating themselves

61、.There is also an association between food prohibitions and rank, which is found in its most extreme form in the caste system of India. A caste system consists of ranked groups, each with a different economic specialization. In India, there is an association between caste and the idea of pollution.

62、Members of highly ranked groups can be polluted by coming into contact with the bodily secretions, particularly saliva, of individuals of lower-ranked castes. Because of the fear of pollution, Brahmans and other high-ranked individuals will not share food with, not eat from the same plate as, not ev

63、en accept food from an individual or from a low-ranking caste.1. According to the passage, the English make clear distinctions between（ ）.2.According to the passage, who will NOT eat together?3.According to the passage, eating together indicates all the following EXCEPT（ ）.4.The last paragraph suggests that in India（ ）decides how people eat.5.Which of the following can best serve as the topic of the passage?问题1选项A.people who eat togetherB.the kinds of food servedC.family members and guestsD.snacks and hamburgers问题2选项A.The English.B.Americans on their first date.C.Men and wom