2022-2023年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第46期

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1、2022-2023年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Over a third of the population was estimated to have no（ ）to the health service问题1选项A.assessmentB.accessC.assignmentD.exception【答案】B【解析】考查词组的固定搭配。A选项assessment表示“评定，估价”；B选项access表示“进入，通道，机会”；C选项assignment表示“分配，任务”；D选项exception表示“例外，异议”。词组have access to可表示“使用，

2、接近，可以利用”，其余3项不可与have构成搭配。句意：估计有超过三分之一的人口没有享受到医疗服务。因此本题正确答案为B选项。2. 单选题Illnesses（ ）to workers in a particular occupation are known as occupational diseases.问题1选项A.passiveB.specificC.resistantD.harmful【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。由句中关键信息occupational diseases可知，这种病应该指示某些特定行业的工人才会得病。所以specific to（表示“只限于的，特定于”）最符合句

3、意，故本题正确答案为B项。A选项passive表示“被动的；消极的”；C选项resistant表示“抵抗的，顽固的”；D选项harmful表示“有害的，危害的”。【句意】一些疾病只有特定职业的工人会得，被称为职业病。3. 单选题Ive become somewhat physically unfit, so Ive started going to the gym once a week to see if I can（ ）my body.问题1选项A.tidy upB.tone upC.take upD.eat up【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项tidy up表示“收拾，整理”；B选

4、项tone up表示“増强；提高（声调等）使更健康”；C选项take up表示“拿起；开始从事；占据（时间，地方）”；D选项eat up表示 “吃光；耗尽；击垮”。根据somewhat physically unfit（身体有点不健康）可知，空缺处应为“使更健康”，故B项正确。因此本题正确答案为B项。句意：我的身体已有些许不适，所以我开始每周去一次健身房，看看是否可以让身体更健康。4. 单选题The ultimate goal of the suicide bomber is to force a reaction on the part of the soldiers targeted by

5、 the attack, to make them see the civilian population around them as a potential enemy, and respond accordingly. When every civilian carry a wide attack, then even soldiers who are not normally trigger-happy may be goaded by fear into harming innocent people. It is important to realize that stopping

6、 the suicide attacker before he (or she) commits his attack is next to impossible; he will certainly try to detonate his explosives as soon as a soldier approaches.The Israeli army has been forced to deal with suicide attackers over the past 20 years in southern Lebanon, as well as more recently in

7、the West Bank and Gaza strip. The Israeli experience has shown that the only hope of countering this phenomenon lies in thwarting the attack before the attacker sets out on his mission.The suicide bomber is not a lone “crazy” acting out of rage. Rather, he is the tip of an operational iceberg consis

8、ting of recruiters, intelligence gatherers, bomb makers, and trainers.All of these elements are vulnerable to counter-terrorist operations, provided that one has accurate intelligence and the military capability to act decisively against them.In Israel such counter-terrorist operations often take th

9、e form of “targeted killing” operations against those responsible for sending the suicide bomber on his mission.However, if the intelligence needed to do this is lacking, it falls to defensive measures to stop the attack, or at least to minimize the damage. Roadblocks, check- points, and surprise in

10、spections can help in locating the suicide attacker and preventing him from reaching his target. Precautions must be taken not to create easy targets for suicide attacks, by avoiding the concentration of soldiers in one place or housing command centers in multi-story buildings.In dealings with the c

11、ivilian population, the possibility of booby traps must be taken into account. Thus someone wishing to surrender should be checked from a distance to see that he is not carrying explosives. Vehicles should be prevented from directly entering a military base or checkpoint. All services provided by me

12、mbers of the indigenous population should be subject to stringent security checks.The military should also be aware of the possibility of multiple suicide attacks, where explosives are detonated in sequence in order to target first responders or to overcome consecutive obstacles in the way of penetr

13、ation of a protected space.The possibility of suicide operations on the modern battlefield complicates the military campaign, and requires a whole different mindset from that needed for conventional warfare. Soldiers must be made aware of the risks and be ready to change their collective behavior in

14、 accordance with the changing circumstances, without playing into the enemys hands by targeting the civilian population.1. The suicide bomber commits suicide to （ ）.2. From the passage, we can infer that（ ）.3. In preventing the occurrence of suicide attacks, counter-terrorist operation requires（ ）.4

15、. Who is often the first targeted killing for the counter-terrorist operations?5. The military may walk straight into the bombers trap if they（ ）.问题1选项A.kill himself/herself onlyB.revenge on the soldiersC.make the soldiers see the civilian population around them as a potential enemy, and respond acc

16、ordinglyD.kill some innocent people out of rage问题2选项A.the suicide bombers are well organizedB.the suicide bombers often act alone and nobody help themC.most of the suicide bombers commit their attacks out of crazy motivationD.most of the suicide bombers are trained in southern Lebanon问题3选项A.one with

17、 accurate intelligenceB.one with the military capability to act decisivelyC.one who has taken every precaution not to create easy targets for suicide attacksD.all of the above问题4选项A.The suicide bomber.B.The suicide bombers leaders.C.The surrender.D.The bomb maker.问题5选项A.greet the one who wishes to s

18、urrender with careful checksB.are alert all the timeC.allow vehicles to enter directly into a military base or checkpointD.put all services provided by members of the indigenous population under stringent security checks【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据原文第一段“The ultimate goal of the suicid

19、e bomber is to force a reaction on the part of the soldiers targeted by the attack, to make them see the civilian population around them as a potential enemy, and respond accordingly”可知，自杀式炸弹袭击者的最终目标是迫使被袭击的士兵做出反应，让他们把周围的平民视为潜在的敌人，并做出相应的反应。A项表示“只是自杀”；B项表示“报复士兵”；D项表示“出于泄愤而杀害一些无辜的人”，都与原文不符。因此，只有C项“让士兵把

20、周围的平民视为潜在的敌人并相应地做出反应”符合原文表述，故本题正确答案为C项。2.推理判断题。根据原文第三段“The suicide bomber is not a lone “crazy” acting out of rage. Rather, he is the tip of an operational iceberg consisting of recruiters, intelligence gatherers, bomb makers, and trainers.”可知，自杀式炸弹袭击不是出于愤怒而单独行动的“疯狂”行为。相反，他只是由招聘者、情报收集员、炸弹制造者和训练人员构成的

21、操作团体的冰山一角。由此可推测，自杀式炸弹袭击者组织有序，故A项正确。B项表示“自杀炸弹袭击者经常单独行动且没人帮他们”；C项“大多数自杀炸弹袭击者出于疯狂的动机而进行袭击”；D项表示“大多数自杀式炸弹袭击者在黎巴嫩南部参加训练”。3.推理判断题。根据原文第四段“All of these elements are vulnerable to counter-terrorist operations, provided that one has accurate intelligence and the military capability to act decisively against

22、them”可知，假如国家有准确的情报和军事能力对与自杀式炸弹袭击相关的人员采取果断的行动，那么这些相关人员就易受反恐行动的攻击。故A项“一个国家有准确的情报”和B项“一个国家有果断行动的军事能力”均正确。根据原文第六段“Precautions must be taken not to create easy targets for suicide attacks”可知，一定要采取防范措施，以便不为自杀袭击创造容易的目标，故C项“一个国家已采取所有可能的防范措施，以便不为自杀袭击创造容易的目标”表述正确，因此，本题正确答案为D项“以上选项均正确”。4.推理判断题。根据原文第五段“In Israe

23、l such counter-terrorist operations often take the form of “targeted killing” operations against those responsible for sending the suicide bomber on his mission”可知，在以色列，此类反恐行动通常采取“定点清除”形式，打击那些将自杀式炸弹袭击者送上战场的人，故B项“自杀炸弹袭击者的领导者”符合题意。A项“自杀炸弹袭击者”；C项“投降者”：D项“炸弹制造者”。5.细节事实题。根据原文倒数第三段“In dealings with the ci

24、vilian population, the possibility of booby traps must be taken into account.Vehicles should be prevented from directly entering a military base or checkpoint.”可知，在应对平民时，一定要考虑陷阱。应该阻止车辆直接进入军事基地或检查站，故C项表述符合题干要求。A项“迎接在仔细检查下想要投降的人”；B项“一直是警惕的”；D项“对本地居民提供的所有服务进行严格的安全检查”。5. 单选题We had no way to measure the

25、exact distance we had traveled, but we thought it was（ ）five miles.问题1选项A.preciselyB.appropriatelyC.apparentlyD.approximately【答案】D【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项precisely表示“精确地，恰恰”；B选项appropriately表示“恰当地，合适地”；C选项apparently表示“显然地，表面上”；D选项approximately表示“大约，近似地”。根据句中关键信息We had no way to measure the exact distance可知，

26、我们没有办法测量准确距离。所以后文中的距离只能是大约值，因此本题正确答案为D项。【句意】我们没有办法测量走过的准确距离，但我们认为大约是5英里。6. 单选题The policeman declared that the blow on the victims head （ ）from behind.问题1选项A.should have been madeB.must have been madeC.would have been madeD.ought to have been made【答案】B【解析】考查语法中情态动词表推测的用法。A项should have done表示“本该做某事（其实

27、没做）”；B项must have done表示“定做了某事”；C项would have done表示“将会做某事”，常用于表达虚拟语气；D项ought to have done表示“本该做某事”，比should have done语气强，意思为根据责任或者义务应该做。句意：警察宣称受害者头上的伤一定是从后面猛击造成的。故本题正确答案为B项。7. 单选题Workers in the fine arts （ ）thoughts and feelings through their creative works.问题1选项A.transmitB.elaborateC.conveyD.contribu

28、te【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A项transmit表示“传输”；B项elaborate 表示“精心制作，详细描述”；C项convey表示“传达”；D项contribute 表示“贡献”。根据句意可知，精细工艺的工人通过有创造性的作品来 思想和感情。因此，本题选择C项最符合句意。8. 单选题Take the case of public education alone. The principal difficulty faced by the schools has been the tremendous increase in the number of pupils. This

29、has been caused by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached. In view of the technological improvements in the last few years, business will require in the future proportionately fewer workers than ever before

30、. The result will be still further raising of the legal age for going into employment, and still further difficulty in finding employment when that age has been attained. If we cannot put our children to work, we must put them in school.We may also be quite confident that the present trend toward a

31、shorter day and a shorter week will be maintained. We have developed and shall continue to have a new leisure class. Already the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide that has swept over them since depression began. They will be little better off when it is over. Their support

32、must come from the taxpayer.It is surely too much to hope that these increases in the cost of public education can be borne by the local communities. They cannot care for the present restricted and inadequate system. The local communities have failed in their efforts to cope with unemployment. They

33、cannot expect to cope with public education on the scale on which we must attempt it. The answer to the problem of unemployment has been Federal relief. The answer to the problem of public education may have to be much the same, and properly so. If there is one thing in which the citizens of all par

34、ts of the country have an interest, it is in the decent education of the citizens of all parts of the country. Our income tax now goes in part to keep our neighbors alive. It may have to go in part as well to make our neighbors intelligent. We are now attempting to preserve the present generation th

35、rough Federal relief of the destitute （贫民）.Only a people determined to ruin the next generation will refuse such Federal funds as public education may require.1.What is the passage mainly about?2.What is the reason for the increase in the number of students?3.The public agencies for adult education

36、will be little better off because（ ）.4.According to the author, the answer to the problem of public education is that the Federal government（ ）.5.Why does the author say Only a people determined to ruin the next generation will refuse such Federal funds as public education may require (Lines 10-1 1,

37、 Para. 3)?问题1选项A.How to persuade local communities to provide more funds.B.How to cope with the shortage of funds for public education.C.How to solve the rising unemployment problem.D.How to improve the public education system.问题2选项A.The requirement of educated workers by business.B.Raising of the l

38、egal age for going to work.C.The trend toward a shorter workday.D.Peoples concern for the future of the next generation.问题3选项A.the unemployed are too poor to continue their educationB.a new leisure class has developedC.they are still suffering from the depressionD.an increase in taxes could be a pro

39、blem问题4选项A.should allocate Federal funds for public educationB.should demand that local communities provide supportC.should raise taxes to meet the needs of public educationD.should first of all solve the problem of unemployment.问题5选项A.Only by appropriating adequate Federal funds for education can t

40、he next generation have a bright future.B.Citizens of all parts of the country agree that the best way to support education is to use Federal funds.C.People all over the country should make contributions to education in the interest of the next generation.D.Educated people are determined to use part

41、 of the Federal funds to help the poor.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。原文前两段引出公共教育存在的问题，文章的最后一段表明如何解决这个问题。所以全文的主旨应是“如何解决公共教育资金短缺的问题”。A选项“怎样劝说当地社区提供更多资金”与第三段第一句It is surely too much to hope that these increases in the cost of public education can be borne by the local communities不符。C选项“如何解决日

42、益严重的就业问题”和D选项“怎样改善公共教育系统”过于笼统。因此，本题选择B项最符合题意。2.推理判断题。题干询问学生人数增加的原因。根据原文第一段第三句可知，法定就业年龄提前了，并且到了法定年龄也可能找不到工作。再由第一段第五句The result will be still further raising of the legal age for going into employment以及最后一句可以得出，法定就业年龄持续提高，而孩子们如果没有就业，就得继续读书，所以造成了学生人数的增加，因此B项正确。A选项“企业需要受过教育的工人”、C选项“工作时间缩短的趋势”；D选项“人们对下一代

43、未来的担忧”都不符合题意，可排除。3.推理判断题。根据原文第二段最后一句Their support must come from the taxpayer可以推测，成人教育的公共教育机构不好可能因为是得不到足够的税收支持。因此，本题正确答案为D。4.细节事实题。根据原文最后一段可知，解决失业问题要靠联邦政府救济，公共教育也是如此。全国人民都感兴趣的应是实现良好教育。所得税现在部分用于维持我们邻居的生活，另一部分也应该用于提高邻居的教育，因此政府应该从税收中拨出资金来解决公共教育问题，故A选项正确，B选项“应该要求当地社区提供支持”错误。C选项“应该提高税收满足公共教育的需求”，不符合原文故排除

44、。D选项“应该首先解决失业问题”，属于无中生有。因此本题正确答案为A项。5.细节事实题。题干询问为何作者会说“只有决定毁掉下一代的民族才会拒绝联邦资金投入公共教育”。A选项“只有拨出足够的联邦教育经费，下一代才能有光明的未来”表述正确；B选项“全国人民都认为支持教育的最好方式是使用联邦资金。”原文只是提到全民对公共教育感兴趣，并未说支持使用联邦资金，更未提及这是最好的方式；C选项“全国人都应该为了下一代的利益做出贡献”，原文并未提及，属于无中生有；D选项“受过教育的人决心用部分联邦资金帮助穷人”，原文没有该项信息。因此，本题正确答案为A项。9. 单选题In order to（ ）the ris

45、ing production costs, the subscription rates have been increased.问题1选项A.add up toB.look up toC.cut shortD.keep up with【答案】D【解析】词组辨析题。A选项add up to“合计达.，总共达.”；B选项look up to“尊敬”；C选项cut short“缩短，缩减”；D选项keep up with“跟上，赶上”。句意：为了跟上不断上涨的生产成本，订阅费已经提高了。选项D符合语境。10. 单选题Through the years, our view of what leade

46、rship is and who can exercise it has changed considerably. Leadership competencies have remained constant, but our understanding of what it is, how it works, and the ways in which people learn to apply it has shifted. We do have the beginning of a general theory of leadership, from history and socia

47、l research and above all from the thoughts of reflective practitioners such as Moses, Julius Caesar, and James Madison, and in our own time from such disparate sources of wisdom as Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Mao Tse-tung, and Henry Kissinger, who have very little in common except that they have not

48、been there but tried with some fairness to speculate on paper about it.But tales and reflective observation are not enough except to convince us that leaders are physically strong and abnormally hard workers. Today we are a little closer to understanding how and who people lead, but it wasnt easy ge

49、tting there. Decades of academic analysis have given us more than 350 definitions of leadership. Literally thousands of empirical investigations of leaders have been conducted in the last 75 years alone, but no clear understanding exists as to what distinguishes leaders from non-leaders, and perhaps

50、 more important, what distinguishes effective leaders from ineffective leaders and effective organizations from ineffective organizations.Never have so many labored so long to say so little. Multiple interpretations of leadership exist, each providing a fragment of insight but each remaining an inco

51、mplete and wholly inadequate explanation. Most of these definitions dont agree with each other, and many of them would seem quite remote to the leaders whose skills are being examined. Definitions reflect fashions, political tides and academic trends. They dont always reflect reality and sometimes t

52、hey just represent nonsense. Its as if what Braque once said about art is also true of leadership: The only thing that matters in art is the part that cannot be explained.Many theories of leadership have come and gone. Some looked at the leader. Some looked at the situation. None has stood the test

53、of time. With such a track record, it is understandable why leadership research and theory have been so frustrating as to deserve the label the la Brea Tar Pits of organizational inquiry. Located in Los Angeles, these asphalt pits house the remains of a long sequence of prehistoric animals that came

54、 to investigate but never left the area.1.Several big names are mentioned in the first paragraph mainly to show their（ ）.2.According to the writer, peoples opinions of leadership are on the whole quite（ ）.3.The writer thinks that（ ）.4.The la Brea Tar Pits probably signifies things that（ ）.5.This pas

55、sage is mainly concerned with（ ）?问题1选项A.different styles of leadershipB.effective exercise of leadershipC.contributions to the theory of leadershipD.wisdom in applying the theory of leadership问题2选项A.dividedB.originalC.misleadingD.sophisticated问题3选项A.many people have labored to be leadersB.leaders ar

56、e beyond our understandingC.the essence of leadership has not been graspedD.the definitions of leadership should vary问题4选项A.can be traced back to the prehistoric ageB.are traps for those who want to inquireC.are located in one place foreverD.dont deserve full investigation问题5选项A.the inaccurate defin

57、itions of leadershipB.the famous leaders and their theoriesC.the changes in the trend of leadershipD.the inconsistent theories of leadership【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。题干询问：第一段中提到这几位伟人的名字是为了表明什么？根据题干定位到原文第一段，由第一段最后一句可知，我们对领导力的初识源于历史和社会的研究，尤其是从反思性实践者的思想而来，譬如摩西、凯撒大帝和詹姆斯麦迪逊；在我们自己的时代就来源于甘地、

58、温斯顿丘吉尔、毛泽东和亨利基辛格等人的截然不同的思想。由此可知，第一段提及多位领导人的目的，是想表明他们对于领导力理论的贡献。因此本题正确答案选C。2.观点态度题。题干询问：作者认为，人们对领导力的看法总体上是怎样的。根据原文第三段Multiple interpretations of leadership exist.以及 Most of these definitions dont agree with each other可知，人们对领导力存在多种解释 并且大多数的定义都不一致。因此，作者认为人们对于领导力的观点是分化的，故本题正确答案为A项。3.观点态度题。由原文第二段Decades

59、of academic analysis have given us more than 350 definitions of leadership. Literally thousands of empirical investigations of leaders have been conducted in the last 75 years alone, but no clear understanding exists as to what distinguishes leaders from non-leaders, and perhaps more important, what

60、 distinguishes effective leaders from ineffective leaders and effective organizations from ineffective organizations.可知，几十年的学术分析为我们提供了350多种领导力的定义。仅在过去的75年里，人们就对领导者进行了成千上万的实证研究，但对于如何区分领导者和非领导者，或许更重要的是如何区分有效的领导者和无效的领导者，以及有效的组织和无效的组织，却没有明确的认识。由此可知，C选项 “领导力的本质还没有被掌握”符合题意，故本题正确答案为C项。4.词汇题。将the la Brea Ta

61、r Pits定位到原文最后一段， 由后文信息Located in Los Angeles, these asphalt pits house the remains of a long sequence of prehistoric animals that came to investigate but never left the area.可知，这些沥青坑位于洛杉矶，里面存放着一长串史前动物的遗骸，这些动物前来调查，但从未离开过这个地区。由此可知，这些沥青坑是那些想要问问题的人的陷阱。故本题正确答案为B选项。5.主旨大意题。文章第一段讲述了多年来，我们对什么是领导以及谁能行使领导职能的看

62、法发生了很大变化；第二段虽然我们对领导力的认识有了更进一步的认识，但是这样的研究还远远不够；最后两段讲了关于领导力的解释五花八门，但这些解释都不充分且互相抵触，许多理论都只是暂时的，经不住时间的考验。由此可知，文章主要阐述的是对于领导力的理论不一致，故本题正确答案为D项。11. 翻译题A.Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.Recently bad air pollution in Beijing has led to a flood of strong criticism from the countrys state-run me

63、dia.Government officials were ordered to reduce vehicle use over the weekend, according to the state-run Xinhua news agency, which also covered the pollution story extensively.Environmental protection authorities published daily air-quality measurements, but those didnt take into account the smaller pollution particles, known as PM2.5, that public health experts say are the most damaging to human health.Peoples Daily, meanwhile, ran a front-page editorial under the headline A Beautiful China S