2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解42

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1、2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Mary Barton, particularly in its early chapters, is a moving response to the suffering of theindustrial worker in the England of the 1840s. What is most impressive about the book is the intense and painstaking effort made by the author, Elizabeth Gaskell, t

2、o convey the experience of everyday life in working-class homes. Her method is partly documentary in nature: the novel includes such features as a carefully annotated reproduction of dialect, the exact details of food prices in an account of a tea party, an itemized description of the furniture of t

3、he Bartons living room, and a transcription(again annotated of the ballad “The Oldham Weaver.” The interest of this record is considerable, even though the method has a slightly distancing effect.As a member of the middle class, Gaskell could hardly help approaching working-class life as an outside

4、observer and a reporter, and the reader of the novel is always conscious of this fact. But there is genuine imaginative re-creation in her accounts of the walk in Green Heys Fields, of tea at the Bartons house, and of John Barton and his friends discovery of the starving family in the cellar in the

5、chapter “Poverty and Death.” Indeed, for a similarly convincing re-creation of such families emotions and responses (which are more crucial than the material details on which the mere reporter is apt to concentrate), the English novel had to wait 60 years for the early writing of D.H. Lawrence. If G

6、askell never quite conveys the sense of full participation that would completely authenticate this aspect of Mary Barton, she still brings to these scenes an intuitive recognition of feelings that has its own sufficient conviction.The chapter “Old Alices History” brilliantly dramatizes the situation

7、 of that early generation of workers brought from the villages and the countryside to the urban industrial centers. The account of Job Legh, the weaver and naturalist who is devoted to the study of biology, vividly embodies one kind of response to an urban industrial environment: an affinity for liv

8、ing things that hardens, by its very contrast with its environment, into a kind of crankiness. The early chapters - about factory workers walking out in spring into Green Heys Fields; about Alice Wilson, remembering in her cellar the twig-gathering for brooms in the native village that she will neve

9、r again see; about Job Lgh, intent on his impaled insects - capture the characteristic responses of a generation to the new and crushing experience of industrialism. The other early chapters eloquently portray the development of the instinctive cooperation with each other that was already becoming a

10、n important tradition among workers.1.Which of the following best describes the authors attitude toward Gaskells use of the method of documentary record in Mary Barton?According to the passage, Mary Barton and the early novels of D.H Lawrence share which of the following?2. Which of the following is

11、 most closely analogous to Job Legh in Mary Barton, as that character is described in the passage?3.It can be inferred from examples given in the last paragraph of the passage that which of the following was part of “the new and crushing experience of indusfrialism” (lines 33-34) for many 4.members

12、of the English working class in the nineteenth century?5.It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes that Mary Barton might have been an even better novel if Gaskell had（ ） .6.Which of the following phrases could best be substituted for the phrase this aspect of Mary Barton in line 20

13、-21 without changing the meaning of the passage as a whole?7.The author of the passage describes Mary Barton as each of the following EXCEPT问题1选项A.Uncritical enthusiasmB.Unresolved ambivalenceC.Qualified approvalD.Resigned acceptance问题2选项A.Depiction of the feelings of working-class families.B.Docume

14、ntary objectivity about working-class circumstances.C.Richly detailed description of working-class adjustment to urban life.D.Imaginatively structured plots about working-class characters.问题3选项A.An entomologist who collected butterflies as a childB.A small-town attorney whose hobby is nature photogr

15、aphy.C.A young man who leavers his familys dairy farm to start his own business.D.A city dweller who raises exotic plants on the roof of his apartment building.问题4选项A.Extortionate food pricesB.Geographical displacementC.Hazardous working conditionsD.Alienation from fellow workers问题5选项A.concentrated

16、on the emotions of a single characterB.made no attempt to re-create experiences of which she had no firsthand knowledge.C.made no attempt to reproduce working-class dialects.D.managed to transcend her position as an outsider.问题6选项A.the portrayal of the particular feelings and responses of working-cl

17、ass charactersB.the influence of Mary Barton on Lawrences early workC.the place of Maty Barton in the development of the English novelD.the extent of the poverty and physical suffering among Englands industrial workers in thel840s问题7选项A.insightfulB.lyricalC.vividD.poignant【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题

18、:D第6题:A第7题:B【解析】1.在文章第一段结尾the method has a slightly distancing effect: 这种方法略有轻微的距离效应。由此可知，作者对Gaskell的写作方式持轻微的批判态度， 认为这种方式会拉远读者与书中人物的距离。所以C选项有条件的同意正确。A选项不加批判的热情、B选项未解决的矛盾心理和C选项和D选项顺从接受排除。2.根据文章第一段：.a similar convincing re-creation of families emotion and response, the English novel.writing of D.H.Law

19、rence. 在创作家庭情感这情节上，有着令人信服的相似之处。由此可知，在描写家庭情感上，Gaskell和Lawrence有相似之处。 所以A选项描写工人家庭的情感符合题意。3.文章第二段，作者以JobLegh为例，讲述对自然充满热爱的乡下人离开乡村后，对城市工业环境的适应。所以C选项一位年轻人离开家里的乳牛场， 开始自己的事业符合题意。4.最后一段，作者以affinity for living things （对万物生灵的亲近感），walking out in spring into field （春天漫步在田野间），twig-gathering（收集树枝）等例子讲述地理位置的置换，使乡村人

20、进城后仍对大自然念念不忘。所以B选项地理置换正确。5.根据文章第一段：As a member of the middle class, Gaskell could hardly help approaching working-class life as an outside observer and a reporter：作为中产阶级的一 员，盖斯凯尔不可能走入工人阶级的生活中，她只能是一个局外观察者和一名记者。由此推断D选项设法摆脱其局外人的立场正确。6.题目句子在文章中之前的句子：such families emotions and responses： 这表家庭情感与反应。题干句子在文

21、章中之后的句子：to these scenes an intuitive recognition of feelings：直观感受情感的场景。由此推断this aspect of Mary Barton是指对工人的情感描述。所以A选项描述工人阶层人物的特殊情感与反应符合题意。7.整篇文章作者站在一个客观的立场，论述小说创作的理念， 写作方式，也指出小说的作者受到阶级的局限，对于工人阶级的更为真实的情况不能完全批露。由此得出A选项有深刻见解的、C生动的和D选项尖锐的，深刻的符合原文，B选项抒情的，不符合原文，符合题意。2. 单选题The first ancient Olympics were h

22、eld in 776 B.C. The games got their name from Olympia, the Greek city where they took place. Like the summer Olympics of today, the ancient Olympics were held every four years.Thousands of people from all over the Greek world came to watch. The main stadium held about 45,000 people. “We have account

23、s of visitors and pilgrims setting up tents all around the site.” Lisa Cerrato of Tufts University said.During the first Olympics, there was only one competition-a 200-meter race. But over time the games grew to include wrestling, racing, boxing, and other sports. Women were not allowed to compete,

24、but they had their own separate games.“The ancient athlete became celebrities, just like today. They often lived the rest of their lives being treated to free dinners.” Cerrato said, “City-states even tried to steal away each others athletes by offering them various awards.”The ancient Olympics exis

25、ted until A. D. 393. But the modem Olympics are still going strong.1.Where did the ancient Greeks hold their first Olympics?2.How did researchers know that ancient Greeks rushed to watch the Olympics?3.What did women do since they were not allowed to participate in the Olympics?4.The ancient athlete

26、s must have felt honored when they （ ）.5.It can be inferred from the fourth paragraph that （ ）.问题1选项A.In Athens.B.In Olympics.C.In a town.D.In a state.问题2选项A.Thousands of people came to watch.B.The main stadium was not big enough.C.Many of them were visitors and pilgrims.D.They have found the relate

27、d record of events.问题3选项A.They stayed at home doing nothing.B.They organized protests in the city.C.They had their own games.D.They set up tents around the site.问题4选项A.completed in a 200-meter raceB.wrestled with each otherC.read the accounts of the gamesD.received the treatment of free dinners问题5选项

28、A.city-states competed with each other to win the OlympicsB.the ancient athletes liked to celebrate their victoriesC.free dinners were offered during the competitionD.awards were often stolen to honor the athletes【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.根据第一段：The game got their name from Olympia, the Gree

29、k city where they took place.运动会得名于它的举办地一奥林匹亚，它是希腊的一个城市。确定C选项正确2.根据第二段：“ we have accounts of visitors and pilgrims .”确定C选项他们中许多是参观者和朝圣者正确。A选项数以千计的人来参观与题意不符。B选项主体育场不够大，文中提到体育场可容纳45,000人，与原文不符。D选项他们己经发现了有关运动会的记录文中未提及。3.根据文章第三段：Women were not allowed to compete, but they had their own separate games.女性

30、不允许参加比赛，但是她们可以有自己单独的比赛，确定C选项她们有她们自己的比赛正确。A选项她们呆在家里，什么也不做和B选项她们在城里组织抗议文中没有提及。D选项她们在比赛场地周围搭建帐篷与参观者与朝圣者搭建帐篷不符合，排除。4.根据第四段：The ancient athletes became celebrities, just like today. They often lived their rest of their lives being treated to free dinners.古时候的运动员就如同当今的大腕一样。他们经常终生可以享受免费就餐的待遇，确定D选项享受免费就餐的待遇

31、正确。A选项参加200米竞赛是比赛项目，不符合题意。B选项彼此较劲和C选项阅读比赛记录文中未提及。5.根据第四段：City-states even tried to steal away each others athletes by offering them various awards.”各城邦试图通过提供各种优厚福利来按对手的运动员，确定A选项各城邦为了在奥运会中获胜，彼此互想竞争正确。B选项古时候的运动员喜欢庆祝胜利文中未提及。C选项比赛中提供免费就餐与原文不符。D选项经常盗取奖赏以奖励运动员与原文不符。3. 翻译题The Internet, once the domain of e

32、ducation and government, has suddenly exploded into the commercial sector. From this we will witness dramatic changes in the way we work and the systems we will use. Java will have a very important role to play in this digital revolution allowing executable content that are safe to traverse and ride

33、 the Internet onto our desktops. A rich, interactive, three-dimensional “Second Web” is expected to evolve which will help to attract a larger audience than todays two-dimensional text-pictures model.New technologies are already beginning to transform the World Wide Web from its page-centric system

34、to one more like the real world-interactive, three-dimensional and animate.“The First Web” is primarily a medium for document access. It is fundamentally a reading experience with benefits often expressed in the savings achieved by eliminating paper-based processes. As a result, the Web applies to a

35、 limited part of our lives. It has not become a mass medium for the home like telephones and television sets.【答案】过去，互联网是教育和政府专用的，但是，现在它突然广泛应用于商业层面，由此， 我们发现我们的工作方式和使用的系统发生了巨大的变化。JAVA语言在这场数字革命中起了重要的作用，它使可执行文件可以通过互联网安全地传送到我们的计算机中。很快，会出现一个更丰富，互动的三维“第二代”网络，与今天的二维文本图像网络相比，它能吸引更多的用户。新技术已经开始把万维网从以网页为中心的系统变得

36、更加真实，更加有立体感以及更加栩栩如生。第一代网络是一种以文件访问为主的媒介。它的主要用途是阅读，优点是消除了很多文字和材料工作，节省了费用。因此，它在我们的生活中的应用很小。它并没有像电话的电视那样成为一种大众媒体。4. 翻译题The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about

37、and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person., as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in

38、 common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the lat

39、ter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.【答案】科学研究的方法只不过是人类思维活动的必要方式的表达；它只是对所有现象进行推理并给予精确和准确解释的方式。科研人员与普通人在思考方面的差别与下面的差别类似：如面包师或屠夫用普通的秤来秤量商品，而化学家用精密的天平和砝码来进行复杂的分析。关键不是使用的秤和天平在构造原理和工作方式上有什么差别，而是后者是一个更精密的仪器，当然测量结果就更准确。5. 翻译题Modern science has ope

40、ned up the path for the progress of production techniques and determined the direction of their development. Many new instruments of production and technological processes first see the light of day in the scientific laboratories. A series of newborn industries have been founded on the basis of newl

41、y-emerged disciplines of science and technology， of course, there are, and there will be, many theoretical research topics with no practical application in plain sight for the time being. However a host of historical facts have proved that once a major breakthrough is scored in theoretical research,

42、 it means tremendous progress for production and technology sooner or later.Contemporary natural sciences are being applied to production on an unprecedented scale and at a higher speed than ever before. This has given all fields of material production an entirely new look. In particular, the develo

43、pment of electronic computers and automation technology is raising the degree of automation in production. With the same amount of manpower and in the same number of work-hours, people can turn out scores or hundreds of times more products than before. How is it that the social productive forces hav

44、e made such tremendous advances and how is it that labor productivity has increased by such a big margin? Mainly through the power of science, the power of technology. Therefore, we maintain that the development of modern science and technology has linked science and production even closer together.

45、 As part of the productive forces, science and technology are coming to play an even greater role than ever before.【答案】【参考译文】现代科学为生产技术的进步开辟了道路，决定了生产技术的发展方向。许多新的生产设备和工艺流程首先在科学实验室中问世。在新兴科技学科的基础上，建立了一系列新兴产业。当然，目前和将来都会有许多理论研究课题暂时没有明显的实用性。然而，大量的历史事实证明，理论研究一旦取得重大突破，就意味着生产和技术迟早会取得巨大的进步。当代自然科学正以前所未有的规模和速度应用

46、于生产。这给了所有材料生产领域一个全新的面貌。特别是，电子计算机和自动化技术的发展提高了生产中的自动化程度。在相同的人力和工作时间内，人们可以生产出比以前多几十倍或几百倍的产品。社会生产力是怎样取得巨大进步的？劳动生产率又是如何大幅度提高的？主要通过科学的力量，技术的力量。因此，我们认为，现代科学技术的发展使科学与生产的联系更加紧密。作为生产力的一部分，科学技术将发挥前所未有的重要作用。6. 单选题The industrialization of Europe which started in the 18th century produced urban slims which were s

47、wept periodically by epidemics of typhoid and typhus. While isolated geographically from the scourges of Europe, America was occasionally hit with epidemics of its own, especially in the growing east coast cities. Recognizing that disease may be coming from the ships that docked in their ports, citi

48、es instituted quarantines during outbreaks. Treatments for widespread disease, however, did not improve.In 1847, the newly-formed American Medical Association sponsored an investigation of large U.S cities and found that living conditions for many residents had become as bad as the worst slums of Eu

49、rope. It concluded that without improvements in hygiene and living standards, European-type epidemics would soon hit American cities. It also advocated collecting vital statistics to track the countrys birth and death rates. Soon after this, many bureaus of vital statistics were organized. Including

50、 in Ohio, where birth and death statistics were collected at the country level beginning in 1867. Local sanitary commissions formed in cities and towns, spurred on by reform movements which stressed healthier living and clean water. The Massachusetts Sanitary Commission, for example, sought better v

51、enting of city homes to remove any noxious odors and fumes that might cause disease. To provide plentiful water, 32 waterworks were built in the country by 1825, and almost 600 were added by 1880. Unfortunately it was assumed that free-flowing water was pure, so the first filtration plant was not bu

52、ilt until 1871. The first national convention to establish uniform quarantine laws, met in Philadelphia in May 1857, and four more such conventions to discuss public health issues were held before the Civil War disrupted the movement.The American Public Health Association was founded in 1872 by some

53、 of those who attended these earlier conventions. The following year the number of boards of health in the U.S. Increased from 4 to 123. The most significant event in the public health movement, however, was the development of the germ theory and the realization that disease could be contagious.1.Am

54、erica was protected from the periodic epidemics of typhoid and typhus in Europe because of （ ）.2.The word “hygiene” in line 13 is closest in meaning to（ ） .3.What fear did the American Medical Association have?4.Which of the following actions does the author imply was done in response to the America

55、n Medical Association recommendations?5.The word “noxious” in line 22 is closest in meaning to .6.The first filtration plant was not built until 1871 because（ ） .7.The word “contagious” in line 36 is closest in meaning to（ ） .8.Throughout the passage, the author implies that public health （ ）.问题1选项A

56、.better sanitationB.less urban slumsC.delayed industrializationD.geographical isolation问题2选项A.salaryB.SanitationC.protectionD.behavior问题3选项A.that living standards would not improveB.that American slums would be as bad as those in EuropeC.that American slums could lead to European-type epidemicsD.tha

57、t without improvements，American cities would become like European cities问题4选项A.collecting vital statisticsB.quarantine facilitiesC.removing noxious odors and fumesD.geographical isolation of disease问题5选项A.harmfulB.unpleasantC.lingeringD.obvious问题6选项A.of disruption by the Civil WarB.uniform quarantin

58、e laws could not be agreed upon at the first national conventionC.it took a total of five national conventions to agree on uniform quarantine lawsD.free-flowing water was thought to be pure问题7选项A.seriousB.inheritedC.containedD.catching问题8选项A.was regarded as a Europe problemB.was slower to develop in

59、 American than in EuropeC.treatments were not developed with an understanding of the threatsD.actions were usually uniformed and ineffective【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A第6题:A第7题:D第8题:D【解析】1.细节判断题。根据文章第一段While isolated geographically from the scourges of Europe, America was occasionally hit with epid

60、emics of its own, especially in the growing east coast cities.由于美国的地理位置远离欧洲，所以是偶尔受到影响，避免了周期性的传染。所以D选项地理位置符合题意。2.词义推测题。上文提到美国医学会发现美国居民的生活环境十分恶劣， 急需提高 A “薪水”、C “保护”和D “行为”都与改善城市的居民生活环境没有关系，排除。文章第二段末尾处提到卫生委员会在各个城市及乡镇 中开始成立，出现了 Sanitaiy，所以B选项环境卫生符合题意。3.语义理解题。第二段开头提到美国医学会通过调查发现大多数美国城市的生活环境和欧洲最差的贫民窟相差无几。如

61、果不提高卫生和生活条件，欧洲的流行病会袭击美国。因为美国医学会担心美国恶劣的生活环境会引发类似欧洲的流行病，所以C选项美国的贫民窟可能会导致欧洲式的流行病符合题意。A “生活条件没有改善”、B “美国贫民窟生活条件会和欧洲的一样差”以及D“如果生活条件不改善，美国城市就会和欧洲城市一样”是美国医学会得出的结论，不是他们害怕的事情。4.细节判断题。第二段第三句的主语为“It”，指American Medical Association “advocated” v.主张，提倡，和题干中 “recommendationn.提倡”意思基本一致。所以可以推断答案为A。B “检疫机构”在疫情爆发期间由城市

62、建立。C “消除有害气体” 是Massachusetts Sanitary的任务。D “远离病源”是客观存在事实。因此排除B、C、D。5.词义推测题。.any noxious odors and fumes that might cause disease” 中that引导定语从句解释前面的“noxious odors and fumes”。只有A“Harmful”与“might cause disease”意思相同，所以A选项正确。6.语义理解题。因为B、C选项文章中都没有提及。文章第二段最后提到“不幸的是， 纯净的自来水厂到1871年才建成。”，D “自来水应该是纯净的”不符合文意。第二段

63、最后一句提到“公共卫生领域运动由于内战而中断。”所以A选项正确。7.词义推测题。全文都在谈论美国意识到病源是从欧洲传染来的，为了降低疾病发生率，因此采取了一系列措施提高居民的生活环境，所以D选项“传染的”符合题意。8.根据文中第一段Treatments for widespread disease, however, did not improve 文中倒数第二段 Unfortunately it was assumed that free-flowing water was pure, so the first filtration plant was not built until 1871.都表明作者认为出现卫生问题时， 人们显得无知以及所做的行为无效。所以D选项（卫生问 题）的行动总是显得无知和无效正确。文中只说European-type epidemics would soon hit American cities .并不能得到 A 选项公共卫生问题被看作如同欧洲难题的结论。The following year the number of boards of health in the U.S. Increased from 4 to 123.可以证明 treatme