2022-2023年考博英语-华东交通大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第45期

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1、2022-2023年考博英语-华东交通大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Inquiries（ ）the condition of patients may be made personally or by telephone.问题1选项A.regardingB.consideringC.followingD.relating【答案】A【解析】考查介词辨析。A选项 regarding“关于，至于”，B选项considering“考虑到，就.而言”，C选项following“意为下述，由于”，D选项relating“关联，联系”，句意：有关病人情况的询问可亲自或电话询问。因此，A选项符合句意

2、。2. 翻译题In fact, the robots that are doing the most for you and me the industrial robots dont even have a head. A tiny microprocessor capable of fitting on a silicon chip the size of a pea makes up part of the robots “brain”. Several of these silicon chips are placed on two or three printed circuit b

3、oards to provide the input and memory bank functions. When plugged into an electrical outlet, this assembly of microprocessors, much like the human brain, transmits electrical impulses along pathways which run from the computer itself down the robots arm and into its hand. In humans, these pathways

4、are the nerve fibers; in robots, they are electrical cables.【答案】【参考译文】事实上，那些对人类贡献最大的机器人工业机器人甚至连头都没有。一个能装在豌豆大小的硅芯片上的微型处理器，构成了机器人“大脑的一部分”。几块这样的芯片被放置在两到三块印刷电路板上，提供输入和记忆库的功能。当插入电源插座时，这组微型处理器就像人类的大脑一样，将电脉冲从计算机本身传递到机器人的手臂，再传递到它的手。对人类来说，这些路径是神经纤维，而对机器人来说，它们就是电缆。3. 单选题In the light of the current situation,

5、I have to review my plans.问题1选项A.Throwing light onB.In line withC.In accordance withD.In terms of【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项Throwing light on“阐明”；B选项In line with“符合”；C选项In accordance with“依照”；D选项In terms of“在方面”。句意：鉴于目前的形势，我得重新考虑我的计划。划线部分In the light of是根据、按照的意思。因此C选项正确。4. 单选题People will be looking in to se

6、e how good we are now and whether our success has just been a（ ）in the pan.问题1选项A.flareB.glitterC.sparkD.flash【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项flare“闪耀”；B选项glitter“灿烂”；C选项spark“火花”；D选项flash“闪光”。句意：人们会来看看我们现在有多好，我们的成功是否只是昙花一现。flash in the pan，固定搭配，“昙花一现”。因此D选项正确。5. 翻译题1. 科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严

7、肃解释的表达方式。（3）2. 按照Sveiby的观点来看，既然知识是个无形的关键资产，将知识从一个员工传递给另一个员工，或者从外部资源传递给员工的能力就是企业的一个重要能力。（4）3. 就像因事故而堵在晚间高峰路上发怒的司机一样，如果网页打开很慢或者不能很快进入网页时，上网的人就会坐立不安。（4）4. 正是这个信息系统影响着人们医疗保健的范围和质量，它使社会服务更加公正，它提高了个人的舒适度，为安全和自由行动采取更多的措施。（4）【答案】1. The method of scientific research is nothing more than a necessary expressio

8、n of the activity of the human mind, that is, an expression that contemplates and gives a precise and serious explanation of all phenomena.2. From Sveibys point of view, since knowledge is a key intangible asset, the ability to transfer knowledge from one employee to another, or from external resour

9、ces to employees, is an important capability of an enterprise.3. Like a driver stuck in an accident and fuming on the evening rush hour road, people who surf the Internet can get fidgety if the page opens slowly or they cant get to it quickly enough.4. It is this information system that influences t

10、he scope and quality of peoples health care, it makes social services more just, it increases the comfort of individuals and takes more measures for safety and free movement.6. 单选题The temperature of the atmosphere becomes colder as elevation increases.问题1选项A.altitudeB.aptitudeC.latitudeD.longitude【答

11、案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项altitude“海拔”；B选项aptitude“天资”；C选项latitude“纬度”；D选项longitude“经度”。句意：海拔越高，大气温度越低。划线部分elevation是海拔的意思。因此A选项正确。7. 单选题Although it was his first experience as chairman, he（ ）over the meeting with great skill.问题1选项A.presidedB.administeredC.masteredD.executed【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项presided“主持

12、”；B选项administered“管理”；C选项mastered“支配”；D选项executed“实行”。句意：虽然这是他第一次当主席，但他还是娴熟地主持了这次会议。本句表示主持会议，只有presided才能与over搭配。因此A选项正确。8. 单选题There is growing（ ）among ecologists that biodiversity cannot be adequately conserved by protected areas alone.问题1选项A.consensusB.concessionC.conceptionD.contention【答案】A【解析】考查

13、名词辨析。A选项consensus“共识，一致”，B选项concession“让步，妥协”，C选项conception“构想，怀孕”，D选项contention“争论，观点”。句意:生态学家们越来越一致认为，仅靠保护区是不能充分保护生物多样性的。因此，A选项符合句意。9. 单选题The role of a professional（ ）is to help two parties solve conflict or appease dispute through skillful use of language.问题1选项A.senatorB.supervisorC.negotiatorD.m

14、ediator【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项senator“参议员”，B选项supervisor“监督人，指导者”，C选项negotiator“谈判人，协商者”，D选项mediator“调停者”，句意：专业谈判者的作用是通过熟练运用语言来帮助双方解决冲突或平息争端。因此，C选项符合句意。10. 单选题Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance were determined b

15、y technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In th

16、e development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.The creative shaping proce

17、ss of a technologists mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the c

18、ombustion chamber? Where should be the valves played? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions, such as wall thickness a

19、nd pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock in trade of

20、the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail “hard thinking”, nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive process and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the His

21、toric American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric (等距) views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architect

22、ural schools.If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high sp

23、eed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations, they are a reflection of the chaos that results when desig

24、n is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.1. According to the author, what is the use of nonscientific thinking?2.It can be inferred that the engineering curricula（ ）.3.By saying “paradoxical” in the third paragraph, the author points out that（ ）.4.Which of the following is probably in a

25、ccordance with the authors idea?问题1选项A.Critical thinking may be derived from nonscientific thinking.B.Many features and qualities of an object can be imagined.C.Many objects are created with clear verbal descriptions.D.People from different trades may benefit from nonscientific thinking.问题2选项A.are s

26、trong despite the absence of nonscientific modes of thinkingB.should not emphasize nonverbal thinking in all coursesC.are thought to include verbal or mathematical courseD.can be strengthened when they include courses in design问题3选项A.engineering students do not understand the history of American eng

27、ineeringB.engineering students should know more than architectural studentsC.engineering students should perceive and design better than architectural students doD.engineering students neglect the importance of drawings问题4选项A.Mathematical thinking is essential to any design course.B.Nonverbal thinki

28、ng has its advantages over other perceptive processes.C.Engineering design demands scientific thought.D.Artists play a primitive role in engineering work.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。由题干关键词“nonscientific thinking”可以定位到文章第一段第一句but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance were d

29、etermined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers using nonscientific modes of thought.（但它们的形式和功能、尺寸和外观是由技术人员、工匠、设计师、发明家和工程师用非科学的思维模式决定的。），说明各个行业的人都可以用到非科学的思维模式。因此D选项“不同行业的人可能从非科学思维中受益”正确。A选项“批判性思维可能来源于非科学思维”，文中没有提及批判性思维，所以A错误。B选项“一个物体的许多特征和品质是可以想象的”不是说的非科学性思维的用处，所以B错误。C选项“许多

30、对象都是用清晰的语言描述创建的”，由原文Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions（技术专家思考的对象的许多特征和品质不能简化为明确的语言描述），说明不能用清晰的语言描述创建，所以C错误。2.推理判断题。由题干关键词“engineering curricula”可以定位到文章第三段第一句Design courses, then, should be an essential elem

31、ent in engineering curricula.（因此，设计课程应该是工程课程的一个基本元素。），说明设计课程对于工程学课程来说很重要。因此D选项“如果工程学课程包括设计课的话，课程会得到加强”正确。A选项“尽管缺乏非科学的思维模式，但仍然很强大”，由原文Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock in trade of the artist, not the scientist.（非语言思维是工程设计的核心机制，它涉及到感知，是艺术家而非

32、科学家的惯用手段。）可知工程学课程包含了非科学思维，所以A错误。B选项“不应在所有课程中强调非语言思维”，C选项“被认为包括语言或数学课程”在文中没有提及，所以B，C错误。3.语义推测题。由题干关键词“paradoxical”可以定位到文章第三段第四句But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for

33、 its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.（但自相矛盾的是，当美国工程历史记录的工作人员希望让人画出机器的图纸和工业过程的等距视图，用于其对美国工程的历史记录时，具备必要能力的大学生却不是工科生，而是就读于建筑学院的学生。），说明要求非语言思维的工程专业学生本应该有更好

34、的感知和设计能力，但他们却不如建筑学院的学生，这是自相矛盾的。因此C选项“工程专业的学生应该比建筑专业的学生更好地感知和设计”正确。A选项“工程专业的学生不了解美国工程的历史”，B选项“工程专业的学生应该比建筑专业的学生懂得更多”，D选项“工程专业的学生忽视了图纸的重要性”都不是作者想指出的内容，所以A，B，D错误。4.观点态度题。A选项“数学思维对任何设计课程都是必不可少的”，由原文they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathem

35、atics.（当设计被认为主要是一个数学问题时，它们反映了产生的混乱。），说明数学思维对于设计来说不是必不可少的，所以A错误。C选项“工程设计需要科学的思想”，由原文可知作者强调的是非科学思维，所以C错误。D选项“艺术家在工程工作中扮演着原始的角色”在文中没有提及所以D错误。B选项“非语言思维比其他知觉过程有优势”，由原文可知在很多方面都需要用到非语言思维，说明作者认为非语言思维是有优势的，所以B选项最能代表作者的观点。11. 翻译题I dont recall French civilization feeling so important in my lifetime. There will

36、 be ugly arguments over the coming weeks, once the first shock passes, over who was responsible, how this disaster happened, what negligence was involved. But in those silent, reverent, hymn-singing crowds on the streets of Paris, I also saw the possibility of a French coming-together in the determi

37、nation to rebuild not only the Notre-Dame cathedral, but also a nation shaken by the violence of the Yellow Vest movement and the social divisions it reflects. The story of Notre-Dame is a story of endurance and rebirth.【答案】在我的一生中，法国文明从未有过如此重要的感觉。在接下来的几周内，一旦第一波冲击过去，谁应该对此负责，这场灾难是如何发生的，哪些过失牵涉其中，将会有令人不

38、快的争论。但在那些沉默的,虔诚的,只需人群在巴黎街头,我也看到了一个法国相遇了的可能性的决心重建不仅圣母院大教堂,也是一个国家遭受的暴力黄色背心运动和社会部门反映。巴黎圣母院的故事是一个关于忍耐和重生的故事。12. 单选题The planet Venus, like Earth, spins on its own（ ）as it orbits the Sun.问题1选项A.splinterB.indexC.axisD.trace【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项splinter“碎片”；B选项index“指数”；C选项axis “轴线”；D选项trace“痕迹”。句意：金星和地球一样，

39、绕着太阳公转，也绕着自己的轴心自转。本句表示自转轴。因此C选项正确。13. 单选题Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a babys life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be re

40、al: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes may not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye which is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American fou

41、r-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mothers back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese ad

42、ults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus ones gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of ones conversation partner”.The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well define

43、d: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, ke

44、ep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker re-establishes eye contact: If they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will p

45、ause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and

46、unpredictable pauses.1. The author is convinced that the eyes are（ ）.2.Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person（ ）.3.According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break down due to（ ）.4.To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for the participants（ ）.问题1选项

47、A.of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideasB.something through which one can see a persons inner worldC.of considerable significance in making conversations interestingD.something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate问题2选项A.whose front view is fully perceivedB

48、.whose face is covered with a maskC.whose face is seen from the sideD.whose face is free of any covering.问题3选项A.one temporarily glancing away from the otherB.eye contact of more than one secondC.improperly-timed ceasing of eye contactD.constant adjustment of eye contact问题4选项A.not to wear dark specta

49、clesB.not to make any interruptionsC.not to glance away from each otherD.not to make unpredictable pauses【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文第一段首句“Whether the eyes are the windows of the soul is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact.” 眼睛是不是“心灵

50、的窗户”是有争议的;它们在人际交往中非常重要，这是一个事实。A选项“在表达感情和交换思想方面是极为重要的”，B选项“可以看到一个人内心世界的东西”，C选项“在使谈话变得有趣方面具有相当重要的意义”，D选项“它的价值在很大程度上是一个长期争论的问题”。因此，A选项符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文，“Significantly, a real human face with eyes may not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye which is presented in profile.”值得注意的是，一张有

51、眼睛的真实的人脸可能不会让人发笑，而只看到一只眼睛的侧面也不会让人发笑。A选项“正面被完全感知”，B选项“脸上戴着面具”，C选项“从侧面看脸”，D选项“脸部没有任何遮盖物”。因此，C选项符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文“If they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation.”如果对方没看，说话者就会认为对方不感兴趣，就会停

52、下来等对方继续看他，或者终止谈话。A选项“一个人暂时把目光从另一个人身上移开”，B选项“眼神交流超过一秒”，C选项“不合时宜地停止眼神接触”，D选项“不断调整眼神接触”。因此，C选项符合题意。4.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文的最后一段的最后一句，“Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic

53、jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.”当两个说话的人都戴着墨镜时，就会清楚地看到这种眼动对保持谈话顺畅有多么重要:谈话中可能会出现由于打断、错误的开始和不可预知的停顿而造成的语塞，A选项“不要戴黑眼镜”，B选项“不要打岔”，C选项“不要把目光从对方身上移开”，D选项“不要出人意料地停顿”。因此，C选项符合题意。14. 单选题While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to

54、be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans h

55、ave shown that sex hormones somehow affects the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their c

56、hemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “Its not necessarily that women dont cope as well. Its just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolera

57、ting stress may even be greater than mens,” she observes, “its just that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in

58、 more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family numbers, and th

59、ey tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that

60、 that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experience

61、s the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarezs experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function

62、.1. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs？2.Dr. Yehudas research suggests that women（ ）3.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be（ ）4.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 4, Para. 5) shows that（ ）5.Which of the following would

63、be the best title for the text?问题1选项A.Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.B.Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.C.Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.D.Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.问题2选项A.have limited capacity for tolerating stress.B.need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.C.are exposed to more stress.D.are more capable of avoiding stress.问题3选项A.domestic and temporary.B.durable and frequent.C.irregular and violent.D.trivial and random.问题4选项A.Alvarez cared about nothing but making m