华晨宝马齿轮齿条转向器的设计(含CAD零件装配图SolidWorks三维图、word说明书)
上海工程技术大学毕业设计(毕业论文)任务书学 院汽车工程学院专 业机械设计制造及其自动化(汽车工程)(中美合作)班级学号 0621102/062108217学 生吴远江指导教师李传昌 题 目华晨宝马齿轮齿条式转向器的设计任务规定进行日期 自 2015 年 2 月 17 日起,至 2015 年 6 月 20 日止一、题目来源、目的、意义本题目为设计类实际课题,来源于华晨宝马齿轮齿条式转向器的设计过程。我国生产的宝马车齿轮齿条式转向器从仿制开始起步,近期产品的质量较早期有所提高。 但受国产配套件质量及设计水平等的影响,我国目前生产的宝马车的总体水平与进口产品及港口用户的要求仍有较大差距,齿轮齿条式转向器的生产也是如此,为满足市场需求,特开发华晨宝马齿轮齿条式转向器。通过对华晨宝马齿轮齿条式转向器的设计,能培养学生综合运用所学的基本理论、基本知识解决问题的能力,培养学生英语阅读和翻译能力,学习专用汽车设计经验,掌握汽车设计基本方法。二、主要工作内容(1)检索查阅相关文献资料,市场调研,了解华晨宝马车齿轮齿条式转向器的研究与使用情况。(2)以华晨宝马车辆为例熟悉齿轮齿条式转向器传动系统。(3)协同其余组员,根据华晨宝马齿轮齿条式转向器的功能和性能要求,针对已有转向器进行改型设计。(4)根据改型设计结果,绘制转向器操作系统装配图、零件图。(5)撰写设计计算说明书,完成毕业设计(论文)。三、主要技术指标(或主要论点)车身 长度 4520mm 宽度1817mm,车重 1395kg轴距(mm):2760发动机最大功率 110KW ,马力150P最大功率转速6200r/min,最大扭矩 200NM最大扭矩转速(rpm) 3600,驱动方式:前置后驱满足安全和结构强度要求四、进度计划调查研究,熟悉设计内容,收集文献资料,时间占2025(约2周);设计任务分析与实施方案的确定,写出立案审核表;时间占35(约1周);实施设计、计算、绘图,论文起草时间占4550(约5周);整理论文,时间占58(约1周);毕业论文答辩,时间占35(约1周)。五、主要参考资料(外文资料至少一篇)1高象平,李齐隆等.齿轮齿条式转向器零部件优化设计M.广州:广东科技出版社,19872周纪良.齿轮齿条式转向器结构型式和结构图谱J.农业机械学报,1979(2):3陈立周.机械优化设计方法M.北京:冶金工业出版社,19854周纪良.转向器传动系统的设计M.北京:机械工业出版社,19915程悦荪.华晨宝马齿轮齿条式转向器的设计M.北京:中国农业出版社,19816宝马车辆编辑部主编.华晨宝马齿轮齿条式转向器的设计和计算M.上海:上海科学技术出版社,19807 Charles W. Beardsly, Mechanical Engineering, ASME, Regents Publishing Company,Inc,1998. 六、系审批意见 系主任(签名): 七、院领导审核意见 院领导(签名): 八、学生实际完成日期 九、同组设计(论文)者 4摘 要 本论文根据对齿轮齿条式转向器的研究以及资料的查阅,着重阐述了齿轮齿条式转向器类型选择,不同类型齿轮齿条式转向器的优缺点和各种类型齿轮齿条式转向器应用状况。 根据原有数据计算转向系的传动比,并确定齿轮齿条的几何参数。 齿轮齿条式转向器总体设计,受力分析,及对齿轮齿条的疲劳强度校核、齿根弯曲疲劳强度校核。修正齿轮 齿条式转向器中不合理的数据。通过对齿轮齿条式转向器的设计,选取出相关的零件如螺钉、轴承等,并在说明书中画出相关零件的零件图。通过说明书并画出齿轮齿条式转向器的零件图。 本题目为设计类实际课题,来源于华晨宝马齿轮齿条式转向器的设计过程。我国生产的宝马车齿轮齿条式转向器从仿制开始起步,近期产品的质量较早期有所提高。但受国产配套件质量及设计水平等的影响,我国目前生产的宝马车的总体水平,与进口产品及港口用户的要求仍有较大差距,齿轮齿条式转向器的生产也是如此,为满足市场需求,特开发华晨宝马齿轮齿条式转向器。通过对华晨宝马齿轮齿条式转向器的设计,能培养学生综合运用所学的基本理论、基本知识解决问题的能力,培养学生英语阅读和翻译能力,学习专用汽车设计经验,掌握汽车设计基本方法。关键词:齿轮齿条;转向器;基本理论;汽车设计AbstractWith development of all kind of science technology and global economy, Pneumatic manipulator is a automated devices that can mimic the human hand and arm movements to do something,aslo can according to a fixed procedure to moving objects or control tools. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety.Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic energy sectors.The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure,atcompressedneceengththdirectionprocedurework.Theinvertedpendulumisatypicalhighordersystem,withmultivariable,non-linear, strong-coupling,fleetandabsolutelyinstable.Itisrepresentativeasanidealmodeltoprovenewcontroltheoryandtechniques.Duringthecontrolprocess,pendulumcaneffectivelyreflectmanykeyproblemssuchasequanimity,robust,follow-upandtrack,therefore.Thispaperstudiesacontrolmethodofdoubleinvertedpendulum.Firstofall,themathematicalmodelofthedoubleinvertedpendulumisestablished,thenmakeacontroldesigntodoubleinvertedpendulumonthemathematicalmodel,anddeterminethesystemperformanceindexweightmatrix,byusinggeneticalgorithminordertoattainthesystemstatefeedbackcontrolmatrix.Finally,thesimulationofthesystemismadeby.Afterseveraltestmatrixvaluetheresultsarenotsatisfactoryresponse,thenweoptimizematrixbyusingGeneticAlgorithm.Simulationresultsshow:ThesystemresponsecanmeetthedesignrequirementseffectivelyafterGeneticAlgorithmoptimization.Small twisted paper broken machine for ordinary home, not only can be used for minced meat, can also be used with crushed peanuts, crushed ice, spices and otherfood, small power requirements, powered by the motor drive, reasonable structuredesign.Key word: Rack and pinion;steering ; basic throey ; car design 目 录摘要2Abstract3第一章 绪论4 1.1 课题的来源与研究的目的和意义 5 1.2 汽车转向装置的发展趋势6第二章 华晨宝马齿轮齿条转向器总体结构的设计7 2.1 齿轮齿条转向器的总体方案图8 2.2 齿轮齿条转向器的转向原理9 2.3 传动比的计算10 2.3.1汽车方向盘(转向盘)11 2.3.2转向阻力矩11 2.3.3角传动比与力传动比12 2.4 齿轮设计12 2.4.1 齿轮参数的选择12 2.4.2齿轮几何尺寸确定12 2.4.3齿根弯曲疲劳强度计算12 2.4.4齿轮精度等级、材料及参数的选择12 2.4.5齿轮的齿根弯曲强度设计12 2.5齿条的设计12 2.6齿轮轴的设计12第三章 各主要零部件强度的校核15 3.1轴承强度的校核与计算16 3.2传动轴强度的校核计算17第四章 齿轮齿条转向器中主要零件的三维建模20 4.1方向盘的三维建模22 4.2转向轴的三维建模22 4.3动力缸体的三维建模23 4.4齿轮齿条转向器的三维建模24第五章 三维软件设计总结24结论25致谢26参考文献27第一章绪论1.1课题的来源与研究的目的和意义 机械工业是国民的装备部,是为国民经济提供装备和为人民生活提供耐用消费品的产业。不论是传统产业,还是新兴产业,都离不开各种各样的机械装备,机械工业所提供装备的性能、质量和成本,对国民经济各部门技术进步和经济效益有很大的和直接的影响。机械工业的规模和技术水平是衡量国家经济实力和科学技术水平的重要标志。因此,世界各国都把发展机械工业作为发展本国经济的战略重点之一。 机械工程的服务领域广阔而多面,凡是使用机械、工具,以至能源和材料生产的部门,都需要机械工程的服务。概括说来,现代机械工程有五大服务领域:研制和提供能量转换机械、研制和提供用以生产各种产品的机械、研制和提供从事各种服务的机械、研制和提供家庭和个人生活中应用的机械、研制和提供各种机械武器。 不论服务于哪一领域,机械工程的工作内容基本相同,主要有:建立和发展机械工程的工程理论基础。例如,研究力和运动的工程力学和流体力学;研究金属和非金属材料的性能,及其应用的工程材料学;研究热能的产生、传导和转换的热力学;研究各类有独立功能的机械元件的工作原理、结构、设计和计算的机械原理和机械零件学;研究金属和非金属的成形和切削加工的金属工艺学和非金属工艺学等等。 研究、设计和发展新的机械产品,不断改进现有机械产品和生产新一代机械产品,以适应当前和将来的需要。机械产品的生产,包括:生产设施的规划和实现;生产计划的制订和生产调度;编制和贯彻制造工艺;设计和制造工具、模具;确定劳动定额和材料定额;组织加工、装配、试车和包装发运;对产品质量进行有效的控制。机械制造企业的经营和管理。机械一般是由许多各有独特的成形、加工过程的精密零件组装而成的复杂的制品。生产批量有单件和小批,也有中批、大批,直至大量生产。销售对象遍及全部产业和个人、家庭。而且销售量在社会经济状况的影响下,可能出现很大的波动。因此,机械制造企业的管理和经营特别复杂,企业的生产管理、规划和经营等的研究也多是肇始于机械工业。 机械产品的应用。这方面包括选择、订购、验收、安装、调整、操作、维护、修理和改造各产业所使用的机械和成套机械装备,以保证机械产品在长期使用中的可靠性和经济性。机械产品的应用。这方面包括选择、订购、验收、安装、调整、操作、维护、修理和改造各产业所使用的机械和成套机械装备,以保证机械产品在长期使用中的可靠性和经济性。 研究机械产品在制造过程中,尤其是在使用中所产生的环境污染,和自然资源过度耗费方面的问题,及其处理措施。这是现代机械工程的一项特别重要的任务,而且其重要性与日俱增。机械的种类繁多,可以按几个不同方面分为各种类别,如:按功能可分为动力机械、物料搬运机械、粉碎机械等;按服务的产业可分为农业机械、矿山机械、纺织机械等;按工作原理可分为热力机械、流体机械、仿生机械等。另外,机械在其研究、开发、设计、制造、运用等过程中都要经过几个工作性质不同的阶段。按这些不同阶段,机械工程又可划分为互相衔接、互相配合的几个分支系统,如机械科研、机械设计、机械制造、机械运用和维修等。 这些按不同方面分成的多种分支学科系统互相交叉,互相重叠,从而使机械工程可能分化成上百个分支学科。例如,按功能分的动力机械,它与按工作原理分的热力机械、流体机械、透平机械、往复机械、蒸汽动力机械、核动力装置、内燃机、燃气轮机,以及与按行业分的中心电站设备、工业动力装置、铁路机车、船舶轮机工程、汽车工程等都有复杂的交叉和重叠关系。船用汽轮机是动力机械,也是热力机械、流体机械和透平机械,它属于船舶动力装置、蒸汽动力装置,可能也属于核动力装置等等。 19世纪时,机械工程的知识总量还很有限,在欧洲的大学院校中它一般还与土木工程综合为一个学科,被称为民用工程,19世纪下半叶才逐渐成为一个独立学科。进入20世纪,随着机械工程技术的发展和知识总量的增长,机械工程开始分解,陆续出现了专业化的分支学科。这种分解的趋势在20世纪中期,即在第二次世界大战结束的前后期间达到了最高峰。由于机械工程的知识总量已扩大到远非个人所能全部掌握,一定的专业化是必不可少的。但是过度的专业化造成知识过分分割,视野狭窄,不能统观和统筹稍大规模的工程的全貌和全局,并且缩小技术交流的范围,阻碍新技术的出现和技术整体的进步,对外界条件变化的适应能力很差。封闭性专业的专家们掌握的知识过狭,考虑问题过专,在协同工作时配合协调困难,也不利于继续自学提高。因此自20世纪中、后期开始,又出现了综合的趋势。人们更多地注意了基础理论,拓宽专业领域,合并分化过细的专业。械工程以增加生产、提高劳动生产率、提高生产的经济性为目标来研制和发展新的机械产品。在未来的时代,新产品的研制将以降低资源消耗,发展洁净的再生能源,治理、减轻以至消除环境污染作为超经济的目标任务。 机械可以完成人用双手和双目,以及双足、双耳直接完成和不能直接完成的工作,而且完成得更快、更好。现代机械工程创造出越来越精巧和越来越复杂的机械和机械装置,使过去的许多幻想成为现实。人类现在已能上游天空和宇宙,下潜大洋深层,远窥百亿光年,近察细胞和分子。新兴的电子计算机硬、软件科学使人类开始有了加强,并部分代替人脑的科技手段,这就是人工智能。这一新的发展已经显示出巨大的影响,而在未来年代它还将不断地创造出人们无法想象的奇迹。人类智慧的增长并不减少双手的作用,相反地却要求手作更多、更精巧、更复杂的工作,从而更促进手的功能。手的实践反过来又促进人脑的智慧。在人类的整个进化过程中,以及在每个人的成长过程中,脑与手是互相促进和平行进化的。 人工智能与机械工程之间的关系近似于脑与手之间的关系,其区别仅在于人工智能的硬件还需要利用机械制造出来。过去,各种机械离不开人的操作和控制,其反应速度和操作精度受到进化很慢的人脑和神经系统的限制,人工智能将会消除了这个限制。计算机科学与机械工程之间的互相促进,平行前进,将使机械工程在更高的层次上开始新的一轮大发展。 19世纪时,机械工程的知识总量还很有限,在欧洲的大学院校中它一般还与土木工程综合为一个学科,被称为民用工程,19世纪下半叶才逐渐成为一个独立学科。进入20世纪,随着机械工程技术的发展和知识总量的增长,机械工程开始分解,陆续出现了专业化的分支学科。这种分解的趋势在20世纪中期,即在第二次世界大战结束的前后期间达到了最高峰。 由于机械工程的知识总量已扩大到远非个人所能全部掌握,一定的专业化是必不可少的。但是过度的专业化造成知识过分分割,视野狭窄,不能统观和统筹稍大规模的工程的全貌和全局,并且缩小技术交流的范围,阻碍新技术的出现和技术整体的进步,对外界条件变化的适应能力很差。封闭性专业的专家们掌握的知识过狭,考虑问题过专,在协同工作时配合协调困难,也不利于继续自学提高。因此自20世纪中、后期开始,又出现了综合的趋势。人们更多地注意了基础理论,拓宽专业领域,合并分化过细的专业。 综合-专业分化-再综合的反复循环,是知识发展的合理的和必经的过程。不同专业的专家们各具有精湛的专业知识,又具有足够的综合知识来认识、理解其他学科的问题和工程整体的面貌,才能形成互相协同工作的有力集体。综合与专业是多层次的。在机械工程内部有综合与专业的矛盾;在全面的工程技术中也同样有综合和专业问题。在人类的全部知识中,包括社会科学、自然科学和工程技术,也有处于更高一层、更宏观的综合与专业问题。1.2 汽车转向装置的发展趋势 现代汽车转向装置的使用动态 随着汽车工业的迅速发展, 转向装置的结构也有很大变化。汽车转向器的结构很多,从目前使用的普遍程度来看,主要的转向器类型有4 种:有蜗杆销式(WP 型)、蜗杆滚 轮式(WR 型)、循环球式(BS 型)、齿条齿轮式(BP 型)。这四种转向器型式,已经被广泛 使用在汽车上。当今社会,随着机械工业的蓬勃发展,各行各业的机械设备也在不断地更新,不断地完善,宝马齿轮齿条转向器同样在发展着,传统的目前市面上的齿轮齿条转向器大多都是采用传统的结构,在某些特定的区域,这种结构形式的齿轮齿条转向器非常不受欢迎。由于以往的齿轮齿条转向器采用传统的结构形式,这样就造成传动精度不好控制,保养维护费用较高;同时存在一定的安全隐患。因此,对整机的安全性要求较高,操作时也会给工作人员带来强烈的震动,使得操作很不舒服。虽然传统的齿轮齿条转向器传动效率较高,变速效果较好,但是价格也较昂贵,对于一般的用户难以接受。所以研究一种新式的齿轮齿条转向器势在必行!第二章 华晨宝马齿轮齿条转向器总体结构的设计2.1 齿轮齿条转向器的总体方案图 本次设计的齿轮齿条转向器采取的方案是:司机通过转动方向盘,从而使转向轴转动,与转向轴联动的齿轮就开始转动,从而带动与转向齿轮啮合的齿条实现平行往返位移,而动力缸体两端都有与车轮连接在一起的拉杆,这样就能够起到控制轮子左右转动的作用,就起到了转向的目的。其具体方案布局图如下: 2.2 齿轮齿条转向器的工作原理 齿轮齿条转向器的工作原理为:通过转动方向盘,从而使转向轴转动,与转向轴联动的齿轮就开始转动,从而带动与转向齿轮啮合的齿条实现平行往返位移,而动力缸体两端都有与车轮连接在一起的拉杆,这样就能够起到控制轮子左右转动的作用,就起到了转向的目的。2.3 传动比的计算2.3.1汽车方向盘 转向盘的直径 Dsw 有一系列尺寸。选用大的直径尺寸时,会使驾驶员进出驾驶室感到困难。若选用小的直径尺寸,转向时,驾驶员要施加较大的力量,从而使汽车难于操纵,据原始数据,参见手册取 Dsw400 mm 则由作用方向盘上的力矩得作用在方向盘上的力 Fh=Mh=25Nm; MhRsw=2.5104200=125N;2.3.2 转向阻力矩f=Mr式中:f -滑动摩擦系数,一般取.;-轮胎气压;G1-前轴载荷;则Mr=f=328.8Nm ;2.3.3 角传动比与力传动比 转向系的传动比由转向系的角传动比iwo和转向系的力传动比ip组成。从轮胎接触地面中心作用在两个转向轮上的合力 Fw 与作用在方向盘上的手力h 之比称为力传动比ip 。方向盘的转角和驾驶员同侧的转向轮转角之比称为转向系角传动比 i wo 。它又由转向器传动比 i w 转向传动装置角传动比 i w 所组成。力传动比与转向系角传动比的关系ip=2 Fw Fh而W和作用在转向节上的转向阻力矩r有以下关系 wMr a作用在方向盘上的手力 h 可由下式表示 hMh Rsw;侧ip=2MrRswMha,若忽略磨擦损失侧2Mr=Xiwo; 由式可知,力传动比与 Rswa和iwo有关,a 愈小,i p 愈大,转向愈轻便。 由以上过程可计算出结果如下:iwo=2XMr; ) 角传动比 Mh=2328.8=657.6;) 力传动比ip = iwoRswa式中a=1;B=0.5175 = 87.5 mm 则ip=iwoRswaX87.5=43.5;2.4 齿轮的设计2.4.1 齿轮参数的选择齿轮模数值取值为 m=1 ,主动齿轮齿数为 z=23,压力角取=20,齿轮螺旋角为= 12 ,齿条齿数应根据转向轮达到的值来确定。齿轮的转速n=10r/min,齿轮 传动力矩m ,转向器每天工作小时,使用期限不低于年,主动小齿轮选用40Cr,材料制造并经渗碳淬火,而齿条常采用40Cr钢或 41Cr4 制造并经高频淬火,表面硬度均应在 56HRC 以上。为减轻质量,采用40Cr钢制作。2.4.2齿轮几何尺寸确定 法向齿厚为h=ha+hf=4.25+1.375=5.625mm 分度圆直径d =mz/cos= 123=23mm;da =d+2ha=15.337+9.5=24.837mm;df=d-2hf=15.337-2.475 =22.587 mm;db=dcos=15.337cos 20=14.412mm;分度圆直径与齿条运动速度的关系 齿距 p=m=3.142.5=7.85mm; 根据d=60000v/n1;则v=0.001m/s;齿轮中心到齿条基准线距离H=d/2+xm=11.5mm 2.4.3齿根弯曲疲劳强度计算(1)接触应力的计算由文献4表可知,齿面接触应力计算公式,即 (3.28) 确定公式内的各计算数值 计算载荷系数电动机驱动,载荷平稳,由文献4表可知,取平均分度圆直径 mm 平均分度圆圆周速度 m/s由文献4 图(a)可知,按,得;由文献4 图(b)可知,按,齿轮悬臂布置,;由文献4表可知,; 由文献1表可知,弹性系数; 节点区域系数 计算得, MPa(1) 接触疲劳强度的许用应力由文献4 表可知,许用接触应力计算公式,即 (3.29)确定公式内的各计算数值 小齿轮的接触疲劳强度极限MPa 最小安全系数 由文献1,10-13可知,计算应力循环系数 由文献1 图10-19可知,查得接触疲劳寿命系数 , 尺寸系数 工作硬化系数,按 润滑油膜影响系数,计算得, MPa(3)由于MPaMPa,故安全。(1)齿根应力的计算由文献4表可知,弯曲应力计算公式,即 (3.30)确定公式内的各计算数值 由文献1表可知, , 由文献1表可知, , 计算得,MPa(2)弯曲强度的齿根许用应力 由文献4表可知,齿根许用应力计算公式,即 (3.31)确定公式内的各计算数值 弯曲疲劳极限MPa 齿轮的应力修正系数 弯曲强度的最小安全系数 弯曲疲劳寿命系数 , 弯曲疲劳的尺寸系数计算得, (3) 由于MPaMpa,故安全。 2.4.4齿轮精度等级、材料及参数的选择齿轮共有13个精度等级,用数字012由低到高的顺序排列,0级最高,12级最低。齿轮精度等级的选择,应根据传动的用途、使用条件、传动功率、圆周速度、性能指标或其他技术要求来确定。表13给出了不同机械传动中齿轮采用的精度等级。表14推荐了59级精度齿轮所采用的切齿方法和使用范围等。具体不同机械传动中齿轮采用的精度等级如下图所示:2.5 齿条的设计根据齿轮齿条的啮合特点:(1) 齿轮的分度圆永远与其节圆相重合,而齿条的中线只有当标准齿轮正确安装时才与其节圆相重合.(2) 齿轮与齿条的啮合角永远等于压力角。因此,齿条模数 m=1,压力角=20 齿条断面形状选取圆形,选取齿数 z23螺旋角= 8齿厚mt= m / cos = 2.5 / cos 8 = 2.5253mm;t=tan/cos=tan20/cos8=0.367;Pn =mn = 3.14 2.5 = 7.85mm Pt = mt = 3.14 2.5253 = 7.929mm;han=1 X C n = 0.25 ? ha = m n han + n = 3 (1 + 0.7) = 4.25mm;hf=mn(han+cn n ) = 2.5 (1 + 0.25 ? 0.7) = 1.375mm;h=ha+hf=4.25+1.375=5.625mm;2.6 齿轮轴的设计 由于齿轮的基圆直径db=23,数值较小,若齿轮与轴之间采用键连接必将对轴 和齿轮的强度大大降低,因此,将其设计为齿轮轴。由于主动小齿轮选用45#材料制造并经渗碳淬火,因此轴的材料也选用40Cr,材料制造并经渗碳淬火。查表得:40Cr材料的硬度为,抗拉强度极限 B=1100 MPa ,屈服极限S =850MPa ,弯曲疲劳极限 T=525MPa ,剪切疲劳极限 1 = 300 MPa ,转速 n=10r/min 忽略磨损,根据能量守衡,作用在齿轮齿条上的阻力矩为 M r = 328.8 N m ,作用在齿轮上的轴向力为F=Mr328.8 sin 20 = sin 20 = 12.23 N ,作用在齿轮上的切向力为F=弯曲疲劳强度校核Mr 328.8 cos 20 = cos 20 = 33.77 Nr 9.151 r 2 33.77 /3.14 5 2 = 0.43 MPa 525MPa。剪切疲劳强度校核1=F/ r2 = 33.77/3.14 42 = 0.672MPa a抗拉强度校核 满载时的阻力矩为 Mr=328.8Nm, 齿轮轴的最小直径为d=mm,在此截面上的轴向抗拉强度为Br2 =1 1.55/3.14142=0.229MPa1100Mpa本设计选择齿轮轴直径 D=40。第3章 各主要零部件强度的校核3.1滚动轴承的选择滚动轴承为深沟球轴承6205,由文献2表得KN,KN,。(2)寿命验算 轴承所受支反力合力 N (3.1)对于双列圆锥滚子轴承,派生轴向力互相抵消。 ,N由文献2表得, , N (3.2)按轴承B的受力大小验算 h (3.3)h=年 由于齿轮齿条转向器的运转平稳,必须选择较大寿命的轴承,轴承能达到所计算的寿命。 经审核后,此轴承合格。3.2传动轴强度的校核计算根据以上工况可知:力: 径向力:求垂直面的支反力计算垂直弯矩:求水平面的支承力: 计算、绘制水平面弯矩图:求危险截面当量弯矩:从图可见,m-m,n-n处截面最危险,其当量弯矩为:(取折合系数)计算危险截面处轴的直径: n-n截面: m-m截面: 由于,所以该轴是安全的。第四章 齿轮齿条转向器中主要零件的三维建模 4.1方向盘的三维建模 4.2转向轴的三维建模4.3动力缸体的三维建模4.4齿轮齿条转向器的三维建模第五章三维软件设计总结 通过此次设计,又一次提升了运用三维软件的水平,并吸收了不少经验,总结为一下几点。 有零件图纸作图与空想设计作图不同,零件尺寸已经给出,作图时先不考虑尺寸是否真的合适,根据尺寸作出零件的三维图,但到装配时必须要考虑尺寸是否合适,由于AutoCAD图纸效果不好,导致尺寸会有出错,甚至有出现欠定义尺寸,所以,此时必须通过配合后在衡量尺寸,再进行修改,直到满足配合要求。 工具集的确方便了作图,通过选择零件类型,输入数据,就能生成出标准零件,但有时需要用到的零件在工具集上也未必能找到,所以此时要随机应变,运用其他零件代替并通过修改或添加零件使其满足要求。作三维图时要灵活变通,解决问题的方法总比问题多,当一种方法不能正常作图时,试试另一种方法,这不但能完成零件制作,同时也可以培养出更好的作图思路,和打破规矩的新想法。规则的零件,要学会使用一些能够节省时间的命令,如镜向,阵列等,“能省则省”。 关于装配,曾经带给我很大的阻碍,花了很多时间才弄清原因所在。在一可活动子装配体上,即使活动范围会产生干涉,也不能对其设定活动范围,如高级配合里的距离范围,和角度范围,即使在该活动范围并不影响父配体,也不可设定。因为一旦设定范围后,在父装配体上会将子装配体视为完全定义的模型,这样会对子装配体之间的配合产生矛盾,将不能完成装配。 看懂图是作图的首要任务,看图就是了解零件的工具,没有工具则无法制出零件,所以画图不能急于下笔,想透了零件的结构,想透图中的虚实线,这才是高效作图的重中之重。进行零件建模前,一般应进行深入的特征分析,搞清零件是由那几个特征组成,明确各个特征的形状,他们之间的相对位置和表面连接关系,然后按照特征的主次关系,按一定的顺序进行建模。一个复杂的零件,可能是许多个简单特征经过相互之间的叠加、切除或相交组成。所以零件建模时,特征的生成顺序十分重要,不同的建模过程虽然可以构造出同样的实体零件,但其造型过程及实体的构型结构却直接影响到实体模型的稳定性、可修改性、可理解性及实体模型的应用。 尤其在二维图纸上,我们能看到的只是零件的平面图,而内部特征则以虚线给予表示,另外还有零件的相贯线,这表示了各个特征相交时出现线段。在零件的草图绘制过程中,必须要选好第一个草绘平面,这很关键,这个平面决定了往后建模的所用到的命令,简单的说,一个圆柱可以作一个圆形然后拉伸,也可以作一个长方体旋转,虽然他们的结果都一样,但所用的草绘平面和命令就截然不同。如果我们要的是一条轴,那我们就应该选择第二种方法为好了。由于此设计的零件都是比较规则的零件,所用到的命令大部分是拉伸命令和旋转命令,而且很多零件都是拥有对称关系,所以为了节省时间,提高效率,经常会用到镜向特征命令。一张完整的工程图应具备以下4方面的内容。一组视图:用一组视图(其中包括视图、剖视图、断面图、局部放大图)正确、完整、清晰地表达零件各部分的结构形状。尺寸:确定零件各部分形状的大小和位置技术要求:表明零件在制造和检验是应达到的一些要求,如表面粗糙度、尺寸公差、形位公差、材料热处理方式和指标等。标题栏:注明零件名称、材料、数量、图样比例以及图号等内容。 单击【新建文件】图标,系统显示新建SolidWorks文件对话框,双击该对话框中得装配体选项,即可进入装配体工作模式。 调入第一个零件模型并放置在装配体的原点处,即零件原点与装配体原点重合。调入一个与第一个零件模型有装配关系的零件模型。分析两个零件之间的装配约束关系,然后选取相应的约束选项进行零件操作。调入其他与已装配零件有装配关系的零件模型并进行装配。全部零件装配完毕后,将装配体模型存盘。结 论在最近的一段时间的毕业设计,使我们充分把握的设计方法和步骤,不仅复习所学的知识,而且还获得新的经验与启示,在各种软件的使用找到的资料或图纸设计,会遇到不清楚的作业,老师和学生都能给予及时的指导,确保设计进度本文所设计的是华晨宝马齿轮齿条转向器的设计,通过初期的定稿,查资料和开始正式做毕设,让我系统地了解到了所学知识的重要性,从而让我更加深刻地体会到做一门学问不易,需要不断钻研,不断进取才可要做的好,总之,本设计完成了老师和同学的帮助下,在大学研究的最后,感谢帮助过我的老师和同学,是大家的帮助才使我的论文得以通过。参考文献1张福学编著.齿轮齿条转向器技术及其应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2000。2何发昌著,邵远编著.齿轮齿条转向器的原理及应用.北京:高等教育出版社,1996。3宋学义著. 齿轮齿条转向器速查手册. 北京:机械工业出版社,1995.3。4陈奎生著. 气与气压传动. 武汉:武汉理工大学出版社,2008.5。5SMC(中国)有限公司. 华晨宝马齿轮齿条转向器实用气动技术. 北京:机械工业出版社,2003.106徐文灿著. 华晨宝马齿轮齿条转向器系统设计. 北京:机械工业出版社,1995。7曾孔庚.小型料齿轮齿条转向器的发展趋势. 机器人技术与应用论坛。8寿庆丰 机械设计1999年第3期,第3卷。9高微,杨中平,赵荣飞等.华晨宝马齿轮齿条转向器臂结构优化设计. 机械设计与制造2006.1。10 黄长艺,严普强.机械工程测试技术基础. 机械工业出版社,2001.1.11 张桓,陈作模.机械原理.高等教育出版社,2000.8.12孙兵,赵斌,施永辉.华晨宝马齿轮齿条转向器的研制. 中国期刊全文数据库。13马光,申桂英.工业机器人的现状及发展趋势. 中国期刊全文数据库2002年。14李如松.华晨宝马齿轮齿条转向器的应用现状与展望. 中国期刊全文数据库1994年第4期。15李明.单臂回转式华晨宝马齿轮齿条转向器设计.制造技术与机床2005年第7期。16李杜莉,武洪恩,刘志海.华晨宝马齿轮齿条转向器的运动学分析. 煤矿机械2007年2月17成大先主编.机械设计手册(第三版).北京:化学工业出版社,1994。17Hirohiko Arai, Kazuo Tanie, and Susumu Tachi. Dynamic Control of a Manipulator with Passive Joints in Operational Space. 致 谢在论文完成之际,我首先向我的导师致以衷心的感谢和崇高的敬意!在这期间,导师在学业上严格要求,精心指导,在生活上给了我无微不至的关怀,给了我人生的启迪,使我在顺利的完成学业阶段的学业的同时,也学到了很多做人的道理,明确了人生目标。导师严谨的治学态度,渊博的学识,实事求是的作风,平易近人、宽以待人和豁达的胸怀,深深感染着我,使我深受启发,必将终生受益。经过近半年努力的设计与计算,论文终于可以完成了,我的心里无比的激动。虽然它不是最完美的,也不是最好的,但是在我心里,它是我最珍惜的,因为它是我用心、用汗水成就的,也是我在大学四年来对所学知识的应用和体现。四年的学习和生活,不仅丰富了我的知识,而且锻炼了我的能力,更重要的是从周围的老师和同学们身上潜移默化的学到了许多。在此,向他们表示深深的谢意与美好的祝愿。Discussion and research to the mechanical design theory and brilliance BMW gear rack The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question. Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product. Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project BMW software design and knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly. A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea. Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method. In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts. How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnels basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem: (1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability (2) does this product compare with other companies existing similar products? (3) produces this kind of product is whether economical? (4) product service is whether convenient? (5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain? Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal. Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method. Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, workers health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customers aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material. Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material. In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.Pneumatic manipulator is a automated devices that can mimic the human hand and arm movements to do something,aslo can according to a fixed procedure to moving objects or control tools. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic energy sectors.Along with change with each passing day of science and technology, the high-speed tool machine of gears gets the favor of the molding tool manufactories increasingly, the high speed slice the essence for pare be the knife have of run about of length walk in the in a short time over, because of the good characteristic of its oneself, can with significantly the exaltation process the efficiency, thus can lower the production cost. he high-speed gears process the turn of center and can amount to the 40000 r/ min soon, the local usage is more currently, sex price has the German DMG production the high-speed machine more and goodly. But the usage of the high-speed machine exists a lot of problems currently, first is to weave the distance, a lot of plaits distance the personnel usually feel vacant to frighten into inaction in the high-speed machine in front, dont know how adopt to slice to pare the dosage, currently the gears plait distance of most molding tool factories the personnel are all in the factory to grow up with teacher from the apprentice of, they usually have abundant fulfillment experience, but be in need of the theories leading of the system, is experience and fillings towards slicing the understanding of pare the dosage, usually with what to borrow, but these experiences and felling are in the low speed gears tool machine backlog. So, faced the high-speed machine hour to can not find to fragment . Still need to consider the material and degree of hardnesss of process the work pieces the next in order, the material is harder, slicing to pare the dosage to correspond to take the small value. Is also very important with the function that the knife have, because the knife that you choose has to decide you can use of turn soon, come to a decision it is commonness that tool machine process still process the high speed process. So, only chose to use the high-speed knife, then can give a homologous high speed, carry on high speeds process. And a parameter of knife of different company also is a vast difference between the two, so the plait distance personnel needs to process related technique data that knife have. Compared with the common low speed gears tool machine, is certain because of the power of the tool machine, the principal axis become soon and more quick, it can bear of slice and pare dint will more small, at a high speed When the machine process, eat the amount of knife and correspond and want to be small. Only have, process tool machine, knife material, process the property etc. the knot puts together and then can grope for slice to pare the dosage the best, producing the best production efficiency. Aim at this kind of circumstance, can adopt the following after weigh of process the craft. This article is mainly of the pneumatic manipulator the overall design, and pneumatic design. This mechanism of manipulator includes cylinders and claws and connectors parts, it can move according to the due track on the movement of grabbing, carrying and unloading. The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed air to make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic .The principle, technical pare-maters, transmiting system and main parts structure of mincing ma-chine were introduced. The productingcapacity was analysed.Keywords Mincing machine Holds plate Cutting blade Transfer augerThis paper discusses the meat processing machinery - crusher working principle, main technical parameters, transmission system, the typical parts of the structure design and production capacity analysis. The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material. Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Because the country is in keeping with currently heavy slice to pare the tool machine a lot of, process the fee also cheap, the knife have also cheap. But the general work piece process to have great capacity, the accuracy request is not high. Owing to this kind of circumstance, can use to imitate the form Miller or numbers to control the Miller to slice the big part to pare the quantity to complete( heavy slice to pare), leave the 2-3 mms to process the amount of remaining, slice the surplus to pare the quantity on board complete quickly in the high-speed gears carvings. Turn into the high speed after slice pare because process the object to have already near to take shape, so the first knife slices to pare the quantity very even, the knife that can adopt to import have, the knife have although expensive, process time short, slice to pare the quantity not big, so the function price ratio is very good. For the small scaled molding tool, process the amount of remaining not big, then can process the mission all to all carve in the gears computer on board complete. We made use of the gears computer the carvings machine that my school by oneself design to carry on the trial well, because of carvings the principal axis of the machine turns to be up to the 40000 r/min soon, can carry on high speeds process availably. Used for a capacity inside the model or convex molds that the high speed processes the complicated molding tool, can adopt the diameter to used for a nose of a blade knife( allow the line speed 380 ms/ min) of the 8-10 mms thick process, use the 6-8 mms of a blade ball knife nicety process.For example, the high speed processes a molding tool of small scaled cellular phone, that spare parts contain many keys and a capacity inside the model of the screen, is a typical model spare parts of much more complicated curved face, the material of the molding tool is the T10 tool steel, the knife have for German tile especially the company takes to draw the layer of R3 double blade ball head knife, the knife has the line speed 200 ms/ min, the principal axis turn soon 1.1-20,000 r/ min, the knife has to eat the knife depth 0.5-0.8 mms, entering to th
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