盘式制动器设计（含CAD图纸、CATIA三维、说明书）

盘式制动器 外文翻译Automobile Brake SystemThe braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes.Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake.The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set.The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foots mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car.The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure).Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked. In most modern brake systems (see Figure 15.1), there is a fluid-filled cylinder, called master cylinder, which contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the drivers compartment. When the brake is pushed down, brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels. At the wheels, the fluid pushes shoes, or pads, against revolving drums or disks. The friction between the stationary shoes, or pads, and the revolving drums or disks slows and stops them. This slows or stops the revolving wheels, which, in turn, slow or stop the car.The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder. Most cars today have a transparent r reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover. The brake fluid level will drop slightly as the brake pads wear. This is a normal condition and no cause for concern. If the level drops noticeably over a short period of time or goes down to about two thirds full, have your brakes checked as soon as possible. Keep the reservoir covered except for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a cam of brake fluid uncovered. Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point. Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point.The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses. Rubber hoses are only used in places that require flexibility, such as at the front wheels, which move up and down as well as steer. The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special fittings at all attachment points. If a steel line requires a repair, the best procedure is to replace the compete line. If this is not practical, a line can be repaired using special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair. You must never use copper tubing to repair a brake system. They are dangerous and illegal.Drum brakes, it consists of the brake drum, an expander, pull back springs, a stationary back plate, two shoes with friction linings, and anchor pins. The stationary back plate is secured to the flange of the axle housing or to the steering knuckle. The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub. There is a clearance between the inner surface of the drum and the shoe lining. To apply brakes, the driver pushes pedal, the expander expands the shoes and presses them to the drum. Friction between the brake drum and the friction linings brakes the wheels and the vehicle stops. To release brakes, the driver release the pedal, the pull back spring retracts the shoes thus permitting free rotation of the wheels.Disk brakes, it has a metal disk instead of a drum. A flat shoe, or disk-brake pad, is located on each side of the disk. The shoes squeeze the rotating disk to stop the car. Fluid from the master cylinder forces the pistons to move in, toward the disk. This action pushes the friction pads tightly against the disk. The friction between the shoes and disk slows and stops it. This provides the braking action. Pistons are made of either plastic or metal. There are three general types of disk brakes. They are the floating-caliper type, the fixed-caliper type, and the sliding-caliper type. Floating-caliper and sliding-caliper disk brakes use a single piston. Fixed-caliper disk brakes have either two or four pistons.The brake system assemblies are actuated by mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic devices. The mechanical leverage is used in the parking brakes fitted in all automobile. When the brake pedal is depressed, the rod pushes the piston of brake master cylinder which presses the fluid. The fluid flows through the pipelines to the power brake unit and then to the wheel cylinder. The fluid pressure expands the cylinder pistons thus pressing the shoes to the drum or disk. If the pedal is released, the piston returns to the initial position, the pull back springs retract the shoes, the fluid is forced back to the master cylinder and braking ceases.The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by the driver when a separate parking braking hand lever is set. The hand brake is normally used when the car has already stopped. A lever is pulled and the rear brakes are approached and locked in the “on” position. The car may now be left without fear of its rolling away. When the driver wants to move the car again, he must press a button before the lever can be released. The hand brake must also be able to stop the car in the event of the foot brake failing. For this reason, it is separate from the foot brake uses cable or rods instead of the hydraulic system.Anti-lock Brake System Anti-lock brake systems make braking safer and more convenient, Anti-lock brake systems modulate brake system hydraulic pressure to prevent the brakes from locking and the tires from skidding on slippery pavement or during a panic stop.Anti-lock brake systems have been used on aircraft for years, and some domestic car were offered with an early form of anti-lock braking in late 1990s. Recently, several automakers have introduced more sophisticated anti-lock system. Investigations in Europe, where anti-lock braking systems have been available for a decade, have led one manufacture to state that the number of traffic accidents could be reduced by seven and a half percent if all cars had anti-lock brakes. So some sources predict that all cars will offer anti-lock brakes to improve the safety of the car. Anti-lock systems modulate brake application force several times per second to hold the tires at a controlled amount of slip; all systems accomplish this in basically the same way. One or more speed sensors generate alternating current signal whose frequency increases with the wheel rotational speed. An electronic control unit continuously monitors these signals and if the frequency of a signal drops too rapidly indicating that a wheel is about to lock, the control unit instructs a modulating device to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel. When sensor signals indicate the wheel is again rotating normally, the control unit allows increased hydraulic pressure to the brake. This release-apply cycle occurs several time per second to “pump” the brakes like a driver might but at a much faster rate.In addition to their basic operation, anti-lock systems have two other things in common. First, they do not operate until the brakes are applied with enough force to lock or nearly lock a wheel. At all other times, the system stands ready to function but does not interfere with normal braking. Second, if the anti-lock system fail in any way, the brakes continue to operate without anti-lock capability. A warning light on the instrument panel alerts the driver when a problem exists in the anti-lock system.The current Bosch component Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), is a second generation design wildly used by European automakers such as BWM, Mercedes-Benz and Porsche. ABS system consists of : four wheel speed sensor, electronic control unit and modulator assembly. A speed sensor is fitted at each wheel sends signals about wheel rotation to control unit. Each speed sensor consists of a sensor unit and a gear wheel. The front sensor mounts to the steering knuckle and its gear wheel is pressed onto the stub axle that rotates with the wheel. The rear sensor mounts the rear suspension member and its gear wheel is pressed onto the axle. The sensor itself is a winding with a magnetic core. The core creates a magnetic field around the winding, and as the teeth of the gear wheel move through this field, an alternating current is induced in the winding. The control unit monitors the rate o change in this frequency to determine impending brake lockup. The control units function can be divided into three parts: signal processing, logic and safety circuitry. The signal processing section is the converter that receives the alternating current signals form the speed sensors and converts them into digital form for the logic section. The logic section then analyzes the digitized signals to calculate any brake pressure changes needed. If impending lockup is sensed, the logic section sends commands to the Modulator assembly The hydraulic modulator assembly regulates pressure to the wheel brakes when it receives commands from the control utuit. The modulator assembly can maintain or reduce pressure over the level it receives from the master cylinder, it also can never apply the brakes by itself. The modulator assembly consists of three high-speed electric solenoid valves, two fluid reservoirs and a turn delivery pump equipped with inlet and outlet check valves. The modulator electrical connector and controlling relays are concealed under a plastic cover of the assembly. Each front wheel is served by electric solenoid valve modulated independently by the control unit. The rear brakes are served by a single solenoid valve and modulated together using the select-low principle. During anti-braking system operation, the control unit cycles the solenoid valves to either hold or release pressure the brake lines. When pressure is released from the brake lines during anti-braking operation, it is routed to a fluid reservoir. There is one reservoir for the front brake circuit. The reservoirs are low-pressure accumulators that store fluid under slight spring pressure until the return delivery pump can return the fluid through the brake lines to the master cylinder. 译 文：汽车制动系统制动系统是汽车重要的系统组成。 如果制动失灵，结果损失可能是非常惨重的。制动器实际就是能量转换装置，它将汽车的动能（动量）转化成热能（热量）。当驾驶员踩下制动踏板，所产生的制动力能达到汽车运动时动力的10倍。制动系统能对轿车四个车轮中的每个车轮施加数千磅的制动力。每辆汽车上使用两个完全独立的制动系统，即行车制动器和驻车制动器。行车制动器起到减速、停车、或保持车辆正常行驶。制动器是由司机用脚踩、松制动器踏板来控制的。驻车制动器的主要作用就是当车内无人的时候，汽车能够保持静止。当独立的驻车制动器踏板或手杆，被安装时，驻车制动器就会被机械地操作。制动系统是由下列基本的成分组成:位于发动机罩下方，而且直接地被连接到制动踏板的“制动主缸”把驾驶员脚的机械力转变为液压力。钢制的“制动管路”和有柔性的“制动软管”把制动主缸连接到每个轮子的“制动轮缸”上。制动液, 特别地设计为的是工作在极端的情况，填充在系统中。“制动盘”和“衬块”是被制动轮缸推动接触“圆盘”和“回转体”如此引起缓慢的拖拉运动, (希望)使汽车减慢速度。典型的制动系统布置有前后盘式，前盘后鼓式，各个车轮上的制动器通过一套管路系统连接到制动主缸上。基本上讲，所有的汽车制动器都是摩擦制动器。当司机刹车时，控制装置会迫使制动蹄，或制动衬片与车轮处的旋转的制动鼓或制动盘接触。接触后产生的摩擦使车轮转动减慢或停止，这就是汽车的制动。在最基本的制动系统中，有一个制动主缸，这个主缸内部填充制动液，并包含两个部分，每个部分里都有一个活塞，两个活塞都连接驾驶室里的制动踏板。当制动踏板被踩下时，制动液会从制动主缸流入轮缸。在轮缸中，制动液推动制动蹄或制动衬片与旋转的制动鼓或制动盘接触。静止的制动蹄或制动衬片与旋转的制动鼓或制动盘之间产生摩擦力使汽车的运动逐渐减缓或停止。制动液的装置位于主缸的顶部。目前大多数的车都有一个容易看见的装制动液的装置，为的是不用打开盖子就可以看得见制动液的油面。随着制动踏板的运动制动液就会缓慢的下降，正常情况下是这样的。如果制动液在很短的时间内下降得明显或者下降了三分之二，那么就要尽快的检查你的制动系统了。保持制动液装置充满制动液除非你需要维修它，制动液必须保持很高的沸点。位于在空气中的制动液就会吸收空气中的潮气引起制动液低于沸点。制动液通过一系列的管路从主缸到达各车轮。橡胶软管只用在需要弹力的地方，比如应用在前轮。在车的行进中上下来回运动。系统的其它部分在所有的连接点上都应用了无腐蚀性的无缝钢管。如果钢线需要修理的话，最好的方法就是代替这条线。如果这不符合实际，那么为了制动系统可以用特殊的装置修理它。你不可以用铜管来修理制动系。它们是危险也是不正确的。鼓式制动器包括制动鼓，一个轮缸，回拉弹簧，一个制动底版，两个带摩擦层的制动蹄。制动底版固定在轮轴外部的法兰或转向节。制动鼓固定在轮毂上。制动鼓的内部表面与制动蹄的内层之间有空隙。要使用制动器时，司机就要踩下踏板，这时轮缸扩大制动片，对其施加压力，是制动蹄触碰制动鼓。制动鼓与摩擦片之间产生的摩擦制动了车轮，从而使汽车停止。要释放制动器时，司机松开踏板，回拉弹簧拉回制动片，这样车轮会自由转动。盘式制动器包括制动盘而不是鼓，在它的两面上各有一个薄的制动片或叫盘式制动器的制动片。制动片是靠挤住旋转的制动盘来停住汽车。制动主缸里流出的制动液迫使活塞向里部的金属盘移动，这便使摩擦片紧紧地贴住制动盘。这时制动片与制动盘产生的摩擦使汽车减速、停止，出现了制动行为。活塞分金属或塑料。盘式制动器主要有三种，即：浮动卡钳型、固定卡钳型和滑动卡钳型。浮动卡钳型和滑动卡钳型盘式制动器使用单活塞。固定卡钳型盘式制动器既可以使用两个活塞有可以使用四个活塞。制动系统是由机械能，液压能或气压能装置驱动的。在机械杠杆适合所有的汽车的驻车制动器中使用。当踩下制动踏板时，杠杆就会推动制动器主缸的活塞给制动液施加压力，制动液通过油管流入轮缸。制动液的压力施加到轮缸活塞以使制动片被压到制动鼓或制动盘上。如果松开踏板，活塞回到原来的位置上，回拉弹簧拉回制动片，制动液返回制动主缸，这样制动停止。驻动制动器的主要作用是车内无人时，使汽车静止不动。如果车内安装的是独立的驻车制动器，那么驻车制动器是由司机手动的控制。驻车制动器正常是当车已经停止时使用的。向后拉手闸，并把手柄卡在正确的位置上。现在，即使离开汽车也不用害怕它会自己滑走。如果司机要再次启车时，他必须在松开手杆之前按下按钮。在行车制动器失灵的情况下，手闸必须能停住车。正因为这样，手闸与脚闸分开，手闸使用的是绳索或杠杆而不是液力系统。防抱死制动系统是使汽车制动更安全、更方便的制动装置，它既有调节制动系统的压力来防止车轮被完全抱死的功能，又有防止轮胎在滑的路面上行驶或紧急停车时的滑动。防抱死制动系统最早应用在航空飞行器上，而且在二十世纪 90 年代一些国内的汽车内也安装了这种系统。近来，几个汽车制造商引进了更为复杂的防抱死系统。欧洲使用这种系统已有几十年的时间，通过对其的调查，一位汽车制造商坦言，如果所有的汽车都安装上防抱死制动系统，那么交通事故的发生率会降低 7.5%。同时，一些权威人士预测这种系统会提高汽车的安全性。防抱死制动系统可以在一秒钟内调节几次制动时车轮上的受力，使车轮的滑移受到控制，而且所有的系统基本上都以相同的方式完成。每个车轮都会有一个传感器，电子控制装置能连续检测来自车轮传感器传来的脉冲电信号，并将它们处理转换成和轮速成正比的数值；如果其中一个传感器的信号不断下降，那么这就表明了相应的轮胎趋于抱死，这时电子控制装置向该车轮的制动器发出降低压力的指令。当信号显示车轮转速恢复正常时，电子控制装置会增加制动器的液压。这种循环像司机一样调节制动器，但它的速度更快，达到了每秒循环数次。防抱死制动系统除了上面基本操作，还有两个特点。首先，当制动系统的压力上升到使轮胎抱死或即将抱死的时候，防抱死制动系统才会启动；当制动系统在正常情况下，防抱死制动系统停止运作。其次，如果防抱死制动系统有问题时，制动器会独立地继续运行。但控制板上的指示灯亮起提醒司机系统出现问题。目前欧洲汽车生产商，如：宝马、奔驰、宝时捷等广泛使用的是波许（Bosch）防抱死制动系统。这种系统基本组成包括车轮转速传感器，电子控制装置和调节装置。每个有一个向电子控制装置发出车轮转动情况的信号的传感器，它一般由磁感应传感头和齿圈组成。前面的传感器安在轮毂上，齿圈安在轮网上。后面的传感器安在后部的监测系统上，齿圈安在轮轴上。传感器本身是缠绕电磁核的电线圈，电磁核才线圈的周围产生磁场。当齿圈的齿移动到磁场时，就会改变线圈的电流。电子控制装置会监测这种变化，然后判断车轮是否即将抱死。电子控制装置有三个作用，即：信号的处理，编辑和安全防护。信号的处理起到转换器的作用，它是将接受的脉冲电信号处理转换成数值，为编辑做准备。编辑就是分析这些数值，计算出需要制动压力。如果检测出车轮即将抱死，电控装置就会计算出数值向调节装置发出指令。调节装置当接受到电子控制装置的指令后，液压执行装置会调节制动轮缸的液压的大小。调节装置能保持或减小来自制动主缸的液压，而装置本身是不能启用制动器的。这种装置有三个高速率的电磁阀，两个油液存储器和一个带有内外检测阀的传动泵。调节装置中的电子连接器隐藏在塑料盖下。每个电磁阀都是其独立控制的，并作用于前轮。后部的制动轮缸受到一个电磁阀控制，并依照-的原理进行调节。当防抱死制动系统运行时，电子控制装置会使电磁阀循环运作，这样既能收回又能释放制动器的压力。当压力释放时，它会释放到液压单元。前部的制动器电路有一个单元。存储器低压存储器，它在低压下存储油液，直到回流泵打开，油液流经制动轮缸进入制动主缸。1.课题研究的目的及意义汽车的设计与生产涉及到许多领域，其独有的安全性、经济性、舒适性等众多指标，也对设计提出了更高的要求。汽车制动系统是汽车行驶的一个重要主动安全系统，其性能的好坏对汽车的行驶安全有着重要影响。随着汽车的形式速度和路面情况复杂程度的提高，更加需要高性能、长寿命的制动系统。其性能的好坏对汽车的行驶安全有着重要影响，如果此系统不能正常工作，车上的驾驶员和乘客将会受到车祸的伤害。汽车是现代交通工具中用得最多、最普遍、也是运用得最方便的交通工具。汽车制动系统是汽车底盘上的一个重要系统，它是制约汽车运动的装置，而制动器又是制动系中直接作用制约汽车运动的一个关键装置，是汽车上最重要的安全件。汽车的制动性能直接影响汽车的行驶安全性。随着公路业的迅速发展和车流密度的日益增大，人们对安全性、可靠性的要求越来越高，为保证人身和车辆安全，必须为汽车配备十分可靠的制动系统。车辆在形式过程中要频繁进行制动操作，由于制动性能的好坏直接关系到交通和人身安全，因此制动性能是车辆非常重要的性能之一，改善汽车的制动性能始终是汽车设计制造和使用部门的重要任务。现代汽车普遍采用的摩擦式制动器的实际工作性能是整个制动系中最复杂、最不稳定的因素，因此改进制动器机构、解决制约其性能的突出问题具有非常重要的意义。2.汽车制动器的国内外现状及发展趋势对制动器的早期研究侧重于试验研究其摩擦特性，随着用户对其制动性能和使用寿命要求的不断提高，有关其基础理论与应用方面的研究也在深入进行。目前，汽车所用的制动器几乎都是摩擦式的，可分为鼓式和盘式两大类。盘式制动器被普遍使用。但由于为了提高其制动效能而必须加制动增力系统，使其造价较高，故低端车一般还是使用前盘后鼓式。汽车制动过程实际上是一个能量转换过程，它把汽车行驶时产生的动能转换为热能。高速行驶的汽车如果频繁使用制动器，制动器因摩擦会产生大量的热量，使制动器温度急剧升高，如果不能及时的为制动器散热，它的效率就会大大降低，影响制动性能，出现所谓的制动效能热衰退现象。在中高级轿车上前后轮都已经采用了盘式制动器。不过，时下还有不少经济型轿车采用的还不完全是盘式制动器，而是前盘后鼓式混合制动器（即前轮采用盘式制动器、后轮采用鼓式制动器） ，这主要是出于成本上的考虑，同时也是因为轿车在紧急制动时，负荷前移，对前轮制动的要求比较高，一般来说前轮用盘式制动器就够了。当然，前后轮都使用盘式制动器是一种趋势。在货车上，盘式制动器也有被采用的，但离完全取代鼓式制动器还有相当长的一段距离。现代汽车制动器的发展起源于原始的机械控制装置，最原始的制动控制只是驾驶员操纵一组简单的机械装置向制动器施加作用力，那时的汽车重量比较小，速度比较低，机械制动已经能够满足汽车制动的需要，但随着汽车自身重量的增加，助力装置对机械制动器来说越来越显得非常重要,从而开始出现了真空助力装置。另外，近年来则出现了一些全新的制动器结构形式，如磁粉制动器、湿式多盘制动器、电力液压制动臂型盘式制动器、湿式盘式弹簧制动器等。3.课题研究的内容制动器是制动系中最主要的一个部件，是制动系统中用以产生阻碍车辆的运动或运动趋势的力的部件。凡是利用固定元件与旋转元件工作表面的摩擦而产生制动力矩的制动器都称为摩擦制动器，摩擦制动器可分为鼓式和盘式两大类。前者的摩擦副中的旋转元件为制动鼓，其工作表面为圆柱面；后者的旋转元件则为圆盘状的制动盘，以端面为工作表面。目前广泛使用的是摩擦式制动器,盘式制动器的摩擦力产生于同汽车固定部位相连的部件与一个或几个制动盘两端面之间。其中摩擦材料仅能覆盖制动盘工作表面的一小部分的盘式制动器称为钳盘式制动器；摩擦材料覆盖制动盘全部工作表面盘式制动器称为全盘式制动器。现代汽车中以单盘单钳式的钳盘式制动器应用最为广泛，仅有个别大吨位矿用自卸车采用单盘三钳和双盘单钳的钳盘式制动器，以及全盘式制动器。钳盘式制动器中定钳盘式为制动钳固定在制动盘两侧，且在其两侧均设有加压机构。浮钳盘式制动器仅在制动盘一侧设有加压机构的制动钳，借其本身的浮动，而在制动盘的另一侧产生压紧力。又分为制动钳可相对于制动钳可相对于制动盘轴向滑动钳盘式制动器；与制动钳可在垂直于制动盘的平面内摆动的摆动钳盘式制动器。鼓式制动器摩擦副中的旋转元件为制动鼓，鼓式制动器根据其结构都不同，又分为：双向自增力蹄式制动器、双领蹄式制动器、领从蹄式制动器、双从蹄式制动器。正如上面我们看的一样，制动器器的类型很多，那么每种类型的制动器器都适用什么类型的车呢？是不是有种减速器是完美无缺的？本课题就是来解决这些问题的。其实每种类型都有它的优缺点，我们本课题要研究的内容就是要通过分析设计，找出不同类型的减速器的优缺点。了解了他们的优缺点后我们就能更好更充分的利用它们，为汽车优化设计提供方便。4.完成课题的实验条件、预计设计过程中可能遇到的问题以及解决的方法和措施由于对专业知识的不熟练，可能需要查阅众多的资料。根据设计车型的特点，合理计算该车型制动系统制动力及制动器最大制动力矩、鼓式制动器的结构形式及选择、鼓式制动器主要参数的计算与确定、摩擦衬块的磨损特性计算、制动器热容量和温升的核算、制动力矩的计算与校核、在二维或三维设计平台AUTO CAD 中完成鼓式制动器零件图以及装配图的绘制、设计合理性的分析和评价等。本次设计的目的是通过合理整和已有的设计，阅读大量文献，掌握机械设计的基本步骤和要求，以及传统的机械制图的步骤和规则；掌握鼓式制动器总成的相关设计方法，以进一步扎实汽车设计基本知识；学会用 AUTO CAD,CATIA等三维软件进行基本的二维或三维建模和制图，同时提高分析问题及解决问题的能力。提出将各种设计方法互相结合,针对不同的设计内容分别应用不同的方法,以促进其设计过程方法优化、设计结果精益求精。5.毕业设计实施计划第 1-4 周：查阅资料，分析课题研究的内容，外文翻译，写开题报告；第 5-6 周：比较分析各种不同类型主减速器的优缺第 7-8 周：分析确定几种不同类型的主减速器，并绘制出草图第 9-10 周：具体数据计算第 11-15 周：确定主减速器总装配图并绘制总装配图：均为计算机绘图；第 16-17 周：撰写毕业论文，准备答辩。参考文献及有关资料1 孙恒等.机械原理.北京：高等教育出版社，20062 濮良贵，纪名刚.机械设计.北京：高等教育出版社，20063 王望予.汽车设计.北京：机械工业出版社，20044 陈家瑞.汽车构造.上下册.北京：机械工业出版社，20095 李俊玲，罗永革.Automotive Engineering English.北京：机械工业出版社，20056 刘惟信. 汽车车桥设计M. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2004 : 472517刘惟信. 圆锥齿轮与双曲面齿轮转动M . 北京: 人民交通出版社, 1980 : 2172224 8汽车工程手册编辑委员会. 汽车工程手册: 设计篇M . 北京:人民交通出版社, 2001 : 44224509 卢 曦, 郑松林, 寇宏滨, 等. 圆柱齿轮低载强化试验研究J .中国机械工程, 2005 , 16 (23) : 21092211110寇宏滨, 郑松林, 卢 曦. 工艺强化后传动系齿轮疲劳寿命增长潜力的研究J . 机械强度, 2005 , 27 (2) : 232223511邵 晨, 艾维全, 卢 曦. 轿车变速箱齿轮磨合次数对疲劳寿命影响的试验研究J . 机械强度, 2005 ,27(4) : 54154312 张洪欣.汽车设计. 机械工业出版社，1999：11813613 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