4LBZ-100型水稻收割机脱粒装置改进设计(全套含CAD图纸)
下载后文件包含有 CAD 图纸和说明书,咨询 Q 197216396 或 119709851分 类 号 密 级 宁宁波大红鹰学院毕 业 设 计 (论 文 )4LBZ-100 型水稻收割机脱粒装置改进设计所 在 学 院 机 械 与 电 气 工 程 学 院专 业 机 械 设 计 制 造 及 其 自 动 化班 级姓 名学 号指 导 老 师下载后文件包含有 CAD 图纸和说明书,咨询 Q 197216396 或 119709852诚 信 承 诺我谨在此承诺:本人所写的毕业设计(论文) 4LBZ-100 型水稻收割机脱粒装置改进设计均系本人独立完成,没有抄袭行为,凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料,均作了注释,若有不实,后果由本人承担。承诺人(签名): 下载后文件包含有 CAD 图纸和说明书,咨询 Q 197216396 或 11970985III摘 要收割机的发展方向将是向高科技化方向发展,制造出适用性强的收割机很有发展市场,对不同地区开发出不同的收割机是很有发展前途的。由此,相应的制造出高性能的水稻收割机是国外收获机的发展概况。该水稻水稻收割机可一次性完成收割、脱粒、分离和装袋作业。该机体积小、重量轻,操作灵活,通过性与适应性好,较好地解决了大、中型收割机在丘陵、山区和水田难以收割的难题。关键词:水稻脱粒装置;脱粒; 改进设计下载后文件包含有 CAD 图纸和说明书,咨询 Q 197216396 或 11970985IV下载后文件包含有 CAD 图纸和说明书,咨询 Q 197216396 或 11970985VAbstractThe development direction of harvester will be to high-tech direction, making out the applicability of harvester is the development of the market, is very promising for different regions developed different harvester. Thus, the corresponding manufacturing combine high performance is the development of foreign harvester. The rice combine harvester can complete harvesting, threshing, separation and bagging operations at one time. The machine has the advantages of small volume, light weight, flexible operation, through and good adaptability, can better solve the problem of big, medium-sized harvester to harvest in the hilly, mountainous and paddy field.Key Words: rice thresher threshing; improved design;下载后文件包含有 CAD 图纸和说明书,咨询 Q 197216396 或 11970985VIVII目 录摘 要 .IIIAbstract.IV目 录 .V第 1 章 绪论.1第 2 章 总体方案确定.22.1 脱粒装置工作原理 .22.2 水稻水稻收割机总体设计 .32.2.1 水稻收割机的类型定位 .32.2.2 水稻收割机的整机结构及选择 .32.2.3 水稻水稻收割机的工作流程 .3第 3 章 脱粒装置设计.43.1 脱粒原理 .43.2 脱粒装置类型选择 .4第 4 章 动力的选择.64.1 整机消耗的功率计算 .64.1.1 脱粒装置的功率消耗的计算 .64.1.2 清选装置的功率消耗的计算 .64.2 柴油机的选择 .7第 5 章 传动装置设计.85.1 传动路线 .85.2 确定传动装置的传动比 .85.3 传动装置动力参数的计算 .85.4 皮带轮的设计与计算 .95.5 验算小带轮的包角 .105.6 确定 V 带根数 .105.7 单根 V 带预紧力的计算 .105.8 计算压轴力 .11VIII第 6 章 齿轮的设计与计算.126.1 材料的选择及许用应力的确定 .126.2 按轮齿接触强度的计算 .126.3 按齿根弯曲强度设计 .13第 7 章 轴的设计与计算.157.1 轴的材料选择 .157.2 轴的最小直径确定 .157.3 轴的结构设计 .157.4 轴的校核 .16第 8 章 键连接选择.19第 9 章 滚动轴承选用.209.1 滚动轴承校核 .209.2 脱粒滚筒转速计算 .219.3 滚筒直径计算 .219.4 脱粒滚筒长度确定 .22第 10 章 脱粒装置其他部分设计.2310.1 滚筒脱粒齿设计 .2310.1.1 弓齿形状选择 .2310.1.2 弓齿的排列 .2310.1.3 相关参数的计算 .2310.2 凹板的设计 .2410.2.1 凹板类型的确定 .2410.2.2 凹板直径的确定 .2410.2.3 凹板与滚筒之间间隙的确定 .25结论.26参考文献.27致 谢.28第 1 章 绪论1第 1 章 绪论脱粒装置为收割机械,是指以农作物种子的能力,源于机械分离,主要是指农作物收获机械。根据为谷物,不同类型的脱粒装置的材料。如“打米机”水稻脱粒使用;被称为“玉米脱粒装置”脱粒玉米等。收割机称为“谷机”,是机械脱粒稻最常用的手段。后需要第一水稻收割,稻粒的这种机械分离和茎。收割机分为两类,一类靠人力驱动器上,被称为“人类的节拍水稻机”,半机械化的工具;会打米机动力驱动,它被称为“力量收割机。”收割机出现大大降低了水稻收割的劳动强度,同时也提高农业生产力。切割小麦尚未经过,“颗粒”,这是在除了颗粒外壳,茎的过程。要做到这一点是使用老方法被称为“枷”使谷物和外壳仪器分离连续击败了小麦。其次是“年轻”的山谷,必须抛到空中谷类让风出光,不希望小米和“糠”的那部分,剩下的粮食落后。这是脱粒净化装置这是辛苦的、劳累至极的工作,而且花费的时间又很长。4000 平方米的小麦用手脱粒要花大约 5 天时间。它需要很长的时间。 4000 平方米小麦脱粒的手需要五天左右的时间。苏格兰发明家詹姆斯默克尔和他的儿子,安德鲁,要改变这种状况。经过长期的努力,终于在 18 世纪后期,詹姆斯已经开发出一种机器,配备了木制框架旋转鼓。安装在木制框架与窄带,当它变成以形成气体流,从而吹入外壳上的小麦。安德鲁返回到机加一个释放小麦壳扑设备。默克尔任何动力脱粒装置可以很容易地找到驱动源。他们选择使用马来司机第一台机器,但很快创建一个新的机器与水和蒸汽动力。脱粒装置是在美国,那里的劳动2力短缺很成功,但也大农业。脱粒装置和不受欢迎在英国。手工脱粒提供了农业工人冬季的就业机会。脱粒装置威胁着许多农业劳动者,使他们失去了工作。宁波大红鹰学院毕业设计(论文)3第 2 章 总体方案确定2.1 脱粒装置工作原理脱粒装置整机选用一台电机和一台鼓风机,电机,风扇转动和倒开关控制停止。电机顺时针饲料玉米棒,CCW 主要用于启动玉米棒和故障排除的球迷吹掉产生的碎片脱粒,渣。通过皮带轮,皮带轮无级变速器,同步齿滑轮,所以切割器电动机,玉米棒形的旋转切削工具,在工作中调整转向手柄,可以增加或减少切割器的速度;另一种传输线从两三角皮带轮,蜗杆传动三套鼓转动。脱粒装置装在滚筒压缩弹簧,橡皮辊,塑料辊,橡皮辊,它们旋转两组(棒送入玉米) ,无论是从橡胶辊夹紧作用,而且还棒运送玉米的功能,玉米上的穗轴弹簧直径,可以进行按照适当调节两辊之间的距离,以适应不同直径的棒脱粒要求。一组塑料滚筒可以是玉米芯保持器,输送到废液箱。工具和刀具润滑使用滴灌杯油,用橄榄油润滑油。为紧凑,内置切刀塑料轴承。塑料轴承上旋转的轴。 机器润滑蜗轮,蜗杆,塑料轴承,蠕虫的主要部分,该蠕虫使用开放带动,润滑黄油;当运行塑料轴承需要润滑,使用标准的针型油杯,在 200 毫升的体积,而对于此配备有滴液管,管路端用螺栓固定在油杯,轴承上的槽连接的另一端。滴水管的情况下可见油杯调节工作的大小。橄榄油的润滑油最好的选择,考虑到可供测试的其他食用油的价格。脱粒谷物被切断通过机械方式送料装置由入口进入脱粒脱粒滚筒和凹印在很短的提取凹印通过明确粮食清洁屏幕和球迷清洗网格状的装置进入由打击和擦的;长萃取到4分离装置以分离茎和种子,以及一个长阀杆排出机外,粮食等短提取通过所述分离装置的筛子进入洁净谷物清洗设备之下;风扇和下清洗筛子,稻壳和其它小碎屑的联合作用被吹到机光,干净的食物聚集晶粒外面成可经由粒收集装置的设备。2.2 水稻水稻收割机总体设计这种设计是一个小稻田根据南方丘陵区水稻收割机是小而设计,结合水稻收割机可以完成收割,脱粒,分离和装袋操作。本机体积小,重量轻,操作灵活,通过良好的和适应性,在山上大,中型收割机更好的解决方案,山脉和水稻收割难的问题,双季稻区南部,泥脚不深更大的超过 20 厘米就可以正常收割稻田。2.2.1 水稻收割机的类型定位整机形式为:悬挂式、全喂入割台形式为:带搅龙输送器式卧式割台脱粒装置形式为:轴流式2.2.2 水稻收割机的整机结构及选择收割台悬挂在框架悬架,后悬架脱粒装置的柴油,配置在左侧收割机中间槽的前方,前部和后部端部连接到切割台和脱粒部。有关资产负债割台,割台被放置到合适的档位。为收获后留脱粒设备布局,风选设置在右侧,而粮袋放置在右侧的水稻收割机脱粒部背面的平衡脱粒装置。由柴油机,柴油后动力输出轴提供动力的收获部分提供整体前进的动力。2.2.3 水稻水稻收割机的工作流程 当水稻收割机进行操作,先卷分配到作物刀,砍下一刀切割后的作物,然后滔滔不绝的产量下降到割台,割台螺旋输送器,以削减产量倒下预留伸展左侧是指向机构,组织放下以高速发送回槽抛物线手指螺旋钻作物,槽作物的手指后该机构发送从所述塔底物流连续加入到释放机构抓取,作物后入轴流脱粒机制,因为它是受高速战斗以及作物为螺旋运动不断击中凹版屏的结果期间辊掺入,使得晶粒把它关闭,并落在通过在凹谷组螺旋钻筛板。谷粒谷跌至镶钻推抵簸(上未显示的另一面) ,再由风选被抛向粮袋。脱粒机被关造成凹版目筛保留不能通过粮食净稻草。第 3 章 脱粒装置设计5第 3 章 脱粒装置设计3.1 脱粒原理1.风机 2.凹版筛 3.滚筒 4.弓齿 5.振动筛 6.出粮口图 3 脱粒装置的结构图1)冲击脱粒:对对方脱粒元素冲击作用秒杀头和脱粒。较高的冲击速度,脱粒越强,但也越大裂解速率。2)摩擦脱粒:由组件和谷物之间,以及谷物和谷物脱粒谷物脱粒离去之间的摩擦。脱粒装置脱粒间隙的大小是至关重要的。3)梳刷脱粒:谷物脱粒由拉力脱粒部件进行。4)滚动脱粒:打谷脱粒通过施加压力的元素进行粮食。在这种情况下,力作用在谷物主要沿晶面的法向力。5)振动脱粒:由脱粒元件用于施加高频振动进行谷物脱粒。脱粒是的几种方法在长期的生产实践过程中总结而来去壳大米储存。如果裸存储,则存储时间短。米粒脆,易折断。因此,本设计采用梳刷脱粒,主要针对与脱粒脱粒完成补充两者。3.2 脱粒装置类型选择在根据不同子类型的不同的方式,根据本馈送模式脱粒装置可分为:全喂入和半喂入6;通过脱粒齿可分为:1)剪切流纹杆脱粒滚筒单元,它由粮食倾杆,网格状凹雕,间隙调整装置等组成。擦脱粒为主,影响,脱粒和分离能力的能力,小关穗率补充。但饲养不均匀种子湿度,脱粒质量下降。62)切流尖刺滚筒脱粒装置,其中包括牙齿和指甲美甲齿凹版。强劲飙升使用谷物强烈的影响,以及内部的差距,擦脱粒脱粒。能够抓取不均匀,湿饲料作物具有较强的适应性。不过关的秆高,分离较差。3)双滚筒脱粒装置,使用两个辊协同工作。较低的第一鼓的速度,你可以把一个很好的成熟,丰满的内核先行。第二滚筒的较高的速度,较小的间隙,不能完全脱粒谷物前滚脱净。4)轴向脱粒滚筒单元,轴向辊功率的较大的作物的物理和机械特性消耗,比传统型更敏感,影响饲料作物的长度,水分含量都较大。5)弓齿滚筒脱粒装置脱粒水稻,小麦可以和起飞。仅第一脱粒穗到滚筒,以确保脱粒后的干完好;小凹版屏幕分离含杂率有利于后续的清洗;大部分晶粒的可以从凹印筛,颗粒破碎和损坏很少被分离,功率消耗小。但是,只有接穗尖适应不适应矮作物,作物适应性差脱粒作物。考虑到因素,如成本和农村的稻田,本设计采用了弓齿半喂入脱粒装置。脱粒方式进入关,关,下侧断三种形式,如图关上分离,低辊位置,喂养表现不佳的影响;下关分离性能差,少掉穗叶柄,一般夹持半喂入装置和水稻收割机脱粒;一边脱分离更好的性能和水平水稻收割机喂养表现。本设计采用一个下胶式。考虑到成本和农村稻田等因素,本设计采用的是弓齿滚筒半喂入脱粒装置。脱粒方式分为上脱、下脱和侧脱三种形式,如图 4上脱式分离效果好,滚筒位置低,喂入性能差;下脱式分离性能差,断穗和带柄少,适用于一般夹持式半喂入脱粒装置和水稻收割机;侧脱式分离性能和喂入性能较好,适用于卧式水稻收割机。本设计采用的是下脱式。 第 4 章 动力的选择7第 4 章 动力的选择4.1 整机消耗的功率计算4.1.1 脱粒装置的功率消耗的计算脱粒装置在工作时,在运转稳定性较好(保障脱粒滚筒运转稳定性的条件:有足够的转动惯量;发动机有足够的储备功率和较灵敏的调速器)的条件下,其功率总耗用 N 由两部分组成:一部分用于克服滚筒空转而消耗的功率 (占总功率消耗的kN5%-7%) ,一部分用于克服脱粒阻力而消耗的功率 (占总功率消耗的 93%-95%) ,所以 tN脱粒装置的功率消耗为:N = + (kW ) (4) kt1)其中空转功率消耗: = + kA3B式中: 系数, 为克服轴承及传动装置的摩擦阻力的功率消耗, 310).-2(AB系数, 为克服滚筒转动时的空气迎风阻力而消耗的功率, 3.68.-4)(2)其中脱粒功率消耗 :这个过程比较复杂,水稻首先是以较低的速度进入脱粒tN装置入口处,与高速旋转的脱粒滚筒接触,然后被拖入脱粒间隙进行脱粒,既有梳刷也有打击,研究的依据是动量守恒定律:冲量转换为动量: , mvtPt/(5)1(0/2FvmNt 单位时间喂入的谷物量;m综合搓擦系数, 0.7-0.8;F滚筒的切向速度,15m / s。v将数据代入 N = + 得:ktN= 0.52+1.5=2.02( )kw4.1.2 清选装置的功率消耗的计算清选装置消耗的功率由下式可求得:(6)(/kNQps8其中: 单位时间进入清选装置的脱出物质量( ) ;sQskg/单位脱出物质量清选筛所需的功率( ) ,上筛:0.4-0.5,下筛:pNw/0.25-0.3;选别能力系数,0.8-0.9。代入数据可得消耗的功率:1.75( )/psNQkw4.2 柴油机的选择通过上面的计算,可以知道整个脱粒装置消耗的功率,其消耗的总功率为: 0.043+2.02+1.75+1=4.813( )总Pk查机械设计手册 19可得,选取广泛用于农业上 105 系列,南昌柴油机厂,选取型号为:X2105BC-15 ,其额定功率为 16.2 ,满载转速为 .满足水稻脱粒装kw150/minr置的动力的需求。第 5 章 传动装置设计9第 5 章 传动装置设计5.1 传动路线主传动轴脱粒滚筒第 2 传动轴风机 第 1 传动轴曲柄摇杆5.2 确定传动装置的传动比总传动比(7) ni/额式中 柴油机满载转速,1500r/min,则 额n4.2/i额那么 V 带的传动比 ,处于 24 之间,符合要求 。i分配各级传动比1) 取 V 带传动传动比为 ,1i2)取第 1 传动轴传动比 为 0.6,23)第 2 传动轴传动比 。6.04/.3i5.3 传动装置动力参数的计算柴油机输出轴额定转速为 , 脱粒装置满负荷作业时,输出轴转速稳额pmin/75r定在 0.8-0.9 倍额定转速状态下运行。1)各轴转速主传动轴转速, 。主轴与动力输出轴直联。主nin/70r动主第 1 传动轴转 。传动比为 , 带传动按 92%效率计算, 则16.imi/38%92n主脱粒滚筒转速 。带传动按 92%效率计算,则脱in/50r主脱第 2 传动轴转速为 ,传动比为 1。带传动按 92%效率计算,则2ni/9826风机的转速 ,风机直接安装在第 2 传动轴上,则风min/52rn风102)各轴功率主传动轴 kwp5.主额第 1 传动轴 06.92.1主式中 - 带传动效率;查表 19取值 0.92。v3)各轴转矩第 1 传动轴 ).(81065/.90/9501 mNnPT筒额第 2 传动轴 ).(437/2.5/2125.4 皮带轮的设计与计算5.4.1 带型的选定根据总体方案的选择,查机械设计手册 19的工况系数 。可得计算功率为:0.1K(8) kwpKc5.根据计算功率和柴油机的转速,查手册 19选择采用 SPZ 型皮带。5.4.2 带轮直径与带速的确定小带轮的直径通过查机械设计手册 19,有 ,其中 是 V 带的最小基min1dmind准直径, 过小,会降低皮带的使用寿命。 ;反过来,虽然可以延长皮带的使用寿命,1d但是带传动的外形尺寸随之增大。V 带的最小基准直径参考值如下表所示。表 3 V 带轮的最小基准直径类型 Y Z SPZ A SPA B SPB C SPC D E 20 50 63 75 90 125 140 200 224 355 500md/in选取小带轮的直径 。md751大带轮的基准直径 ,取 。mid 25.8671.)(2 md902上式中 是 V 带传动的滑动率,值很小,在计算中可以忽略不计。带速的计算: max106/vnvd代入数据的 s4.8对于普通的 V 带, ,太小传递的功率小,太大则离心力过大,计/25max第 5 章 传动装置设计11算的结果在合理范围内,符合设计要求。5.4.3 带的基准长度和轴间距的确定由公式 (9) )(2)7.021021dda(代入数据得 。ma所需带的基准长度为:021210 4/)()(/ aLddd 代入数据得 3.659则实际的轴间距为 /)(00dLa代入数据的实际的轴间距为 。m4.855.5 验算小带轮的包角由下式可求带轮包角:3.57/)(18012ad48.657一般 ,最小不低于 ,小带轮包角合适,不需要使用张紧轮。120905.6 确定 V 带根数V 带根数可由以下公式计算:(10) lAcc kppz00其中 功率增量,考虑传动比 时,在大带轮上的弯曲应力较小,在寿命相0p1i同的条件下,可以增大传递的功率。包角修正系数,考虑包角不等于 时对传动能力的影响。Ak 8带长修正系数,考虑包角不为特定长度时对传动能力的影响。l单根 V 带的基本额定功率。0p查机械设计手册 20可得: , =0.99, =0.97, = 30.pAkl0pkw54.11297.03.541. z圆整后取 V 带根数 z5.7 单根 V 带预紧力的计算根据公式 (11) 20/5.2qvzkpFAc12= 264.810.39.0/5.250 )(= N8.1695.8 计算压轴力根据公式 (12) 2/sin10zFQ(13) 其中 为2/sin310maxzFQ maxQF正常预紧力的 1.5 倍。代入数据 NQ 21.05/.76sin328.69F8152.051max第 6 章 齿轮的设计与计算13第 6 章 齿轮的设计与计算6.1 材料的选择及许用应力的确定根据设计方案,本设计采用的是直齿圆柱齿轮传动,考虑到脱粒装置功率较大,故大、小齿轮都选用硬齿面。选取大、小齿轮的材料均为 40Cr,并经调质及表面淬火,齿面硬度为 4855HRC。因采用表面淬火,轮齿的变形不大,不需要磨削,故初选 7 级精度。6.2 按轮齿接触强度的计算根据公式(14) 3 2211 /2. uZuTkddEtt 确定公式内的各计算数值1)试选载荷系数 ;.t2)计算小齿轮传递的转矩:mNT451 105.76/8.40.93)由机械设计手册 20选取齿宽系数 ;9d4)由手册 20查得材料的弹性影响系数 MpaZE8.5)按齿面硬度中间值 查手册 20得大、小齿轮得接触疲劳强度极限 HRC52(15) 6)计算应力MpaH1702lim1li循环次数)153082(165061 hjLnN9.89273/8.7)查设计手册 19得接触疲劳寿命系数 .01HNK90.2HN8)计算接触疲劳许用应力取失效概率为 1,安全系数 S1,得KHNH/lim2li2计算1)试算小齿轮分度圆直径 ,代入 中较小的值td1H143 2211 /2. uZuTkddEtt m4.380.9/8405.7312. 2)计算圆周速度 vsndvt /31.60/52.4.306/13)计算齿宽 bdbt 5849.814)计算齿宽与齿高之比 h/模数 6.24.381zdmtt齿高 mht025.96/34/b5)计算载荷系数根据 ,7 级精度,由手册 21查得动载系数 ;sv/1. 10.vK假设 ,由手册 21查得齿间载荷分配系数 ; NbFKtA0 .FH由手册 21查得使用系数 ;A由 表 4 查得接触强度计算用齿向载荷分布系数 ;43.1由手册 21查得弯曲疲劳强度计算用齿向载荷分布系数 . 7FK故载荷系数 73.1HvAKK6)按实际的载荷系数校正所得的分度圆直径,得mkdtt 26.4./42.8/331 7)计算模数 m7.1/./1z6.3 按齿根弯曲强度设计弯曲强度的设计公式为(16)mzSYKTmFdaF321/2确定公式内的各计算数值1)由手册 21得大、小齿轮的弯曲疲劳强度极限 ;MpaFE680212)由手册 21查得弯曲疲劳寿命系数 ; 。8.01FN9.NK3)计算弯曲疲劳许用应力取弯曲疲劳安全系数 S1.4,得MpaFKENF4.27/11322第 6 章 齿轮的设计与计算154)计算载荷系数 K6.137.1HvA5)查取齿形系数由手册 21查得齿形系数 。2.,5.21FaFaY6)查取应力校正系数由手册 21得应力校正系数 。764.1,8.21SaSa7)计算大小齿轮的 并加以比较FSaY/09./5.6211Fa81437/2S小齿轮的数值大。设计计算mm64.129.0/8.105.7634对比计算结果,由齿面接触疲劳强度计算的模数 m 略大于由齿根疲劳强度计算的模数,由于齿轮模数 m 的大小主要取决于弯曲强度所决定的承载能力,而齿面接触疲劳强度所决定的承载能力,仅与齿轮直径(即模数与齿数的乘积)有关,可取由弯曲强度算得得模数 1.64,就近圆整为标准值 m2mm,按接触强度算得的分度圆直径, 。d26.4113.2/6.4/1dz取 取 24.72uz 702z几何尺寸计算1)计算分度圆直径mzd41mzd140722)计算中心距a9/102/13)计算齿轮宽度db6.349.1验算NTFt 5.04/05.72/41mbKtA /1./符合要求。宁波大红鹰学院毕业设计(论文)16第 7 章 轴的设计与计算7.1 轴的材料选择脱粒装置在工作时,脱粒轴的转速很高,而且传递的扭矩很大,综合考虑,轴的材料选择45钢调质处理,硬度为195-290 ,其接触疲劳强度极限HBS,弯曲疲劳极限取 。MpaH620-5lim MpaFE480-1lim7.2 轴的最小直径确定由公式 (17)nPCd3/其中 该轴传递的功率, ;Pkw该轴的转速, ;nmi/r指轴的材料和承载情况确定常数。C已知 =2.02 , ,查机械设计手册 21可得 C=128,代入上式可kin/650得d4.18选 。md207.3 轴的结构设计为了便于轴上零件的拆卸,经常把轴做成阶梯形。轴的直径从轴端逐渐向中间增大,可依次将齿轮和带轮等从轴的上端装拆,为了使轴上的零件便于安装,轴端及各轴的端部应有倒角。轴上磨削的轴段应有砂轮越程槽,车制螺纹轴段应有退刀槽。各段轴的直径,如有配合要求的轴段,应尽量采用标准直径,安装轴承、齿轮等标准件的轴径,应符合各标准件的内径系列规定。采用的套筒、螺母、轴端挡圈作轴向固定时,应把装零件的轴段长度做的比零件轮毂短 ,以确保螺母等紧靠零件m32端面。脱粒轴结构初定如图7所示:图 7 轴的结构图第 7 轴的设计与计算177.4 轴的校核7.4.1 轴上载荷的计算求轴承上的支反力垂直面内: NFV917NFV3142水平面内: H258NH86画受力简图与弯矩图,如图 8 所示:据第四强度理论且忽略键槽影响MPaW70/1)32/5.(22dT,69.表 4 受力分析载荷 水平面 H 垂直面 VNFN2518NF917支反力 F 63V342弯矩 M mMNVax 185071mNVax 185071MVH51max221ax1 0.总弯矩 扭矩 T NT386MPaPaWca 7069.2510.9/109./ 1-51 M44233218轴安全。图 8 受力简图和弯矩图7.4.2 按弯扭合成应力校核轴强度进行校核时,只校核轴承上承受弯矩和扭矩最大的截面强度,取 =0.6,轴的计算应力为:NWTMca 8.4301./)9.261.0()15.9(/)(1 232322 前已选定轴材料为 45 号钢,调质处理,由机械设计 23表 15-1 查得 =60Mpa 因此1S=1.56.0/2SSca故安全宁波大红鹰学院毕业设计(论文)20第 8 章 键连接选择键连接可分为平键连接、半圆键连接、楔键连接和切向键连接。 平键按用途分有三种:普通平键、导向平键和滑键。平键的两侧面为工作面,平键连接是靠键和键槽侧面挤压传递转矩,键的上表面和轮毂槽底之间留有间隙。平键连接具有结构简单、装拆方便、对中性好等优点,因而应用广泛。本设计采用的是平键连接 。查表机械设计手册 21表 4-1 分别选择轴 1、2 段平键bhL=6mm6mm20mm、bhL=10mm8mm 22mm。材料为 45 钢,其许用挤压应力,取其平均值, 。Mpa120-Mpa0在本设计中脱粒轴传递的扭矩最大,根据要求,需对脱粒轴的键连接进行强度校核,因载荷均匀分布,根据平键连接的挤压强度公式:(19)ppdhlT/4式中:T 为转矩(Nmm) ; 为轴径(mm ) ; d为键的高度(mm) ; h为键的工作长度( mm) ; l为许用挤压应力(MPa) ; p代入数据得 8000hhnPCLrh 43/106 105.2)(由寿命校核结果可以看出两轴承的寿命均大于设计寿命,故所选轴承合格。229.2 脱粒滚筒转速计算滚筒的转速一般根据滚筒的有效直径来计算。当滚筒速度增加时,脱净率增加,水稻带柄率减少,但破碎率和断茎率都会增加,当圆周速度大于 12 米/秒时,水稻脱净率在 99以上,但如果圆周速度过大,脱离效率提高并不显著,仅使谷粒在滚筒上跳动加剧,增加谷粒的抛散损失 7。当滚筒的圆周速度太小时,弓齿对穗的冲击力减弱,从而延长脱粒时间而降低生产率。通常情况下对于水稻来说: 。根smV/174据圆周速度 V 可以求得滚筒的转速 。n(1)60/)(HDV/60式中D滚筒直径(不包括弓齿高度) ;H弓齿的高度,取 。m65滚筒转速 in/164.0/1rn取 i/650r9.3 滚筒直径计算滚筒圈直径 D 由防止滚筒缠草和滚筒对茎秆的最大允许包角两个条件确定 8, 其计算式为:)m(/L360l其中 L下作物的长度 mm;l作物喂入深度, 一般大于 400mm9;所包围滚筒的允许包角,一般为 12010。一般况下, 选用较大直径为有利, 其原因是:作物喂得深, 未进未脱损失少;喂人口弧度大, 可以提高喂人性能;滚筒不易缠草, 对作物品种和湿度的适应性好;凹板筛面积大, 分离能力强;引转动惯量大, 运转平稳, 适应超负荷的性能良好;凹板曲率小,喂进脱粒室的茎秆折断少, 有利于减少功率消耗 11。L 取 1200mm,l 取 300mm。则由上式可得: ,mD382由上式可得: 。0第 9 章 滚动轴承选用23滚筒直径一般为 按齿顶计算) 12,齿根处直径一般为 。m60-4 m460-3由于本次设计中的采用的是半喂入式脱粒装置,因此进入脱粒装置的只是作物的穗头部分,故不用担心茎杆缠绕的问题可以取滚筒直径为 400mm13 (不含弓齿高) 。 9.4 脱粒滚筒长度确定它与喂入速度和弓齿总数有关 14。半喂入脱粒装置工作时作物潮湿, 工作量大,一般选为600-1000mm,本机设计滚筒长度定为700mm 15.宁波大红鹰学院毕业设计(论文)24第 10 章 脱粒装置其他部分设计10.1 滚筒脱粒齿设计10.1.1 弓齿形状选择弓齿的形状有“V”字形及“U”字形两种。试验结果表明“V”字形弓齿顶角为22 时,消耗的功率和断穗率都最少。 “U”字形弓齿圆弧大的功率消耗小,断穗率也小。本设计滚筒上脱粒齿采用三重齿,它们能够提高梳刷、脱粒质量,并且滚筒不易缠草。弓齿用 45 钢制造,淬火部位的硬度为 HRC 45-5516。10.1.2 弓齿的排列半喂入式的脱粒滚筒的弓齿排列按斜线,具有工作平稳,生产率高的特点。所以,在本设计中,采用的是齿排斜线配置。弓齿依螺旋排列的目地除了达到脱粒时负荷均匀外,而且还能促使杂余沿轴向流动。所以,选择弓齿的排列按照螺旋线分区的排列。分三个区,第一区段为梳整区,约占滚筒全长的 10%-15%,梳整齿选材为 6-8mm 的钢丝,对作梳导和推送,梳整齿安装在滚筒喂入端的锥形面上。第二区段为脱粒区,约占滚筒全长的 70-75 17。钢丝直径 5-6mm,它又分前后两区。前区约占全长的 40-45。由于谷物刚进入脱粒间隙,脱粒量较大,安装了加强齿。 第三区为排稿区,只占滚筒全长的 8-10,钢丝直径 5-6mm,为加强排草能力,齿距较密,为 60 毫米左右,齿形与脱粒齿相同。10.1.3 相关参数的计算螺旋排列的列数:。6/60PNKVSl弓齿轴向间距:。mcl5.1/弓齿数:。20/60NPVSKZl第 10 章 脱粒装置其他部分设计2510.2 凹板的设计10.2.1 凹板类型的确定凹板有编织筛式和栅格式两种,其比较如表2所示。表 2 编织筛式与栅格式凹板的对比凹板类型 筛孔尺寸(mm ) 优点 缺点处理断穗能力很强, 容易变形12-5.7编织筛凹板 钢丝直径 2.5 断穗、带柄率少结构 湿脱性能差、 简单、容易制造 易堵塞易磨损筛孔宽 12-15 刚性好、分离能力强 结构和制造工艺复杂栅格式凹板 筛孔长 20-30 夹带损失小、湿脱适好 较多、断穗、带柄较多经过综合比较,本设计采用栅格式凹板,其结构如图6所示。图 6 凹板筛结构示意图10.2.2 凹板直径的确定凹板直径是决定生产率的主要参数(在限制滚筒转速的情况下,凹板直径是决定生产率的唯一参数) ,凹板直径与生产率成正比,但不是一次性线性关系。栅 格凸 板26根据凹板直径与生产率的关系和实际生产情况,本设计现选取凹板直径 D 为490mm,对水稻脱粒装置来说英文资料High-speed millingHigh-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs.1 One of the advantages of high-speed machiningHigh-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved.1.1 Increase productivity High-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market.1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface quality High-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 0.4um.1.3 Cutting reduce the heat Because the main axis milling machine high-speed rotation, cutting a shallow cutting, and feed very quickly, and the blade length of the workpiece contacts and contact time is very short, a decrease of blades and parts of the heat conduction. High-speed cutting by dry milling or oil cooked up absolute (mist) lubrication system, to avoid the traditional processing tool in contact with the workpiece and a lot of shortcomings to ensure that the tool is not high temperature under the conditions of work, extended tool life.1.4 This is conducive to processing thin-walled partsHigh-speed cutting of small cutting force, a higher degree of stability, Machinable with high-quality employees compared to the company may be very good, but other than the companys employees may Suanbu Le outstanding work performance. For our China practice, we use the models to determine the method of staff training needs are simple and effective. This study models can be an external object, it can also be a combination of internal and external. We must first clear strategy for the development of enterprises. Through the internal and external business environment and organizational resources, such as analysis, the future development of a clear business goals and operational priorities. According to the business development strategy can be compared to find the business models, through a comparative analysis of the finalization of business models. In determining business models, a, is the understanding of its development strategy, or its market share and market growth rate, or the staff of the situation, and so on, according to the companies to determine the actual situation. As enterprises in different period of development, its focus is different, which means that enterprises need to invest the manpower and financial resources the focus is different. So in a certain period of time, enterprises should accurately selected their business models compared with the departments and posts, so more practical significance, because the business models are not always good, but to compare some aspects did not have much practical significance, Furthermore This can more fully concentrate on the business use of limited resources. Identify business models, and then take the enterprise of the corresponding departments and staff with the business models for comparison, the two can be found in the performance gap, a comparative analysis to find reasons, in accordance with this business reality, the final identification of training needs. The cost of training is needed, if not through an effective way to determine whether companies need to train and the training of the way, but blind to training, such training is difficult to achieve the desired results. A comparison only difference between this model is simple and practical training.1.5 Can be part of some alternative technology, such as EDM, grinding high intensity and high hardness processingHigh-speed cutting a major feature of high-speed cutting machine has the hardness of HRC60 parts. With the use of coated carbide cutter mold processing, directly to the installation of a hardened tool steel processing forming, effectively avoid the installation of several parts of the fixture error and improve the parts of the geometric location accuracy. In the mold of traditional processing, heat treatment hardening of the workpiece required EDM, high-speed machining replace the traditional method of cutting the processing, manufacturing process possible to omit die in EDM, simplifying the processing technology and investment costs . High-speed milling in the precincts of CNC machine tools, or for processing centre, also in the installation of high-speed spindle on the general machine tools. The latter not only has the processing capacity of general machine tools, but also for high-speed milling, a decrease of investment in equipment, machine tools increased flexibility. Cutting high-speed processing can improve the efficiency, quality improvement, streamline processes, investment and machine tool investment and maintenance costs rise, but comprehensive, can significantly increase economic efficiency.2 High-speed milling High-speed milling the main technical high-speed cutting technology is cutting the development direction of one of it with CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new materials and new technology, such as technology development to a higher level. High-speed machine tools and high-speed tool to achieve high-speed cutting is the prerequisite and basic conditions, in high-speed machining in the performance of high-speed machine tool material of choice and there are strict requirements. 2.1 High-speed milling machine in order to achieve high-speed machiningGeneral use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas: High-speed milling machine must have a high-speed spindle, the spindle speed is generally 10000 100000 m / min, power greater than 15 kW. But also with rapid speed or in designated spots fast-stopping performance. The main axial space not more than 0 .0 0 0 2 m m. Often using high-speed spindle-hydrostatic bearings, air pressure-bearing, mixed ceramic bearings, magnetic bearing structure of the form. Spindle cooling general use within the water or air cooled. High-speed processing machine-driven system should be able to provide 40 60 m / min of the feed rate, with good acceleration characteristics, can provide 0.4 m/s2 to 10 m/s2 acceleration and deceleration. In order to obtain good processing quality, high-speed cutting machines must have a high enough stiffness. Machine bed material used gray iron, can also add a high-damping base of concrete, to prevent cutting tool chatter affect the quality of processing. A high-speed data transfer rate, can automatically increase slowdown. Processing technology to improve the processing and cutting tool life. At present high-speed machine tool manufacturers, usually in the general machine tools on low speed, the feed of the rough and then proceed to heat treatment, the last in the high-speed machine on the half-finished and finished, in improving the accuracy and efficiency at the same time, as far as possible to reduce processing Cost.2.2 High-speed machining tool High-speed machining tool is the most active one of the important factors, it has a direct impact on the efficiency of processing, manufacturing costs and product processing and accuracy. Tool in high-speed processing to bear high temperature, high pressure, friction, shock and vibration, such as loading, its hardness and wear-resistance, strength and toughness, heat resistance, technology and economic performance of the basic high-speed processing performance is the key One of the factors. High-speed cutting tool technology development speed, the more applications such as diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic knives, carbide coating, (C) titanium nitride Carbide TIC (N) And so on. CBN has high hardness, abrasion resistance and the extremely good thermal conductivity, and iron group elements between the great inertia, in 1300 would not have happened significant role in the chemical, also has a good stability. The experiments show that with CBN cutting toolHRC35 67 hardness of hardened steel can achieve very high speed. Ceramics have good wear resistance and thermal chemical stability, its hardness, toughness below the CBN, can be used for processing hardness of HRC 5 0 parts. Carbide Tool good wear resistance, but the hardness than the low-CBN and ceramics. Coating technology used knives, cutting tools can improve hardness and cutting the rate, for cutting HRC40 50 in hardness between the workpiece. Can be used to heat-resistant alloys, titanium alloys, hightemperature alloy, cast iron, Chungang, aluminum and composite materials of high-speed cutting Cut, the most widely used. Precision machining non-ferrous metals or non-metallic materials, or the choice of polycrystalline diamond Gang-coated tool.2.3 High-speed processing technology High-speed cutting technology for high-speed machining is the key. Cutting Methods misconduct, will increase wear tool to less than high-speed processing purposes. Only high-speed machine tool and not a good guide technology, high-speed machining equipment can not fully play its role. In high-speed machining, should be chosen with milling, when the milling cutter involvement with the workpiece chip thickness as the greatest, and then gradually decreased. High-speed machining suitable for shallow depth of cut, cutting depth of not more than 0.2 mm, to avoid the location of deviation tool to ensure that the geometric precision machining parts. Ensure that the workpiece on the cutting constant load, to get good processing quality. Cutting a single high-speed milling path-cutting mode, try not to interrupt the process and cutting tool path, reducing the involvement tool to cut the number to be relatively stable cutting process. Tool to reduce the rapid change to, in other words when the NC machine tools must cease immediately, or Jiangsu, and then implement the next step. As the machine tool acceleration restrictions, easy to cause a waste of time, and exigency stop or radical move would damage the surface accuracy. In the mold of high-speed finishing, in each Cut, cut to the workpiece, the feed should try to change the direction of a curve or arc adapter, avoid a straight line adapter to maintain the smooth process of cutting.3 Die in high-speed milling processing of Milling as a highly efficient high-speed cutting of the new method,in Mould Manufacturing has been widely used. Forging links in the regular production model, with EDM cavity to be 12 15 h, electrodes produced 2 h. Milling after the switch to high-speed, high-speed milling cutter on the hardness of HRC 6 0 hardened tool steel processing. The forging die processing only 3 h20min, improve work efficiency four to five times the processing surface roughness of Ra0.5 0.6m, fully in line with quality requirements.High-speed cutting technology is cutting technology one of the major developments, mainly used in automobile industry and die industry, particularly in the processing complex surface, the workpiece itself or knives rigid requirements of the higher processing areas, is a range of advanced processing technology The integration, high efficiency and high quality for the people respected. It not only involves high-speed processing technology, but also including high-speed processing machine tools, numerical control system, high-speed cutting tools and CAD / CAM technology. Die-processing technology has been developed in the mold of the manufacturing sector in general, and in my application and the application of the standards have yet to be improved, because of its traditional processing with unparalleled advantages, the future will continue to be an inevitable development of processing technology Direction.4 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor . Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop ones own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc. Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the peoples livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect 1- in its main research focus. 5 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering. In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank pay empty make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility. According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is
收藏