泵体零件的工艺设计及夹具设计

泵体零件的工艺设计及夹具设计,零件,工艺,设计,夹具 本科生毕业设计（论文）开题报告论文(设计)题目泵体（1）零件的加工工艺和夹具设计作者所在系别机电工程系作者所在专业机械设计制造及其自动化作者所在班级B13113作 者 姓 名章正易作 者 学 号20134011333指导教师姓名丁红军指导教师职称讲师完 成 时 间2017年3月北华航天工业学院教务处制说 明1根据学校毕业设计(论文)工作暂行规定，学生必须撰写毕业设计（论文）开题报告。开题报告作为毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。2开题报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业设计（论文）工作前期内完成，经指导教师签署意见及所在专业教研室论证审查后生效。开题报告不合格者需重做。3毕业设计开题报告各项内容要实事求是，逐条认真填写。其中的文字表达要明确、严谨，语言通顺，外来语要同时用原文和中文表达。第一次出现缩写词，须注出全称。4开题报告中除最后一页外均由学生填写，填写各栏目时可根据内容另加附页。5阅读的主要参考文献应在10篇以上（土建类专业文献篇数可酌减），其中外文资料应占一定比例。本学科的基础和专业课教材一般不应列为参考资料。6参考文献的书写应遵循毕业设计（论文）撰写规范要求。7开题报告应与文献综述、一篇外文译文和外文原文复印件同时提交，文献综述的撰写格式按毕业设计（论文）撰写规范的要求，字数在2000字左右。毕业设计(论文)开题报告学生姓名章正易专 业机械设计制造及其自动化班 级B13113指导教师姓名丁红军职 称讲师工作单位北华航天工业学院课题来源教师自拟题目课题性质应用研究课题名称泵体零件机械加工工艺和专用夹具设计本设计的科学依据（科学意义和应用前景，国内外研究概况，目前技术现状、水平和发展趋势等）制造工艺是制造技术的灵魂、核心和关键，是生产中最活跃的因素。其过程是采用金属切削刀具或磨具及其他加工方法来加工工件，使工件达到所要求的形状、尺寸、表面粗糙度和力学物理性能，从而生产出合格零件。夹具的使用可以有效的保证加工质量，提高生产效率，降低生产成本，扩大机床的工艺范围，减轻工人劳动强度，保证安全生产等。考虑到机械加工工艺安排及夹具的使用在泵体的生产中直接影响到其加工质量和生产效率等，所以研究泵体的机械加工工艺及夹具设计的课题有着十分重要的意义。当代机械制造业主要采用单件生产、多品种/小批量和重复大批量生产等多种方式。多样化经营模式、工艺复杂，所需设备和工装繁多。目前采用CAPP编制工艺很普遍，成组工序允许采用同一设备和工艺装置，以及相同或相近的机床调整方式来加工工全组零件。成组技术亦可应用于零件加工的全工艺过程。采用先进的机床和刀具，工序集中，使加工高效、简洁、可靠，简化生产计划和生产组织工作。夹具最早出现在18世纪后期，随着科学技术的不断进步，夹具已从一种辅助工具发展为门类齐全的工艺装备。近年来，数控机床、加工中心、成组技术、柔性制造系统等新加工技术的应用，对机床夹具提出了很多新的要求。在现代制造业的发展中，机械加工过程越来越柔性化，现代机床夹具的发展方向：标准化、精密化、高效化、柔性化。随着现代科学的快速发展，加工控制和测量技术在不断进步，国外先进的制造工艺是将泵体和泵盖分别加工，然后组合到一起进行产品的总装，在保证精度的前提下，大大提高了加工效率，降低了成本。在大型泵体部件的加工工艺中，采用先进的设备、工装和检测手段确保产品质量，是泵行业不断追求工艺技术创新和突破的努力方向。设计内容和预期成果（具体设计内容和重点解决的技术问题、预期成果和提供的形式）先进行零件图的分析，主要内容包括：生产类型、零件的作用、结构特点、结构工艺性、关键表面的技术要求分析等。然后进行工艺设计，主要内容包括：确定毛坯类型；毛坯选择与说明；工艺路线的确定（粗、精基准的选择，各表面的加工方法的确定，工序集中与分散的考虑，工序顺序的安排的原则，加工设备与工装的选择，不同方案的分析比较等）；加工余量、切削用量及基本时间、工序尺寸与公差的确定。最后进行专用夹具设计，主要内容包括：夹具设计思想与不同方案的对比；定位装置和对刀及导引装置的选择；夹紧机构设计与夹紧力的计算。重点解决的技术问题：粗、精基准的选择，工序顺序的安排，机床与工装的选择，加工余量、切削用量的计算，定位装置与对刀装置的选择，夹紧力的计算。预期成果及提供形式：工序卡片一套，对所设计的工序内容进行技术经济分析的分析报告一份，两套夹具装配图各一张，两套夹具零件图各一张，设计说明书一份，对所设计的专用夹具进行技术经济分析的分析报告一份。拟采取设计方法和技术支持（设计方案、技术要求、实验方法和步骤、可能遇到的问题和解决办法等）设计方案：首先对零件进行分析，然后对给定零件进行工艺过程设计，制订加工顺序并编制相应的工序卡片，最后进行专用夹具的设计。技术要点：分析零件、选择定位基准、制订加工顺序、划分加工阶段、计算工序尺寸、制订切削参数、制订工时定额等，并对制订的方案进行技术经济分析，提供分析报告。熟悉工序技术要求，熟悉并准备所有设计资料；制订合理的定位方案，并设计定位元件结构；制订合理的夹紧方案，并设计夹紧结构；制订导向方案，并选择导向元件；制订分度方案，并设计分度机构；制订夹具整体布局方案，设计夹具体；标注合理的技术要求，并分析精度是否满足要求；对夹具进行技术经济分析。可能遇到的问题及解决办法：1、定位基准的选择。参照选择原则选择合理的定位基准；2、工序顺序的安排。借鉴查到的资料上的工序顺序和向指导老师询问；3、工序尺寸、切削参数、工时定额的计算。按照指导书里的计算格式去查要用到的参考书并认真计算；4、制定专用夹具的定位与夹紧方案。借鉴查到的资料里的方案和向指导老师询问。5、制订夹具整体布局方案。参照参考书里的专用夹具布局、询问指导老师。实现本项目预期目标和已具备的条件（包括过去学习、研究工作基础，现有主要仪器设备、设计环境及协作条件等）在以前的学习中，学习了机械制造技术基础和工艺装备设计，基本上掌握了制定工艺的方法要点和夹具的设计要点，大四上学期的专业方向综合课程设计也是工艺和专用夹具设计，为这次的课题奠定了一定的基础，做课题时用到的参考书也了解了都有哪些，对泵体通过在网上、图书馆查阅资料也有了一定的认识，对国内外先进的加工方法和新的工艺也有了一些了解，这为以后的设计打下了基础，不会盲目的去做，在机床、夹具、刀具的选用上以传统工艺为主，主要的设计环境就是室内，并且无特殊的技术条件。各环节拟定阶段性工作进度(以周为单位)1、查阅资料，撰写文献综述； 1周2、根据撰写的文献综述填写开题报告，并查找与之相关的外文资料并翻译；1周3、准备各种资料，熟悉零件图，并绘制零件图； 1周4、完成机械加工过程的设计； 1周5、对所设计的加工工艺进行技术经济分析； 1周6、完成工艺技术经济分析报告； 1周7、编写工序卡片； 1周8、根据工序内容编写一套夹具设计任务书； 1周9、设计一套专用夹具； 1周10、根据工序内容编写第二套夹具设计任务书； 1周11、设计第二套专用夹具； 1周12、拆一套零件图； 1周13、拆第二套零件图； 1周14、完成设计说明书一份； 1周15、对所设计的专用夹具进行技术经济分析，并完成分析报告； 1周16、其它时间：机动处理，比如整理打印图纸、打印装订分析报告，答辩准备等。 1周开 题 报 告 审 定 纪 要时 间地点主持人参会教师姓 名职 务（职 称）姓 名职 务（职 称）论证情况摘要 记录人：指导教师意见指导教师签名： 年 月 日教研室意见教研室主任签名： 年 月 日本科生毕业设计 (论文)外 文 翻 译原 文 标 题Introduction of Machining译 文 标 题加工基础作者所在系别机械工程系作者所在专业机械设计制造及其自动化作者所在班级B13113作 者 姓 名章正易作 者 学 号20134011333指导教师姓名丁红军指导教师职称教授完 成 时 间2017年3月北华航天工业学院教务处制译文标题加工基础原文标题Introduction of Machining作 者Hoskins, Josiah译 名霍斯金斯乔赛亚国 籍美国原文出处百度文库译文：加工基础作为产生形状的一种加工方法，机械加工是所有制造过程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。机械加工过程是一个产生形状的过程，在这过程中，驱动装置使工件上的一些材料以切屑的形式被去除。尽管在某些场合，工件无承受情况下，使用移动式装备来实现加工，但大多数的机械加工是通过既支承工件又支承刀具的装备来完成。机械加工在知道过程中具备两方面。小批生产低费用。对于铸造、锻造和压力加工，每一个要生产的具体工件形状，即使是一个零件，几乎都要花费高额的加工费用。靠焊接来产生的结构形状，在很大程度上取决于有效的原材料的形式。一般来说，通过利用贵重设备而又无需特种加工条件下，几乎可以以任何种类原材料开始，借助机械加工把原材料加工成任意所需要的结构形状，只要外部尺寸足够大，那都是可能的。因此对于生产一个零件，甚至当零件结构及要生产的批量大小上按原来都适于用铸造、锻造或者压力加工来生产的，但通常宁可选择机械加工。严密的精度和良好的表面光洁度，机械加工的第二方面用途是建立在高精度和可能的表面光洁度基础上。许多零件，如果用别的其他方法来生产属于大批量生产的话，那么在机械加工中则是属于低公差且又能满足要求的小批量生产了。另方面，许多零件靠较粗的生产加工工艺提高其一般表面形状，而仅仅是在需要高精度的且选择过的表面才进行机械加工。例如内螺纹，除了机械加工之外，几乎没有别的加工方法能进行加工。又如已锻工件上的小孔加工，也是被锻后紧接着进行机械加工才完成的。基本的机械加工参数切削中工件与刀具的基本关系是以以下四个要素来充分描述的，刀具的几何形状，切削速度，进给速度，和吃刀深度。切削刀具必须用一种合适的材料来制造，它必须是强固、韧性好、坚硬而且耐磨的。刀具的几何形状以刀尖平面和刀具角为特征对于每一种切削工艺都必须是正确的。切削速度是切削刃通过工件表面的速率，它是以每分钟英寸来表示。为了有效地加工，切削速度高低必须适应特定的工件刀具配合。一般来说，工件材料越硬，速度越低。进给速度是刀具切进工件的速度。若工件或刀具作旋转运动，进给量是以每转转过的英寸数目来度量的。当刀具或工件作往复运动时，进给量是以每一行程走过的英寸数度量的。一般来说，在其他条件相同时，进给量与切削速度成反比。吃刀深度以英寸计是刀具进入工件的距离。它等于旋削中的切屑宽度或者等于线性切削中的切屑的厚度。粗加工比起精加工来，吃刀深度较深。切削参数的改变对切削温度的影响 金属切削操作中，热是在主变形区和副变形区发生的。这结果导致复杂的温度分布遍及刀具、工件和切屑。图中显示了一组典型等温曲线，从中可以看出，像所能预料的那样，当工件材料在主变形区被切削时，沿着整个切屑的宽度上有着很大的温度梯度，而当在副变形区，切屑被切落时，切屑附近的前刀面上就有更高的温度。这导致了前刀面和切屑离切削刃很近的地方切削温度较高。实质上由于在金属切削中所做的全部功能都被转化为热，那就可以预料，被切离金属的单位体积功率消耗曾家的这些因素就将使切削温度升高。这样刀具前角的增加而所有其他参数不变时，将使切离金属的单位体积所耗功率减小，因而切削温度也将降低。当考虑到未变形切屑厚度增加和切削速度，这情形就更是复杂。未变形切屑厚度的增加趋势必导致通过工件的热的总数上产生比例效应，刀具和切屑仍保持着固定的比例，而切削温度变化倾向于降低。然而切削速度的增加，传导到工件上的热的数量减少而这又增加主变形区中的切屑温升。进而副变形区势必更小，这将在该区内产生升温效应。其他切削参数的变化，实质上对于被切离的单位体积消耗上并没有什么影响，因此实际上对切削温度没有什么作用。因为事实已经表明，切削温度即使有小小的变化对刀具磨损率都将有实质意义的影响作用。这表明如何人从切削参数来确定切削温度那是很合适的。为着测定高速钢刀具温度的最直接和最精确的方法是 W&T 法，这方法也就是可提供高速钢刀具温度分布的详细信息的方法。该项技术是建立在高速钢刀具截面金相显微测试基础上，目的是要建立显微结构变化与热变化规律图线关系式。当要加工广泛的工件材料时，Trent 已经论述过测定高速钢刀具的切削温度及温度分布的方法。这项技术由于利用电子显微扫描技术已经进一步发展，目的是要研究将已回过火和各种马氏体结构的高速钢再回火引起的微观显微结构变化情况。这项技术亦用于研究高速钢单点车刀和麻花钻的温度分布。刀具磨损从已经被处理过的无数脆裂和刃口裂纹的刀具中可知，刀具磨损基本上有三种形式，后刀面磨损，前刀面磨损和 V 型凹口磨损。后刀面磨损既发生在主刀刃上也发生副刀刃上。关于主刀刃，因其担负切除大部金属切屑任务，这就导致增加切削力和提高切削温度，如果听任而不加以检查处理，那可能导致刀具和工件发生振动且使有效切削的条件可能不再存在。关于副刀刃，那是决定着工件的尺寸和表面光洁度的，后刀面磨损可能造成尺寸不合格的产品而且表面光洁度也差。在大多数实际切削条件下，由于主前刀面先于副前刀面磨损，磨损到达足够大时，刀具将实效，结果是制成不合格零件。由于刀具表面上的应力分布不均匀，切屑和前刀面之间滑动接触区应力，在滑动接触区的起始处最大，而在接触区的尾部为零，这样磨蚀性磨损在这个区域发生了。这是因为在切削卡住区附近比刀刃附近发生更严重的磨损，而刀刃附近因切屑与前刀面失去接触而磨损较轻。这结果离切削刃一定距离处的前刀面上形成麻点凹坑，这些通常被认为是前刀面的磨损。通常情况下，这磨损横断面是圆弧形的。在许多情况中和对于实际的切削状况而言，前刀面磨损比起后刀面磨损要轻，因此后刀面磨损更普遍地作为刀具失效的尺度标志。然而因许多作者已经表示过的那样在增加切削速度情况下，前刀面上的温度比后刀面上的温度升得更快，而且又因任何形式的磨损率实质上是受到温度变化的重大影响。因此前刀面的磨损通常在高速切削时发生的。刀具的主后刀面磨损带的尾部是跟未加工过的工件表面相接触，因此后刀面磨损比沿着磨损带末端处更为明显，那是最普通的。这是因为局部效应，这像未加工表面上的已硬化层，这效应是由前面的切削引起的工件硬化造成的。不只是切削，还有像氧化皮，刀刃产生的局部高温也都会引起这种效应。这种局部磨损通常称作为凹坑性磨损，而且偶尔是非常严重的。尽管凹坑的出现对刀具的切削性质无实质意义的影响，但凹坑常常逐渐变深，如果切削在继续进行的话，那么刀具就存在断裂的危机。如果任何进行性形式 的磨损任由继续发展，最终磨损速率明显地增加而刀具将会有摧毁性失效破坏，即刀具将不能再用作切削，造成工件报废，那算是好的，严重的可造成机床破坏。对于各种硬质合金刀具和对于各种类型的磨损，在发生严重失效前，就认为已达到刀具的使用寿命周期的终点。然而对于各种高速钢刀具，其磨损是属于非均匀性磨损，已经发现，当其磨损允许连续甚至到严重失效开始，最有意义的是该刀具可以获得重磨使用，当然，在实际上，切削时间远比使用到失效的时间短。以下几种现象之一均是刀具严重失效开始的特征，最普遍的是切削力突然增加，在工件上出现烧损环纹和噪音严重增加等。自动夹具设计用做装配设备的传统同步夹具把零件移动到夹具中心上，以确保零件从传送机上或从设备盘上取出后置于已定位置上。然而在某些应用场合、强制零件移动到中心线上时，可能引起零件或设备破坏。当零件易损而且小小振动可能导致报废时，或当其位置是由机床主轴或模具来具体时，再或者当公差要求很精密时，那宁可让夹具去适应零件位置，而不是相反。为着这些工作任务，美国俄亥俄州 Elyria 的 Zaytran 公司已经开发了一般性功能数据的非同步西类柔顺性夹具。因为夹具作用力和同步化装置是各自独立的，该同步装置可以用精密的滑移装置来替换而不影响夹具作用力。夹具规格范围是从 0.2 英寸行程，5英镑夹紧力到 6 英寸行程、400 英寸夹紧力。现代生产的特征是批量变得越来越小而产品的各种规格变化最大。因此，生产的最后阶段，装配因生产计划、批量和产品设计的变更而显得特别脆弱。这种情形正迫使许多公司更多地致力于广泛的合理化改革和前面提到过情况那样装配自动化。尽管柔性夹具的发展很快落后与柔性运输处理装置的发展，如落后于工业机器人的发展，但仍然试图指望增加夹具的柔顺性。事实上夹具的重要的装置生产装置的专向投资就加强了使夹具更加柔性化在经济上的支持。根据它们柔顺性，夹具可以分为，专用夹具、组合夹具、标准夹具、高柔性夹具。柔性夹具是以它们对不同工件的高适应性和以少更换低费用为特征的。结构形式可变换的柔性夹具装有可变更结构排列的零件（例如针形颊板，多片式零件和片状颊板），标准工件的非专用夹持或夹紧元件（例如：启动标准夹持夹具和带有可移动元件的夹具配套件，）或者装有陶瓷或硬化了的中介物质（如：流动粒子床夹具和热夹具紧夹具）。为了生产，零件要在夹具中被紧固，需要产生夹紧作用，其有几个与夹具柔顺性无关的步骤：根据被加工的即基础的部分和工作特点，确定工件在夹具中的所需的位置，接着必须选择若干稳定平面的组合，这些稳定平面就构成工件被固定在夹具中确定位置上的夹持状轮廓结构，均衡所有各力和力矩，而且保证接近工件工作特点。最后，必须计算、调整、组装可拆装的或标准夹具元件的所需位置以便使工件牢牢地被夹紧在夹具中。依据这样的程序，夹具的轮廓结构和装合的规划和记录过程可以进行自动化控制。结构造型任务就是要产生若干稳定平面的组合，这样在这些平面上的各夹紧力将使工件和夹具稳定。按惯例，这个任务可用人机对话即几乎完全自动化的方式来完成。一人机对话即以自动化方式确定夹具结构造型的优点是可以有组织有规划进行夹具设计，减少所需的设计人员，缩短研究周期和能更好地配置工作条件。简言之，可成功地达到显著提高夹具生产效率和效益。在充分准备了构造方案和一批材料情况下，在完成首次组装可以成功实现节约时间达 60%。因此夹具机构造型过程的目的是产生合适的编程文件原文：Introduction of MachiningHave a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method.Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal.Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts,almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production.Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread,in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.Primary Cutting ParametersCutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry - to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics - for each cutting process must be correct.Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts - with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。Depth of penetration of a cutting tool - to inches dollars - is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth. Wears of Cutting ToolWe already have been processed and the rattle of the countless cracks edge tool, we learn that tool wear are basically three forms :flank wear, the former flank wear and V-Notch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade. On the main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cutting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check,That could lead to the work piece and the tool vibration and provide for efficient cutting conditions may no longer exist. Vice-bladed on,it is determined work piece dimensions and surface finish. Flank wear size of the possible failure of the product and surface finish are also inferior. In most actual cutting conditions, as the principal in the former first deputy flank before flank wear, wear arrival enough, Tool will be effective, the results are made unqualified parts.As Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and flank before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail of zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip due to the vicinity of the former flank and lost contact wear lighter. This results from a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife point Ma pit, which is usually considered before wear. Under normal circumstances, this is wear cross-sectional shape of an arc. In many instances and for the actual cutting conditions, the former flank wear compared to flank wear light, Therefore flank wear more generally as a tool failure of scale signs. But because many authors have said in the cutting speed of the increase, Maeto surface temperature than the knife surface temperatures have risen faster. But because any form of wear rate is essentially temperature changes by the significant impact. Therefore, the former usually wear in high-speed cutting happen.The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact, Therefore flank wear than wear along with the ends more visible, which is the most common. This is because the local effect, which is as rough on the surface has hardened layer, This effect is by cutting in front of the hardening of t he work piece. Not just cutting, and as oxidation skin, the blade local high temperature will also cause this effect. This partial wear normally referred to as pit sexual wear, but occasionally it is very serious. Despite the emergence of the pits on the Cutting Tool nature is not meaningful impact, but often pits gradually become darker If cutting continued the case, then there cutter fracture crisis.If any form of sexual allowed to wear, eventually wear rate increase obviously will be a tool to destroy failure destruction, that will no longer tool for cutting, cause the work piece scrapped, it is good, can cause serious damage machine. For various carbide cutting tools and for the various types of wear, in the event of a serious lapse, on the tool that has reached the end of the life cycle. But for various high-speed steel cutting tools and wear belonging to the non-uniformity of wear, has been found : When the wear and even to allow for a serious lapse,the most meaningful is that the tool can re-mill use, of course, In practice, cutting the time to use than the short time lapse. Several phenomena are one tool serious lapse began features : the most common is the sudden increase cutting force, appeared on the work piece burning ring patterns and an increase in noise.The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting Temperatures In metal cutting operations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and this results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, workpiece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure where it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the workpiece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperature in the chip adjacent to the face as the chip is sheared in secondary deformation. This leads to a maximum cutting temperature a short distance up the face from the cutting edge and a small distance into the chip.Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will reduce the power per unit volume of metal removed and cutting temperatures will reduce. When considering increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more comples. An increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more complex. An increase in undeformed chip thickness tends to be a scale effect where the amounts of heat which pass to the workpiece, the tool and chip remain in fixed proportions and the changes in cutting temperature tend to be small. Increase in cutting speed, however, reduce the amount of heat which passes into the workpiece and this increase the temperature rise of the chip in primary deformation. Further, the secondary deformation zone tends to be smaller and this has the effect of increasing the temperatures in this zone. Other changes in cutting parameters have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the cutting temperatures. Since it has been shown that even small changes in cutting temperature have a significant effect on tool wear rate, it is appropriate to indicate how cutting temperatures can be assessed from cutting data.The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high-speed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright&Trent which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructural changes to thermal history.Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machining a wide range of workpiece materials. This technique has been further developed by using scanning electron microscopy to study fine-scale microstructural changes srising from over tempering of the tempered martensitic matrix of various high-speed-steels. This technique has also been used to study temperature distributions in both high-speed-steel single point turning tools and twist drills. Automatic Fixture Design Assembly equipment used in the traditional synchronous fixture put parts of the fixture mobile center, to ensure that components from transmission from the plane or equipment plate placed after removal has been scheduled for position. However, in certain applications, mobile mandatory parts of the center line, it may cause parts or equipment damage. When parts vulnerability and may lead to a small vibration abandoned, or when their location is by machine spindle or specific to die, Tolerance again or when the request is a sophisticated, it would rather let the fixture to adapt to the location of parts, and not the contrary. For these tasks, Elyria, Ohio, the company has developed Zaytran a general non-functional data synchronization West category FLEXIBILITY fixture. Fixture because of the interaction and synchronization devices is independent, The synchronous device can use sophisticated equipment to replace the slip without affecting the fixture force. Fixture specification range from 0.2 inches itinerary, 5 pounds clamping force of the six-inch trip, 400-inch clamping force.The characteristics of modern production is becoming smaller and smaller quantities and product specifications biggest changes. Therefore, in the final stages of production, assembly of production, quantity and product design changes appear to be particularly vulnerable. This situation is forcing many companies to make greater efforts to rationalize the extensive reform and the previously mentioned case of assembly automati on. Despite flexible fixture behind the rapid development of flexible transport and handling devices, suchas backward in the development of industrial robots, it is still expected to increase the flexibility fixture. In fact the important fixture devices - the production of the devices to strengthen investment on the fixture so that more flexibility in economic support holders.According to their flexibility and fixture can be divided into : special fixture, the fixture combinations, the standard fixture, high flexible fixture. Flexible fixture on different parts of their high adaptability and the few low-cost replacement for the characteristic.Forms can transform the structure of the flexible fixture can be installed with the change of structure components (such as needle cheek plate, Multi-chip components and flake cheek plate), a non-standard work piece gripper or clamping elements (for example : commencement standard with a clamping fixture and mobile components fixture supporting documents), or with ceramic or hardening of the intermediary substances (such as : Mobile particle bed fixture and heat fixture tight fixture). To production, the parts were secured fixture, the need to generate clamping function, its fixture with a few unrelated to the sexual submissive steps :According to the processing was part of that foundation and working characteristics to determine the work piece fixture in the required position, then need to select some stability flat combination, These constitute a stable plane was fixed in the work piece fixture set position on the clamp-profile structure, all balanced and torque, it has also ensured that the work features close to the work piece. Finally, it must be calculated and adjusted, assembly or disassembly be standard fixture components required for the position, so that the work piece firmly by clamping fixture in China. In accordance with this procedure, the outline fixture structure and equipped with the planning and recording process can be automated control. Structural modeling task is to produce some stable flat combination, Thus, these plane of the work pieces clamping force and will fixture stability. According to usual practice, this task can be human-machine dialogue that is almost completely automated way to completion. A man-machine dialogue that is automated fixture structure modeling to determine the merits can be conducted in an organized and planning fixture design, reduce the amount of the design, shortening the study period and better distribution of work conditions. In short, can be successfully achieved significantly improve fixture efficiency and effectiveness.Fully prepared to structure programs and the number of material circumstances, the completion of the first successful assembly can save up to 60% of the time.Therefore fixture process modeling agencies is the purpose of the program have appropriate documents.指 导 教 师 评 语 外文翻译成绩：指导教师签字： 年 月 日注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；翻译的外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。2. 外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。