高中化学方程式总结37319精品.doc
《高中化学方程式总结37319精品.doc》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《高中化学方程式总结37319精品.doc(24页珍藏版)》请在装配图网上搜索。
_高中化学方程式总结【作者】Crazy Urus【日期】2010-7-11目录-可编辑修改-第一部分 金属一 碱金属钠1钾2锂3二 常见金属镁3铝3铁4三 其他金属锰4铜5钙5钡5铅5锌5铍5汞5第二部分 卤族元素、氮族元素一 卤族元素氟6氯6溴6碘6二 氮族元素氮6磷7第三部分 碳族元素、氧族元素一 碳族元素碳8硅8二 氧族元素氧9硫9第四部分 有机反应一 烃甲烷 10乙烯 11乙炔 11苯 11甲苯 12二 烃的衍生物溴乙烷 12乙醇 12苯酚 13乙醛 13乙酸 14乙酸乙酯 15三 糖类、油脂、蛋白质葡萄糖 15蔗糖、麦芽糖 15淀粉、纤维素 15油脂 16氨基酸 16第五部分 离子反应 17第六部分 电极反应方程式 20第七部分 热反应方程式 22第一部分 金属一、碱金属1.钠Na4Na+O22Na2O2Na+O2Na2O2Cl2+2Na2NaCl2Na+SNa2S(爆炸)2Na+2H2O2NaOH+H22Na+H22NaH2Na+2NH32NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融)4NaCl+TiNa2ONa2O+H2O2NaOH2Na2O+O22Na2O2Na2O+SO3Na2SO4Na2O+CO2Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl2NaCl+H2ONa2O2+2Na2Na2O(此反应用于制备Na2O)2Na2O2+2H2O4NaOH+O2(此反应分两步Na2O2+2H2O2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O22H2O+O2。H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应)2Na2O2+2CO22Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)Na2SO4+H2O2NaHNaH+H2ONaOH+H2NaOH2NaOH+Si+H2ONa2SiO3+2H26NaOH+3S2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O2NaOH+2Al+2H2O2NaAlO2+3H22NaOH(过量)+CO2Na2CO3+H2ONaOH+CO2(过量)NaHCO32NaOH+SiO2Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)2NaOH+Al2O32NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HClNaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S(足量)NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3Al(OH)3+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH)3NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3+H2O2NaOH+P2O52NaPO3+H2O6NaOH+P2O52Na3PO3+3H2ONaAlO22NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O2Al(OH)3+Na2CO33NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O4Al(OH)3NaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaINaCl+H2SO4(浓)NaHSO4+HClH2SO4(浓)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl2NaI+Cl22NaCl+I2NaBr+H3PO4(浓)NaH2PO4+HBrNaI+H3PO4(浓)NaH2PO4+HINa2CO3、NaHCO3Na2CO3+SiO2Na2SiO3+CO2Na2CO3+HClNaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HClNaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3NaHCO3+AlCl3Al(OH)3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3Fe(OH)3+3CO2NaHCO3+HClNaCl+CO2+H2O2NaHCO3Na2CO3+CO2+H2O3Na2CO3+2Br2+H2O2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2NaHCO3+Br2NaBr+HBrO+CO2NaNO3、NaNO22NaNO32NaNO2+O2H2SO4(浓)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO3KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2+3H2ONaNO2+NH4ClNaCl+N2+2H2ONa3PO4、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4Na3PO4+HClNa2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HClNaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HClH3PO4+NaClNa2S、NaHSNa2S+Cl22NaCl+S3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SNa2SO4、Na2SO3、Na2S2O33Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O22Na2SO4Na2S2O3+H2SO4Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2ONa2SO3+SO2+H2O2NaHSO32NaHSO3Na2SO3+SO2+H2ONa2SiO3Na2SiO3+2HClH2SiO3+2NaClC6H5ONaC6H5ONa+CO2+H2OC6H5OH+NaHCO32.钾KK+O2KO22K+2H2O2KOH+H2K2O、K2O2K2O+H2O2KOHK2O+CO2K2CO32K2O2+2CO2K2CO3+O22K2O2+2H2O4KOH+O2KOH2KOH+CO2K2CO3+H2OKOH+CO2KHCO3K2CO3K2CO3+2HCl2KCl+CO2+H2OK2CO3+CaCl2CaCO3+2KCK2CO3+2AgNO3Ag2CO3+2KNO3KHCO3KHCO3+HClKCl+CO2+H2O2KHCO3K2CO3+CO2+H2OKClO32KClO32KCl+3O2KClO3+6HClKCl+3Cl2+3H2OKClO3+5KCl+3H2SO43Cl2+3K2SO4+3H2OKI2KI+Cl22KCl+I2KI+AgNO3AgI+KNO3KAl(SO4)22KAl(SO4)2+6NaOHK2SO4+3Na2SO4+2Al(OH)32KAl(SO4)2+3Ba(OH)2K2SO4+3BaSO4+2Al(OH)3KAl(SO4)2+2Ba(OH)2KAlO2+2BaSO4KSCN3KSCN+FeCl3Fe(SCN)3+3KClKHKH+H2OKOH+H23.锂LiLi+O2Li2O2Li+2H2O2LiOH+H2Li2OLi2O+CO2Li2CO3Li2O+H2O2LiOHLiOH2LiOH+CO2Li2CO3+H2OLiOH+CO2LiHCO3Li2CO3Li2CO3+2HCl2LiCl+CO2+H2OLiHCO3LiHCO3+HClLiCl+CO2+H2O2LiHCO3Li2CO3+CO2+H2O二、常见金属1.镁Mg2Mg+O22MgOMg+2H2O2Mg(OH)2+H2Mg+Cl2MgCl22Mg+CO22MgO+CMg+SMgSMg+Br2MgBr23Mg+N2Mg3N2Mg+2HClMgCl2+H2Mg+H2SO4MgSO4+H22Mg+TiCl4(熔融)Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl(熔融)MgCl2+2RbMgOMgO+2HClMgCl2+H2OMgO+H2OMg(OH)2Mg(OH)2Mg(OH)2+2HClMgCl2+2H2OMgCO3MgCO3+2HCl2MgCl2+CO2+H2OMgCO3+2H2OMg(OH)2+CO2MgCO3CO2+MgOMg(HCO3)2Mg(HCO3)2+2HClMgCl2+2CO2+2H2O2Mg(HCO3)2Mg(OH)2+CO2+H2OMgSO4MgSO4+Ba(OH)2Mg(OH)2+BaSO4MgSO4+2NaOHMg(OH)2+Na2SO4Mg3N2Mg3N2+8H2O3Mg(OH)2+2NH3H2O2.铝AlAl+3O22Al2O32Al+3SAl2S32Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe(铝热反应)2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓)Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2OAl+4HNO3(稀)Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O(Al、Fe在冷、浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化)2Al+2NaOH+2H2O2NaAlO2+3H2Al2O3、Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H2O(Al2O3是两性氧化物)Al2O3+2NaOH2NaAlO2+H2O2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3HClAlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+6H2OAl(OH)3+NaOHNaAlO2+2H2O铝盐AlCl3+3NaOHAl(OH)3+3NaClAlCl3+3NH3H2OAl(OH)3+3NH4Cl2AlCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaClAlCl3+3NaHCO3Al(OH)3+3CO2AlCl3+3NaAlO2+6H2O4Al(OH)3Al2(SO4)3+3Na2S+6H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SAl4C3+12H2O4Al(OH)3+3CH43.铁Fe2Fe+3Cl22FeCl33Fe+2O2Fe3O4Fe+SFeS2Fe+3Br22FeBr3Fe+I2FeI2Fe+SFeS3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HClFeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4FeCl2+SnCl2Fe+H2SFeS+H22Fe+6H2SO4(浓)Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2OFe+H2SO4(稀)FeSO4+H2Fe+6HNO3Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2OFe+4HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O8Fe+30HNO38Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O10Fe+36HNO310Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O8Fe+30HNO38Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFe+(CH3COO)2CuCu+(CH3COO)2FeFeO3FeO+2AlAl2O3+3Fe6FeO+O22Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2OFe2O3Fe2O3+2AlAl2O3+2FeFe2O3+3CO2Fe+3CO2Fe2O3+3H22Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉)Fe2O3+6HCl2FeCl3+3H2OFe3O4Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2OFe3O4+8HCl(浓)FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe(OH)2、Fe(OH)34Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O4Fe(OH)32Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2OFeCl22FeCl2+Cl22FeCl3FeCl2+MgFe+MgCl2FeCl32FeCl3+Fe3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻印刷电路板)2FeCl3+H2SO3+H2OH2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl2FeCl3+Zn2FeCl2+ZnCl22FeCl3+H2S2FeCl2+2HCl+S2FeCl3+2KI2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl3+3NH3H2OFe(OH)3+3NH4Cl2FeCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaClFeCl3+3NaHCO3Fe(OH)3+3CO22FeCl3+SO2+2H2O2FeCl2+H2SO4+2HClBaCl2+H2SO4BaSO4+2HClFeCl3+3KSCNFe(SCN)3+3KClFeSFeS+2HClFeCl2+H2SFeS+H2SO4FeSO4+H2S4FeS2+11O22Fe2O2+8SO2H2FeO44H2FeO4+2H2O4Fe(OH)3+3O24Na2FeO4+10H2O4Fe(OH)3+3O2+8NaOH2Fe(OH)3+3NaClO+4NaOH2Na2FeO4+3NaCl+5H2OFe2O3+3Na2O22Na2FeO4+Na2O其它Fe化合物Fe2(SO4)3+2AgFeSO4+Ag2SO4(较难反应)Fe3C+22HNO33Fe(NO3)3+CO2+13NO2+11H2O三、其他金属1.锰KMnO42KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KMnO4+16HCl2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O2KMnO4+5H2O2+6HCl2KCl+2MnCl2+5O2+8H2O2KMnO4+5KNO3+3H2SO42MnSO4+K2SO4+5KNO3+2H2PMnO2MnO2+4HCl(浓)MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O2.铜Cu2Cu+O22CuO2Cu+SCu2SCu+Cl2CuCl2CH4+4CuO4Cu+CO2+2H2O3CuO+2NH33Cu+N2+3H2OCuO+2HClCuCl2+H2OCuO+H2SO4CuSO4+H2OCu(OH)2+2HClCuCl2+2H2OCu(OH)2+H2SO4CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH)2CuO+H2OCuCl2+H2SCuS+2HClCuCl2+2NaOHCu(OH)2+2NaClCuSO4+H2SCuS+H2SO4CuSO4+2NaOHCu(OH)2+Na2SO4CuSO4+Ba(OH)2Cu(OH)2+BaSO43.钙CaCaO+H2OCa(OH)2CaO+SiO2CaSiO32Ca(OH)2+2Cl2CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2OCa(OH)2+SO3CaSO4+H2OCaCO3+2HNO3Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、SO2等还原性气体)CaCO3+SiO2CaSiO3+CO2CaF2+H2SO4(浓)CaSO4+2HFCa3(PO4)2+3H2SO4(浓)3CaSO4+2H3PO4Ca3(PO4)2+2H2SO4(浓)2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2Ca3(PO4)2+4H3PO43Ca(H2PO4)2(重钙)CaH2+2H2OCa(OH)2+2H24.钡BaBa(OH)2+CO2BaCO3+H2OBa(OH)2+2CO2(过量)Ba(HCO3)2Ba(OH)2+H2SO4BaSO4+2H2O3Ba(OH)2+2H3PO3Ba3(PO4)2+6H2OBaCl2+H2SO4BaSO4+2HClBaCl2+Na2SO4BaSO4+2NaClBaCO3+2HClBaCl2+CO2+H2OBaCO3+2HNO3Ba(NO3)2+CO2+H2OBaO2+H2SO4(稀)BaSO4+H2O2)5.铅Pb、PbO2Pb+2HClPbCl2+H2PbO2+4HCl(浓)PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O铅盐Pb(NO3)2+H2SPbS+2HNO3(CH3COO)2Pb+H2S=PbS+CH3COOH6.锌ZnZn+SZnSZn+2HClZnCl2+H2Zn+H2SO4ZnSO4+H2Zn+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+H2Zn+2FeCl32FeCl2+ZnCl2As2O3+6Zn+12HCl2AsH3+6ZnCl2+3H2OZnOZnO+2HClZnCl2+H2OZnO+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+H2OZn(OH)2Zn(OH)2+2HClZnCl2+2H2OZn(OH)2+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+2H2OZn(OH)2+4NH3H2OZn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZn(OH)2ZnO+H2O7.铍BeBe+2HClBaCl2+H2Be+2NaOHNa2BO2+H2BeCl2+2NaOHBe(OH)2+2H2OBe(OH)2+2HClBeCl2+2H2OBe(OH)2+2NaOHNa2BO2+2H2O8.汞Hg3Hg+8HNO3(稀)3Hg(NO3)2+2NO2+4H2OHg+4HNO3(浓)Hg(NO3)2+2NO2+2H2第二部分 卤族元素、氮族元素一、卤族元素1.氟F2F2+H22HF2F2+2H2O4HF+O2HF4HF+SiO2SiF4+2H2O2.氯Cl2Cl2+H22HCl(光照或点燃)Cl2+2Na2NaCl3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl53Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+CuCuCl2Cl2+2FeCl22FeCl32Cl2+2NaBr2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2KI2KCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O2HIO3+10HClCl2+Na2S2NaCl+SCl2+H2S2HCl+SCl2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HClCl2+H2SO3+H2OH2SO4+2HClCl2+H2OHCl+HClOCl2+H2O22HCl+O2Cl2+2NaOHNaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(热、浓)5KCl+KClO3+3H2OHCl6HCl+2Al2AlCl3+3H22HCl+FeFeCl2+H24HCl(浓)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO42KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O72KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2OHCl+NH3NH4Cl(白烟)2HCl+FeOFeCl2+3H2O6HCl+Fe2O32FeCl3+3H2O8HCl(浓)+Fe3O4FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OHCl+Na3PO4Na2HPO4+NaClHCl+Na2HPO4NaH2PO4+NaClHCl+NaH2PO4H3PO4+NaClHCl+Na2CO3NaHCO3+NaClHCl+NaHCO3NaCl+H2O+CO2HClOHClO=HCl+O23.溴Br2Br2+H22HBrBr2+FeFeBr3Br2+2FeBr22FeBr3Br2+NaINaBr+I2Br2+HIHBr+I2Br2+H2OHBr+HBrOBr2+NaOHNaBr+NaBrO+H2OBr2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HBrBr2+H2SS+2HBr2Br2+3Na2CO3+H2O2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2HBrHBr+NaOHNaBr+H2O2HBr+Cl22HCl+Br24.碘I2I2+H22HII2+Fe FeI2I2+2NaOHNaI+NaIO+H2OHI2HIH2+I22HI+Cl22HCl+I2HI+NaOHNaI+H2O催化剂高温、高压二、氮族元素1.氮N2N2+3H2 2NH3N2+O22NON2+3MgMg3N2N2+6Na2Na3NNO、NO2、N2O52NO+O22NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2)6NO+4NH35N2+6H2ONO2+2KI+H2ONO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2)4NO2+H2S4NO+SO3+H2ONO2+SO2SO3+NO3NO2+H2O2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O2HNO3HNO33HNO3+Ag3PO4H3PO4+3AgNO3Al+4HNO3(稀)Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O3As2S3+28HNO3+4H2O6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NO4HNO3(浓)+CCO2+4NO2+2H2O2HNO3+CaCO3Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO26HNO3+FeFe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3+FeFe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFeO+4HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀)3S+2NO+4H2O4HNO34NO2+O2+2H2O(见光或受热分解)NH3+HNO3NH4NO3(白烟)(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、SO2)3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O3Cu2S+22HNO36Cu(NO3)2+10NO+3H2SO4+8H2O5HNO3(浓)+PH3PO4+5NO2+H2OP4+20HNO3(浓)4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OS+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO2+4NO+2H2OS+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3As2S3+28HNO3(稀)+4H2O6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NOAs2S3+28HNO3(浓)2H3AsO4+3H2SO4+28NO2+8H2ONH32NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(纯氧)2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO5N2+6HO(用氨清除NO)NH3+HClNH4Cl(白烟)NH3+HNO3NH4NO3(白烟)2NH3+H2SO4(NH4)2SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯氏制碱法)2NH3+SO2+H2O(NH4)2SO3NH3H2ONH3+H2ONH3+H2ONH3H2ONH4+OH-NH4HCO3、(NH4)2CO3NH4HCO3NH3+H2O+CO2(NH4)2CO32NH3+H2O+CO2NH4ClNH4ClNH3+HCl2NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2CaCl2+NH3+H2ONH4Cl+NaOHNaCl+NH3+H2ONH4Cl+NaOHNaCl+NH3H2ONH4NO3NH4NO3+NaOH=NaNO3+NH3H2ONH4NO3+NaOHNaNO3+NH3+H2O5NH4NO32HNO3+4N2+9H2O(NH4)2SO3、(NH4)2SO4(NH4)2SO3+SO2+H2O2NH4HSO3(NH4)2SO4+2NaOHNa2SO4+2NH3H2O(NH4)2SO4+2NaOHNa2SO4+2NH3+2H2O2.磷P2P+3Cl22PCl3PCl3+Cl2PCl5P4+6H24PH34P+5O2P4O10(常写成P2O5)P4+20HNO3(浓)4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O11P+15CuSO4+24H2O5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4PH3+2O2H3PO4P2O3、P2O5、P4S3P2O5+H2O(冷)2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(热)2H3PO4(P2O5极易吸水、可作气体干燥剂)P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)2H3PO4+3SO3P2O5+2NaOH2NaPO3+H2OP2O5+6NaOH2Na3PO3+3H2OP4S3+38HNO3+8H2O9H2SO4+12H3PO4+38NOH3PO44H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)23Ca(H2PO4)2H3PO4(浓)+NaBrNaH2PO4+HBrH3PO4(浓)+NaINaH2PO4+HI第三部分 碳族元素、氧族元素一、碳族元素1.碳CC+2F2CF4C+2Cl2CCl42C+O2(少量)2COC+O2(足量)CO2C+CO22COC+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤气)2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅)C+SiSiC(金刚砂)C+2SCS23C+CaOCaC2+CO3C+SiO2SiC+2COC+2H2SO4(浓)CO2+2SO2+2H2OC+4HNO3(浓)CO2+4NO2+2H2OCO2CO+O22CO2CO+CuOCu+CO23CO+Fe2O32Fe+3CO2CO+H2OCO2+H2CO2CO2+2Mg2MgO+CCO2+H2OH2CO3CO2+2NaOH(过量)Na2CO3+H2OCO2(过量)+NaOHNaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)CaCO3+H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2Ca(HCO3)2CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2OC6H5OH+NaHCO3CO2+Na2ONa2CO32CO2+2Na2O22Na2CO3+O2CO2+NH3+NaCl+H2ONaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯氏制碱法)H2CO3H2CO3CO2+H2O2.硅SiSi(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4SiCl4+2H2Si(纯)+4HClSi(粉)+O2SiO2Si+CSiC(金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+H2ONa2SiO3+2H2SiO22C+SiO2Si+2CO3C+SiO2SiC+2CO2Mg+SiO22MgO+Si4HF+SiO2SiF4+2H2OSiO2+2H2Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg2MgO+SiSiO2+CaOCaSiO3SiO2+2NaOHNa2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)SiO2+Na2CO3Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3CaSiO3+CO22NaOH+SiO2Na2SiO3+H2O二、氧族元素1.氧O2O2+2H22H2OO2+KKO22O2+3FeFe3O4O2+SSO2O2+N22NO3O22O34P+5O22P2O5C+O2(足量)CO2Si+O2SiO24Na+O22Na2O2Na2O+O22Na2O22Na+O2Na2O22Mg+O22MgO4Al+3O22Al2O34NH3+5O24NO+6H2O2SO2+O22SO32CO+O22CO26FeO+O22Fe3O42H2SO3+O22H2SO44Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O4Fe(OH)32Na2SO3+O22Na2SO4O32O33O2O3+2HII2+O2+H2OH2O2F2+2H2O4HF+O2Cl2+H2OHCl+HClO2Na+2H2O2NaOH+H2Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H23Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H22H2O2H2+O2SO2+H2OH2SO3SO3+H2OH2SO43NO2+H2O2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O2HNO3P2O5+H2O(冷)2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(热)2H3PO4CO2+H2OH2CO3H2O22H2O22H2O+O2H2O2+Cl22HCl+O25H2O2+2KMnO4+6HCl2MnCl2+2KCl+5O2+8H2O2.硫SS+H2H2S2S+CCS2S+FeFeSS+2CuCu2S3S+2AlAl2S3S+ZnZnSS+O2SO2S+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO2+4NO+2H2O3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2OS+2NaNa2S(爆炸)S+MgMgSS+FeFeSS+2H2SO4(浓)3SO2+2H2OSO2SO2+2H2S3S+2H2O2SO2+O22SO32SO2+O2+2H2O2H2SO4SO2+Cl2+2H2OH2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4+2HISO2+NO2SO3+NOSO2+2H2S3S+2H2OSO2+H2OH2SO3SO2+2NH3+H2O(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O2NH4HSO3SO2+Ca(OH)2CaSO3+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别)2NaOH+SO2(少量)Na2SO3+H2ONaOH+SO2(足量)NaHSO3Cl2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HClSO3SO3+H2OH2SO4SO3+MgOMgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2CaSO4+H2OSO3+Na2ONa2SO4SO3+2KIK2SO3+I2H2SH2S+Cl22HCl+SH2S+MgMgS+H22H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)2S+2H2O2H2S+SO23S+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)S+SO2+2H2OH2SH2+S3H2S+2HNO3(稀)3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO42MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2ONa2SO4+6NaOHH2S+FeFeS+H2H2S+CuCl2CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+HgCl2HgS+2HClH2S+Pb(NO3)2PbS+2HNO3H2S+4NO24NO+SO3+H2OH2SO3H2SO3+X2+H2OH2SO4+2HX(X表示Cl2、Br2、I2)2H2SO3+O22H2SO4H2SO3+H2O2H2SO4+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO42MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2OH2SO4+2FeCl2+2HClH2SO3H2O+SO22H2SO3+2H2S3S+2H2OH2SO4Zn+H2SO4ZnSO4+H2Fe+H2SO4FeSO4+H2Mg+H2SO4MgSO4+H22Al+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓)Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O2NH3+H2SO4(NH4)2SO42Al+6H2SO4(浓)Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)S+SO2+2H2OP2O5+3H2SO4(浓)2H3PO4+3SO3BaO2+H2SO4(稀)BaSO4+H2O2)Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4MgSO4+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H2O2H2SO4(浓)+CCO2+2SO2+2H2O2H2SO4(浓)+S3SO2+2H2O6H2SO4(浓)+2FeFe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O2H2SO4(浓)+CuCuSO4+SO2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HBrSO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HISO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+CaF2CaSO4+2HFH2SO4(浓)+NaClNaHSO4+HClH2SO4(浓)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HClH2SO4(浓)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO33H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)23CaSO4+2H3PO42H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)22CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2图1 乙烯的制取第四部分 有机反应一、烃CaO1.甲烷甲烷的制取:CH3COONa+NaOH Na2CO3+CH4烷烃通式:CnH2n-2点燃(1)氧化反应甲烷的燃烧:CH4+2O2 CO2+2H2O甲烷不可使酸性高锰酸钾溶液及溴水褪色。光(2)取代反应光一氯甲烷:CH4+Cl2 CH3Cl+HCl光二氯甲烷:CH3Cl+Cl2 CH2Cl2+HCl光三氯甲烷:CH2Cl2+Cl2 CHCl3+HCl(CHCl3又叫氯仿)四氯化碳:CHCl3+Cl2 CCl4+HCl高温(3)分解反应甲烷分解:CH4 C+2H2浓硫酸1702.乙烯乙烯的制取:CH3CH2OH H2C=CH2+H2O烯烃通式:CnH2n 高温(1)氧化反应乙烯的燃烧:H2C=CH2+3O2 2CO2+2H2O乙烯可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色,发生氧化反应。(2)加成反应催化剂与溴水加成:H2C=CH2+Br2 CH2BrCH2Br与氢气加成:H2C=CH2+H2 CH3CH3与氯化氢加成:H2C=CH2+HCl CH3CH2Cl与水加成:H2C=CH2+H2O CH3CH2OH CH2CH2 一定条件(3)聚合反应乙烯加聚,生成聚乙烯:n H2C=CH2 n3.乙炔图2 乙炔的制取乙炔的制取:CaC2+2H2O HCCH+Ca(OH)2炔烃的通式:CnH2n-2点燃(1)氧化反应乙炔的燃烧:HCCH+5O2 4CO2+2H2O乙炔可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色,发生氧化反应。(2)加成反应Br与溴水加成:HCCH+Br2 HC=CH Br CHBr=CHBr+Br2 CHBr2CHBr2催化剂与氢气加成:HCCH+H2 H2C=CH2Cl与氯化氢加成:HCCH+HCl CH2=CHCl CH2CH一定条件(3)聚合反应注意:制取乙烯、乙炔均用排水法收集;乙烯、乙炔的加成反应一般都需要催化剂(溴除外)。氯乙烯加聚,得到聚氯乙烯:nCH2=CHCl nCH=CH一定条件乙炔加聚,得到聚乙炔:n HCCH n 4.苯苯的同系物通式:CnH2n-6点燃(1)氧化反应苯的燃烧:2C6H6+15O2 12CO2+6H2O苯不能使溴水和酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色。(2)取代反应FeBr苯与溴反应+Br2 +HBr (溴苯)硝化反应NO2浓H2SO460 +HONO2 +H2O (硝基苯)苯硝化反应生成硝基苯,它是一种带有苦杏仁味、无色油状液体,有毒。磺化反应SO3H7080 +HOSO3H +H2O (苯磺酸)+3H2 催化剂(3)加成反应 (环己烷)苯还可以和氯气在紫外光照射下发生加成反应,生成C6H6Cl6(剧毒农药)。5.甲苯点燃(1)氧化反应甲苯的燃烧:C7H8+9O2 7CO2+4H2O甲苯不能使溴水褪色,但可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色。CH3|+3HNO3 浓硫酸O2NCH3|NO2|NO2+3H2O(2)取代反应甲苯硝化反应生成2,4,6-三硝基甲苯,简称三硝基甲苯,又叫梯恩梯(TNT),是一种淡黄色晶体,不溶于水。它是一种烈性炸药,广泛用于国防、开矿等。CH3|SO3HCH3|+3H2SO4 HO3SSO3H+3H2O注意:甲苯在光照条件下发生侧链的取代,而在催化剂条件下发生苯环上的取代。(3)加成反应+3H2 催化剂CH3|CH3 (甲基环己烷)二、烃的衍生物6.溴乙烷 纯净的溴乙烷是无色液体,沸点38.4,密度比水大。NaOH(1)取代反应溴乙烷的水解:C2H5Br+H2O C2H5OH+HBr醇(2)消去反应溴乙烷与NaOH溶液反应:CH3CH2Br+NaOH CH2=CH2+NaBr+H2O注意:检验卤代烃中的卤原子时,需取水解液滴入HNO3酸化,再滴加AgNO3注意:甲醇、乙醇为可再生能源,甲醇有毒;乙二醇和丙三醇无色、粘稠、有甜味、与水和酒精以任意比互溶,丙三醇(甘油)还有护肤作用。溶液。一是中和多余的NaOH,二则检验沉淀是否溶于稀硝酸。7.乙醇(1)与钠反应乙醇与钠反应:2CH3CH2OH+2Na 2CH3CH2ONa+H2(乙醇钠)(2)氧化反应催化剂乙醇的燃烧:CH3CH2OH+3O2 2CO2+3H2O乙醇的催化氧化:2CH3CH2OH+O2 2CH3CHO+2H2O (乙醛)OH|O注意:当2-丙醇发生催化氧化时,会生成丙酮,而非丙醛。|催化剂2CH3CHCH3+O2 2CH3CCH3+2H2O(丙酮)(3)消去反应乙醇在浓硫酸作催化剂的条件下,加热到170生成乙烯。注意:该反应加热到140时,乙醇进行另一种脱水方式,生成乙醚。浓硫酸1402C2H5OH C2H5OC2H5+H2O (乙醚)H+(4)取代反应乙醇与卤化氢取代:CH3CH2OH+HBr CH3CH2Br+H2O注意:乙醇不可以和卤素单质发生取代反应。8.苯酚苯酚是无色晶体,露置在空气中会因氧化显粉红色。苯酚具有特殊的气味,熔点43,水中溶解度不大,易溶于有机溶剂。苯酚有毒,是一种重要的化工原料。OH+NaOH +H2OONa(1)苯酚的酸性 (苯酚钠)苯酚(俗称石炭酸)的电离:-OOH +H2O +H3O+注意:凡是含有羟基的有机物,一般均可与钠反应。 溴水与酚类易取代,不易加成,且易在苯环邻、对位上取代。苯酚钠与CO2反应:OHONa +CO2+H2O +NaHCO3OHBrBrOH|Br|注意:该反应只能生成NaHCO3,因为酸性弱于苯酚。(2)取代反应 +3Br2 +3HBr (三溴苯酚)(3)显色反应苯酚能和FeCl3溶液反应,使溶液呈紫色。9.乙醛乙醛是无色,具有刺激性气味的液体,沸点20.8,密度比水小,易挥发。O|(1)加成反应催化剂乙醛与氢气反应:CH3CH+H2 CH3CH2OH点燃(2)氧化反应O|乙醛的燃烧:2CH3CHO+5O2 4CO2+4H2O催化剂乙醛的催化氧化:2CH3CH+O2 2CH3COOH (乙酸)乙醛的银镜反应:CH3CHO +2Ag(NH3)2OH CH3COONH4+2Ag+3NH3+H2O (乙酸铵)注意:硝酸银与氨水配制而成的银氨溶液中含有Ag(NH3)2OH(氢氧化二氨合银),这是一种弱氧化剂,可以氧化乙醛,生成Ag。有关制备的方程式:Ag+NH3H2O=AgOH+AgOH+2NH3H2O=Ag(NH3)2+OH-+2H2O乙醛还原氢氧化铜:CH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2 CH3COOH+Cu2O+2H2O 一定条件(3)|n乙醛自身加聚:nCH3CHO CHO (聚乙醛)CH3OH催化剂OHCH2|n 甲醛与苯酚反应:nHCHO + n + 2nH2O (酚醛树脂)10.乙酸(1)乙酸的酸性乙酸的电离:CH3COOHCH3COO-+H+O|O|(2)酯化反应浓硫酸CH3COH+C2H5OH CH3- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 高中 化学方程式 总结 37319 精品
装配图网所有资源均是用户自行上传分享,仅供网友学习交流,未经上传用户书面授权,请勿作他用。
关于本文