初中英语高分阅读理解讲座

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1、初中英语阅读理解高分讲座,2012.2.19,内容提要,一、英语中考对阅读理解的要求 二、做阅读理解题需要明确的观念 三、做阅读理解题的常规步骤 四、阅读理解常见题型的解题方法 五、不看原文直接从选项找答案的技巧 六、武汉近年中考阅读理解真题评析,一、英语中考对阅读理解的要求,中考英语的阅读理解是比较有难度，也是比较容易丢分的题。根据武汉市2011年中考英语考试大纲规定，阅读理解材料的篇幅长度在300词左右，数量不少于3篇，要求阅读速度为每分钟40-50个词。所选材料可能涉及西方文化或价值观念的内容，设题包括对把握主旨大意、归纳、推测、猜词等能力的考查。,从近3年（2009-2011年）武汉市

2、中考英语试卷来看，都有3篇一定篇幅的英语文章，分值为30分（每篇5题，每题2分），所占分值是所有题型中最高的。因此，阅读理解题发挥如何，将较大程度上影响着考生得分的高低。,许多同学在做阅读理解部分时，最大感受就是时间紧、答案项迷惑性大，因而很难又快又准地选出答案。那么做阅读理解除了平时多读多看多练之外，还有没有什么好的方法呢？在没有足够时间仔细阅读或文章太难而看不懂的情况下应该怎样答题呢？接下来就向同学们介绍一些常用的阅读理解方法和技巧。,二、做阅读理解题需要明确的观念,第一、不要认为阅读理解很难不容易得分，恰恰相反，阅读理解是所有题型中最容易得分，也是完全能够得高分（甚至满分）的题型。,阅读

3、理解题和其他题型不一样，它呈现的是一篇完完整整、没有任何隐蔽和挖空的文章，每一个题目的答案全部直接或间接蕴含在原文中了，你所做的事情就是把答案从原文中找出来，除了要具备词汇、语法这些基本功之外，就是看你够不够聪明和细心了。,而其他任何题型（单选、完形、填空、翻译、写作等），都不是给你一个完整的句子或文章，要么挖了空让你填，要么完全靠自己写，会不会做除了靠基本功外，还有点运气成分（英语里的知识点成百上千，只要考到一个你不会的，就很难做对，只有靠猜了）。,第二、阅读理解的每一题都可以直接或间接地从原文中找到对应句子或推断答案，所以，依据原文是做阅读理解题的最可靠方法！,从阅读理解的题型设计上来看，

4、不外乎就是细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、猜测词义题等几种常见题型，而这几种题型全都离不开原文（稍后会讲到）。有的同学喜欢凭小聪明、凭经验、凭想当然抛开原文做题，这样是不可取的，可能一时会做对，但不能保证每次都对，依据原文仍是做阅读理解题的最可靠方法。,第三、做阅读理解题有很多方法和技巧，有的甚至可以让你在不看原文的情况下直接从选项中就能找到正确答案！,做阅读理解有很多方法和技巧，有的甚至可以让你在不看原文的情况下直接从选项就能找到正确答案，这个同学们可能都觉得不可思议。其实，这也是有一定的根据的（下面会讲到），合理运用这些方法和技巧，会让你的阅读理解得分能力如虎添翼，在紧急情况下它就是你

5、的救命稻草！,二、做阅读理解题的常规步骤,1、快速略读（Skimming） 2、带问寻读（Scanning) 3、检验答案（Checking）,快速略读(Skimming),1.略读的概念 又称“跳读”(reading and skipping)或“浏览”(glancing)。要求以较快速度(100-150wpm)在2-3分钟内略读完文章，迅速获取文章内容或中心思想，即有选择地进行阅读，可跳过某些细节，抓住文章的大意，从而加快阅读速度。,2.略读的技巧 不可逐词逐句阅读，应扫描式阅读。 眼球总在不断地“移动停顿移动”，思考是在眼停的瞬间进行的。 碰到个别不懂的生词、难句应先跳过。 注意文章的开

6、头、结尾和每段的主题句。 抓住4个W和1个H，即when(时间), where(地点),who(人物),what(事件), how(经过)，就抓住了文章的全貌。,注意关键词(表示逻辑关系的词) 表并列：bothand, or, too, also, as well; 表递进：moreover, in addition, whats more, furthermore, then, besides; 表转折：however, but, nevertheless; 表层次：first of all, above all, next, on the one hand,.on the other ha

7、nd, unless; 表强调：in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, important, obviously;,表因果：because, so, since, as a result, for, lead to, lie in； 表序列：first, second, third, finally； 表列举：for example, such as, for instance, except (for); 表比较：like, similar, in the same way; 表让步：although, though, after al

8、l, in spite of, even if, even though; 表结论：therefore, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, on the whole.,Skimming Practice One (in 2 minutes),David McConnell sold books from door to door. Housewives were not interested in the books. Usually before he had enough time to say anything about his books, th

9、e women closed their doors. But he didnt give up. McConnell decided to bring each of them a present, a small bottle of perfume made by himself. He soon found that the women liked the perfume better than the books. He stopped selling books to sell perfume instead and started his own company “Avon”, w

10、hich is a great success. When you do nothing, you learn nothing. But when you try, even though you are not successful, you will learn what doesnt work and that puts you closer to what will work. It doesnt matter how many times you are not successful. It does matter that you will be successful one da

11、y.,Times Up!,Whats the main idea of this passage?,David McConnell sold books from door to door. Housewives were not interested in the books. Usually before he had enough time to say anything about his books, the women closed their doors. But he didnt give up. McConnell decided to bring each of them

12、a present, a small bottle of perfume made by himself. He soon found that the women liked the perfume better than the books. He stopped selling books to sell perfume instead and started his own company “Avon”, which is a great success. When you do nothing, you learn nothing. But when you try, even th

13、ough you are not successful, you will learn what doesnt work and that puts you closer to what will work. It doesnt matter how many times you are not successful. It does matter that you will be successful one day.,who,what,when,where,how,key word,emphasis,key word,key word,Skimming Practice Two (in 2

14、.5 minutes),Hundreds of years ago，a Roman army came north from England to make war on Scotland. The Scots，a brave people，loved their country very much. They fought hard to drive the enemy out of Scotland，but there were too many Romans. It looked as if the Romans would win. One night，the leader of Sc

15、ots marched his soldiers to the top of a hill. “We will rest here tonight，my men,” he said. “Tomorrow we will fight one more battle. We must win or we will die.” They were all very tired，so they ate their supper quickly and fell asleep. There were four guards on duty，but they，too，were very tired，and

16、 one by one，also fell asleep. The Romans were not asleep. Quickly they gathered at the foot of the hill. Slowly they climbed up the hillside，taking care not to make a sound. Closer and closer they came to the sleeping Scots. They were almost at the top. A few minutes more，the war would be over. Sudd

17、enly，one of them put his foot on a thistle(蓟). He cried out and his sudden cry woke the Scots. In a moment，they were on their feet and ready for battle. The fighting was hard but it did not last long. The Scots wiped out the Romans and saved their country. The thistle is not a beautiful plant. It ha

18、s sharp needles all over it. Few people like it. But the people of Scotland liked it so much that they made it their national flower.,Times Up!,Whats the main idea of this passage?,Hundreds of years ago，a Roman army came north from England to make war on Scotland. The Scots，a brave people，loved thei

19、r country very much. They fought hard to drive the enemy out of Scotland，but there were too many Romans. It looked as if the Romans would win. One night，the leader of Scots marched his soldiers to the top of a hill. “We will rest here tonight，my men,” he said. “Tomorrow we will fight one more battle

20、. We must win or we will die.” They were all very tired，so they ate their supper quickly and fell asleep. There were four guards on duty，but they，too，were very tired，and one by one，also fell asleep. The Romans were not asleep. Quickly they gathered at the foot of the hill. Slowly they climbed up the

21、 hillside，taking care not to make a sound. Closer and closer they came to the sleeping Scots. They were almost at the top. A few minutes more，the war would be over. Suddenly，one of them put his foot on a thistle(蓟). He cried out and his sudden cry woke the Scots. In a moment，they were on their feet

22、and ready for battle. The fighting was hard but it did not last long. The Scots wiped out the Romans and saved their country. The thistle is not a beautiful plant. It has sharp needles all over it. Few people like it. But the people of Scotland liked it so much that they made it their national flowe

23、r.,when,who,where,what,how,conclusion,带问寻读(Scanning),1.寻读的概念 又称“查读”，就是在读过文章后面的题后，以题干中的某些词为线索（线索词），到原文中去寻找出处，从而找到答案的过程。寻读能力的高低直接影响着阅读理解做题的正确率。 目的：寻找特定信息，要什么找什么。,2.寻读的技巧 题目顺序基本与行文顺序基本一致 一般情况下，题目顺序与原文的行文顺序是保持一致的，也就是说，第一道题的出处一般在原文开头部分，下一道题的出处一般位于前一道题的出处后面。把握题目顺序与行文顺序一致的基本规律，可以指导我们在原文中快速定位出处的大致位置，有效节省寻读时

24、间。,2.寻读的技巧 注意原文中的时间、数字、年代 时间、数字和年代在文章中通常以阿拉伯数字的形式出现，在周围都是英文字母的背景中就显得比较突出。因此，如果考题中含有数字，往往可以用来快速定位题目的出处。注意：题干中可能对数字的形式有一定改动，要注意辨别。,2.寻读的技巧 注意原文的人名、地名等专有名词 人名、地名等专有名词以大写字母开头，在文章中显得比较突出，容易寻找，也是容易设问的目标。但是如果通篇都是讲与这个专有名词有关的事情时，这个专有名词多次出现，而题目中也多次出现，这时就不建议用它来定位题目出处，而应该使用其他的定位词。,2.寻读的技巧 事物的性质特征或比较关系 如果题干要求确定某

25、个事物的性质、程度、范围或比较关系，那么就可以借助题干中的形容词、副词或其比较级、最高级等比较词来定位题目出处。然后对比原文与题干的陈述，最终确定题干是否正确。,2.寻读的技巧 题干中不同于其他题的新信息 每道题的题干中都含有与其他题不同的新信息。这些表示新信息的名词或动词、甚至是特殊的标点符号也可以成为线索词。,Scanning Practice one (in 8 minutes),How many kinds of penguins can survive? Where do Penguins live? What do Penguins eat? Whats the cause of

26、penguins decrease in numbers? Why are the penguins in South Africa reproducing in higher numbers than before the oil leaking?,Scanning Practice one,As many as 10 of the 17 kinds of penguins may be in danger of disappearing. The number of penguins have decreased by 30% since 1987. Penguins are black

27、and white birds that live in the southern part of the world. They are common in South America，New Zealand，Australia and South Africa. Mary lives near cold waters. But some live near warm waters in Galapagos Islands. Penguins cannot fly，but they are fine swimmers. Penguins eat fish and krill(磷虾). The

28、 warming of the earth is the decrease in penguin populations. The heating of the air has caused ocean waters to become warmer. Higher water temperatures have reduced the supply of fish and krill. Some years later these birds are completely unable to reproduce. Besides, many adult penguins die of hun

29、ger.,Widespread fishing，exploration for oil and oil leaks also make penguins be in danger. Poisonous organisms(生物) in ocean water are another danger. Penguins also have their enemies，including wild dogs，sharks，seals and sea lions. News about penguins is not all bad，however. Several years ago，oil lea

30、king from a ship hurt 40% of the penguins in South Africa. The penguins became covered with oil. But thousands of people helped clean and treat the birds well. Then they returned the penguins to the wild. Now these South African penguins are reproducing in higher numbers than before the oil leaking.

31、,Times Up!,Lets answer the questions together. Tips：Underline the sentence about the question in the passage.,1. How many kinds of penguins can survive? (线索词:数量) 17-10=7 As many as 10 of the 17 kinds of penguins may be in danger of disappearing. The number of penguins have decreased by 30% since 198

32、7.,2. Where do Penguins live?(线索词:地点) 3. What do Penguins eat? (线索词:食物) Penguins are black and white birds that live in the southern part of the world. They are common in South America，New Zealand，Australia and South Africa. Mary lives near cold waters. But some live near warm waters in Galapagos Is

33、lands. Penguins cannot fly，but they are fine swimmers. Penguins eat fish and krill(磷虾).,4. Whats the cause of penguins decrease in numbers?(线索词:濒危原因) The warming of the earth is the decrease in penguin populations. The heating of the air has caused ocean waters to become warmer. Higher water tempera

34、tures have reduced the supply of fish and krill. Some years later these birds are completely unable to reproduce. Besides, many adult penguins die of hunger. Widespread fishing，exploration for oil and oil leaks also make penguins be in danger. Poisonous organisms in ocean water are another danger. P

35、enguins also have their enemies，including wild dogs，sharks，seals and sea lions.,5. Why are the penguins in South Africa reproducing in higher numbers than before the oil leaking?(线索词:增长原因) News about penguins is not all bad，however. Several years ago，oil leaking from a ship hurt 40% of the penguins

36、in South Africa. The penguins became covered with oil. But thousands of people helped clean and treat the birds well. Then they returned the penguins to the wild. Now these South African penguins are reproducing in higher numbers than before the oil leaking.,Scanning Practice two (in 8 minutes),Who

37、made Donald Duck film? When was the first Donald Duck film made? How did Clarence Nash become a star? Why did people like Donald more than Mickey Mouse? Where do todays children see Donald Duck?,Scanning Practice two,In 1933 an unknown American called Clarence Nash went to see the filmmaker Walt Dis

38、ney. He had an unusual voice and he wanted to work in Disneys cartoon film for children. When Walt Disney heard Nashs voice, he said “Stop! Thats our duck!” The duck was the now-famous Donald Duck, who first appeared in 1934 in the firm The Wise Little Hen. Donald lived in an old houseboat(水上住家) and

39、 wore his sailor jacket and hat. Later that year he became a star after an eight minute Mickey Mouse film. The cinema audience liked him because he was lazy and greedy, and because he lost his temper very quickly. And they loved his voice when he became angry with Mickeys eight nephews(侄子). Soon Don

40、ald was more popular than Mickey Mouse himself, probably because he wasnt a goody-goody like Mickey.,In the 1930S, 40s and 50s Donald and his friends Mickey, Goofy and Pluto made hundreds of Disney cartoons. He also made educational films about the place of the USA in the world, and safety in the ho

41、me. Then in 1966 Donald Duck and his voice disappeared there were no more new cartoons. Clarence Nash died in February, 1985. But todays children can still see the old cartoons on television and hear that famous voice.,Times Up!,Lets answer the questions together. Tips：Underline the sentence about t

42、he question in the passage.,1. Who made Donald Duck film? (线索词:人名) In 1933 an unknown American called Clarence Nash went to see the filmmaker Walt Disney. He had an unusual voice and he wanted to work in Disneys cartoon film for children. When Walt Disney heard Nashs voice, he said ”Stop! Thats our

43、duck!”,2. When was the first Donald Duck film made?(线索词:年代) The duck was the now-famous Donald Duck, who first appeared in 1934 in the firm The Wise Little Hen. Donald lived in an old houseboat(水上住家) and wore his sailor jacket and hat. Later that year he became a star after an eight minute Mickey Mo

44、use film.,3. How did Clarence Nash become a star? (线索词:成为明星) The duck was the now-famous Donald Duck, who first appeared in 1934 in the firm The Wise Little Hen. Donald lived in an old houseboat(水上住家) and wore his sailor jacket and hat. Later that year he became a star after an eight minute Mickey M

45、ouse film.(make voice for Donald Duck in the film),4. Why did people like Donald more than Mickey Mouse?(线索词:比较关系) The cinema audience liked him because he was lazy and greedy, and because he lost his temper very quickly. And they loved his voice when he became angry with Mickeys eight nephews(侄子).

46、Soon Donald was more popular than Mickey Mouse himself, probably because he wasnt a goody-goody like Mickey.,5. Where do todays children see Donald Duck?(线索词:地点) Clarence Nash died in February, 1985. But todays children can still see the old cartoons on television and hear that famous voice.,检查答案(Ch

47、ecking),重读原文，仔细斟酌核对答案 在解完最后一道题后，如果时间允许，再将原文读一遍；用全文的主题思想统率各题，研究其内在联系和逻辑关系，目的在于对所做答案进一步审查，推出未解答的题，以便减少失误。 注：如果时间不允许，也可省略该步骤,四、阅读理解常见题型的解题方法,一、细节理解题,细节理解题是对获取和处理细节信息能力的考查，这类题在阅读理解题中占一半以上，做好这类题是确保基础分的关键。同时，弄清细节，正确获取信息，也是把握文章主旨的前提。因此，要特别重视做好这类题。,细节理解题常见的提问形式 是非判断类型：True or False？ 特殊疑问词类型：What/who/? 排序题类型

48、：Which of the orders is correct? 例证题类型：The author gives the example in in order to 唯一性概念题类型：The most/ -est the only ,做细节理解题的方法 通过寻读确定该细节在文中的出处，仔细对照题干要求，排除或选择。命题者通常对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。细节事实题还要十分注意句子的非主干成分，如定语、状语、补语等，这些成分都是出题者常进行误导的落脚点。,做细节理解题的方法 是非判断一般都遵循对照选项进行

49、“三对一错或三错一对”的判断。若该信息句是长句或难句，要学会找出其主干部分，分析句子结构，正确理解信息句的意义。一定要注意的是，要所答是所问，不要受到惯势思维的影响，习惯性地去选择正确的细节事实，切记要弄清问题，不要所答非所问。,做细节理解题的方法 例证题一定要注意以for example , such as 等关键入手处，找出细节出处。 排序题要先仔细观察选项，找出首尾相同的选项分组，进而通过具体细节信息比较进行排除和选择。 唯一性概念题一定要仔细审题，弄清题干所需。,细节理解题一,In Europe it quite usual to cross your legs when you ar

50、e sitting talking to someone even at an important meeting. Doing this in Thailand, however, could bring about trouble . Also, you should try to avoid touching the head of an adultits just not done in Thailand . Q： To cross ones legs at an important meeting in Europe is _. A. a common habit B. an imp

51、ortant manner C. a serious trouble D. a bad manner,细节理解题二,Big Ben is not the name of a man. It is the name of a huge clock in London. London is the capital of England. This clock has four faces. So，no matter where you stand，you can read the time on the face of Big Ben. Each face is the size of a dou

52、ble decker（层）bus. The hands are about four meters long. It is about the size of two people standing on top of each other. If you go to London，you may want to visit the Houses of Parliament（国会大厦）. There you will find Big Ben sits at the top of the clock tower in the Houses of Parliament. Maybe you wi

53、ll hear it as well as see it. The huge clock makes such a loud noise. “Ding dong，ding dong，”it goes every quarter of an hour. Q： The clock strikes every _ of an hour. A. ten minutes B. fifteen minutes C. thirty minutes D. forty-five minutes,二、主旨大意题,此类题型主要考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的归纳、领会和理解能力。 主旨大意题常见的提问形式： 1）主旨

54、句设问类型：What is the main idea of this passage？ 2）最佳标题选择类型：The best title for this passage is 3）作者主旨意图类型：What does the writer want to tell us？,做主旨大意题的方法 主旨大意题一定要注意文章的首尾两段。如果首尾两段的主旨表达是一致的，那么文章的主旨便是两段重复表明的语句内容表达。找出选项中与归纳的主旨表达重复最多的选项即为最佳答案。如果首尾两段的主旨表达不一致，则需要观察文章的段落篇幅量是倾向于首段或是尾段，从而确定主旨段落。,做主旨大意题的方法 此外，标题选择

55、即为主旨句的压缩表达，注意抓住主旨句进行主要词汇的提炼，把一个句子提炼为几个关键词，即是对主旨大意进行概括归纳的标题。而作者意图表达必须通过归纳中心主题才能找到，通常体现为advise,convince, present,propose,warn,suggest等。,主旨大意题一,Have you ever been ill? When you are ill，you must be unhappy because your body becomes hot，and there are pains all over your body. You dont want to work，you st

56、ay in bed，feeling very sad. What makes us ill? It is germs(细菌). Germs are everywhere. They are very small and you cant find them with your eyes，but you can see them with a microscope. They are very small and there could be hundreds of them on a very small thing. Germs are always found in dirty water

57、. When we look at dirty water under the microscope，we shall see them in it. So your father and mother will not let you drink dirty water. Q： Whats the main idea of the passage? A. Germs may make us ill. B. Germs are in dirty water. C. Dont drink dirty water. D. Take care of your fingers.,主旨大意题二,In E

58、ngland, people often talk about the weather because they can experience four seasons in one day. In the morning the weather is warm just like in spring. An hour later black clouds come and then it rains hard. The weather gets a little cold. In the late afternoon the sky will be sunny, the sun will b

59、egin to shine, and it will be summer at this time of a day. In England, people can also have summer in winter, or have winter in summer. So in winter they can swim sometimes, and in summer sometimes they should take warm clothes.When you go to England, you will see that some English people usually t

60、ake an umbrella or a raincoat with them in the sunny morning, but you should not laugh at them.If you dont take an umbrella or a raincoat, you will regret later in the day. Q：The best title (标题)for this passage is _. A. Bad Seasons B. Summer or Winter C. The Weather in England D. Strange English Peo

61、ple,三、推理判断题,此类题主要考察对原文给出的信息进行合理推理判断，得出相关结论的能力，注意它是对原文的推理，所以原文语句不能选。有时除了根据原文推理判断之外，还要借助事实、常识进行合乎逻辑和情理的判断。 推理判断题常见的提问形式为We can infer / imply / learn from this passage that ,做推理判断题的方法 推理判断题分两种：对细节的推理和对主旨的推理。 做此类题要注意，一是与原文相同的细节不能选，二是文中没有出现的细节不能选，不能凭空推断。解题过程中只要注意上述两点，再结合做细节和主旨的方法，即可以做出推理判断题。,推理判断题一,Scien

62、tists say, All food comes in some way from plants. Well, is that true? Animals eat grass and grow fat. Then we eat their meat. Little fish eat little sea-plants, then bigger fish swim along and eat the Chickens eat bits of grass and give us Think for a minute. What food does not come from plants in

63、some way? Q： From the passage, we can infer that _ do not come from plants in some way. A. few kinds of food B. meat and fish C. cheese and chicken D. wood and paper,推理判断题二,One of the things to be learnt in a foreign language is guessing all the time what kind of thing to come when listening to some

64、one talking. People do this all the time in their own language, so it is necessary to do this in a foreign language, too. Here are some examples. 1. Whats the matter？ I went to a party last night, so I 2. I feel so tired these days. I think youd better 3.Of course, she never stops talking. She is on

65、e of the most You can see from the above three examples that the context (上下文) helps a lot in understanding what is being talked about. So guessing is very important in understanding English, especially spoken English. Q： From the passage we can infer that guessing is _in learning a foreign language

66、. A. the only way B. more important in spoken English than in written English C. more important than any other way D. more important in written English than in spoken English,四、猜测词义题,该类题型主要考查利用上下文语境、构词法对某些生词、难句做出推测和判断。所考单词通常都会超出教学大纲范围。 猜测词义题的常见提问形式有：The word/phrase means/refers ,做猜测词义题的方法 要做好此类题，第一要熟练掌握大纲单词，平时注意积累生词和短语。第二，要把词放到句子里，把句子放在句群里。第三，注意词、句的位置,确定结构关系。第四，要善于利用连词、代词及词性、同义词法、反义词法等进行判断选择。第五，要善于利用构词法，如词根、前缀、后缀等进行判断。,猜测词义题一（以定义为线索猜测词义）,V